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Organised Crime and Judicial Corruption Flourish This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Organized crime and judicial corruption democratic transformation and prospects for justice in the western Balkans a case study of Albania Zhilla, Fabian Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: Organized crime and judicial corruption democratic transformation and prospects for justice in the western Balkans a case study of Albania Author: Fabian Zhilla The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. ORGANIZED CRIME AND JUDICIAL CORRUPTION DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATION AND PROSPECTS FOR JUSTICE IN THE WESTERN BALKANS A CASE STUDY OF ALBANIA FABIAN ZHILLA King’s College University of London The Dickson Poon School of Law This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the award of Doctor of Philosophy June 2012 1 ABSTRACT Judicial corruption and organised crime are the main factors which have undermined the democratisation process and the strengthening of the rule of law in the Western Balkans. Organised crime and corruption are so entrenched that they have been cited as two key obstacles to the admission of Albania to European Union membership in 2011. In Albania, as in many Western Balkans countries, the democratic transition of the early 1990s has encountered many problems as institutional transformation has been put into practice. While many people envisioned a new democratic regime and retrospective justice for the excesses of prior community officials, many former members of the politburo retain key positions in the economy and politics today. They do so in a context where organised crime and judicial corruption flourish. Albania scores poorer than any other country in the Western Balkans on judicial corruption. Despite the massive consequences of judicial corruption and organised crime for post- communist societies, research on their nexus is rare. The literature is limited for the most part just to describing general patterns and consequences of the phenomenon (Van Dijk 2007; Buscaglia and van Dijk 2003). The academic discourse does little to explore the causes of judicial corruption and its links to organised crime (Buscaglia and van Dijk 2003; Della Porta 2001; Ruggiero 2000; Della Porta and Vannucci 1999; Gambeta 1993; Paoli 2003). There are only a few studies on organised crime and corruption in the Western Balkans (Giatzidis 2007; Stojarová 2007; Transcrime 2004; Holmes 2009; Dobovšek 2006; Arsovska 2008; Trimcev 2002). Within this narrow context, this thesis explores the interplay of judicial corruption and organised crime in the Western Balkans with the case study of Albania. This research is socio-legal in its nature and looks at both social and institutional aspects of the phenomenon. The framework adopted combines qualitative and quantitative methods. It included 61 semi-structured interviews; the observation of court proceedings in urban and rural courts for 14 days; archival research of 31 files and secondary data analysis of judicial corruption during the modern period of the Albanian state (1912-2011); as well as the review of several international and local reports on corruption and crime in Albania. This thesis argues that in post-communist societies there are different categories of judges who struggle for power. A high level of judicial corruption favours corrupt judges over honest ones and this also influences social disparity among different categories of judges inside the judiciary. This class division might create an internal conflict between judges and erode the efficiency of the judiciary. It is also argued that if the social status of judges is low, then judges may develop their own subculture and claim a higher status in society. This may push judges to deviance. The rise of corruption in the judiciary weakens the violent patterns of organised crime to influence the judiciary. This strengthens the role of bribes in corrupting judges. As a result, an 2 ongoing ‘clientelist’ relationship between organised crime and judicial corruption is more likely. Sophisticated organised crime groups tend to establish permanent relations with judicial corruption, whereas less developed organised crime prefers sporadic contacts. Judicial corruption opens opportunities for powerful elites and organised crime to gain by influencing the judiciary. It helps corrupt judges to get promoted because they have the financial means. Contrary to the limited existing literature, customary norms such as ‘Krahinizem’ (regionalism) and ‘Kanun’ (codified customary norms) do not play as significant a role in the corruption of modern urban courts as previously expected. ‘Clientelistic’ family relationships exert a kind of asymmetrical relationship with judicial corruption – sometimes they may promote particularism but family honour on the part of judges may also work to prevent it. It is also noted that blood feud continues to play a significant role in shaping the incentive of judges for corruption and also the motivation of organised crime for recruitment in the hinterland. A distinctive finding of this research is that in societies where there is successive disruption of the judicial systems through political transition and lack of consolidated democratic legal culture, judicial corruption is more likely. This study brings some important contributions to the literature of corruption and crime in post- communist societies. Methodologically, this thesis is the only work that draws on legal history, criminology, jurisprudence and public law for the analysis of the links between judicial corruption and organised crime. And finally, this research is among very few works that attempt to theorise empirically judicial corruption in the context of organised crime in post-communist societies. From the criminological aspect, this study for the first time draws attention to the subculture of judges and shows some deviant patterns of judges justifying their corrupt behaviour. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The inspiration for this research originates from my concerns as an Albanian lawyer who was brought up with the troubles of judicial corruption and crime that occurred during the transition period from communism to democracy. Like many youngsters of my age, I felt I was living in a limbo of despair and thought of widespread corruption and crime as an inevitable fate of Albanian society. The idea for this study thus originated from a normative consciousness to change the situation and as a personal responsibility to my country and family. So my first gratitude goes to God Almighty who gave me the aim, energy and courage to complete this research. I would also like to thank my family members for their contribution to this project: my father, who is not alive today, for his encouragement to complete my studies and contribute to my country; my mother for her timeless psychological and material support all my life and particularly for this project; my brother for his generous intellectual and financial contributions; and finally to my wife and son for understanding my long absence from the family and encouraging me all the time in my endeavour. It would have been very hard to have completed this study without the support of Professor Penny Green. Her thorough supervision and insightful comments were vital to the quality of this work. This study also would have been very difficult without the help of my former supervisor Professor Mary Vogel, whose assistance for this thesis never stopped. I would also like to thank Professor Ben Bowling for his suggestions on the study generally, and methodological advices on the structure of interviews and the analysis of the data. A special thanks goes to Mrs Jane Henderson.
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