Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Warwick the Kingmaker Politics Power and Fame during the War of the Roses by A.J. Pollard Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics Power and Fame during the War of the Roses by A.J. Pollard. Last Active: Dec 08, 2017 Threads: 3 Posts: 8. Can't find these books for my studies. 1. Late medieval England, 1399-1509 2. North-eastern England during the Wars of the Roses 3. Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame During the War of the Roses. By K.B. McFarlane. 1. Nobility of Later Medieval England: The Ford Lectures for 1953 and Related Studies 2. Lancastrian kings and Lollard knights. I could only find 2 books, 1 of each author. Would really help if I could have these too. Bibliography. Allmand, C.T., ‘The De re militari of Vegetius in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance’, in Saunders et al (eds.), Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare . —— (ed.), Society at War: the Experience of England and France During the Hundred Years War (Woodbridge, 1998, c . 1973). An English Chronicle, 1377–1461: edited from Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales MS 21068 and Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Lyell 34 , ed. W. Marx (Woodbridge, 2003). Anglo, S., ‘How to Win at Tournaments: The Technique of Chivalric Combat’, Antiquaries’ Journal 68 (1988). ——, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms: Smithfield, June 1467’, Guildhall Miscellany 2:7 (1965). ‘Annales Rerum Anglicarum’, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France , ed. J. Stevenson, vol. II part 2 (Rolls Series, 1864). Armstrong, C.A.J., ‘Politics and the Battle of St Albans’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 33 (1960). Baldwin, D., Stoke Field: The Last Battle of the Wars of the Roses (Barnsley, 2006). Barber, R., ‘Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur and Court Culture under Edward IV’, Arthurian Literature 12 (1993). Boardman, A.W., The Battle of Towton (Stroud, 2000, c . 1994). ——, The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses (Stroud, 1998). Burley, P., M. Elliot and H. Watson, The Battles of St Albans (Barnsley, 2007). Burne, A.H., The Battlefields of England (Barnsley, 2005, c . 1950). Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts […] of Milan , ed. A.B. Hinds, vol. I (London, 1912). Calendar of the Close Rolls . Calendar of the Patent Rolls . Carpenter, C., The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c . 1437–1509 (Cambridge, 1997). Carson, A., Richard III: The Maligned King (Stroud, 2008). Cassidy, B., ‘Machiavelli and the Ideology of the Offensive: Gunpowder Weapons in the Art of War’, Journal of Military History 67 (2003). Caudrey, P. ‘William Worcester, The Boke of Noblesse , and Military Society in East Anglia’, Nottingham Medieval Studies 52 (2008). Chastelain, G. Oeuvres , ed. K. de Lettenhove, 8 vols (Brussels, 1863–6). ‘Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire 1470’, ed. J.G. Nichols, Camden Miscellany 1 (1847). Chronicles of London , ed. C.L. Kingsford (Oxford, 1905). Chronicles of the White Rose of York , ed. J.A. Giles (London, 1845). Commynes, P. de, Memoirs: The Reign of Louis XI 1461–83 , tr. M.C.E. Jones (Harmondsworth, 1972). Crane, S., The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing and Identity During the Hundred Years War (Philadelphia, 2002). The Crowland Chronicle Continuations 1459–86 , eds. N. Pronay and J.C. Cox (Gloucester, 1986). Curry, A., Agincourt: A New History (Stroud, 2005). Davey, J., ‘The Battle of Towton, 1461: A Reassessment’, idem, Penbardd (Las Vegas, 2007). Dockray K (ed.), Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and the Wars of the Roses: A Sourcebook (Stroud, 2000). ——, ‘Edward IV: Playboy or Politician?’ The Ricardian 10 (1995). ——, ‘The Yorkshire Rebellions of 1469’, The Ricardian 6 (1983). Duclercq, J., Mémoires de Jacques du Clercq , ed. F. de Reiffenberg (Brussels, 1835). Dyboski, R., and Z.M. Arend (eds.), Knyghthode and Bataile (Early English Text Society, 1935). ‘English Heritage Battlefield Report: Towton 1461’ (1995) available at http://www.english-heritage.org.uk (details correct on 7 February, 2009). Evans, H.T., Wales and the Wars of the Roses (Stroud, 1995, c . 1915). Fiorato, V., A. Boylston and C. Knüssel (eds.), Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461 (Oxford, 2000). Froissart, J., Chronicles , ed. G. Brereton (London, 1978). Gillingham, J., The Wars of the Roses (London, 1981). Given-Wilson, C., Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London, 2004). Given-Wilson, C., and F. Bériac, ‘Edward III’s Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context’, English Historical Review , 116 (2001). Goodchild, S., Tewkesbury: Eclipse of the House of Lancaster (Barnsley, 2005). Goodman, A.E., The Wars of the Roses: The Soldiers’ Experience (Stroud, 2005). ——, The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97 (London, 1981). Gransden, A., Historical Writing in England II, c . 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1982). Gravett, C., Tewkesbury 1471: The Last Yorkist Victory (Oxford, 2003). ——, Towton 1461: England’s Bloodiest Battle (Oxford, 2003). The Great Chronicle of London , eds. A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (London, 1938). ‘Gregory’s Chronicle’, Historical Collections of a Citizen of London , ed. J. Gairdner (Camden Society, 1876). Griffiths, R.A., and R.S. Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty (Gloucester, 1985). ——, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998, c . 1981). Grummitt, D., ‘The Defence of Calais and the Development of Gunpowder Weaponry in England in the Late Fifteenth Century’, War in History 7 (2000). Grummitt, D., ‘The French Expedition of 1475 and What the Campaign Meant to Those Involved’, available at http://www.richardiii.net (details correct on 7 February 2009). Hall, B.S., Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology and Tactics (Baltimore, 1997). Hall, E., Hall’s Chronicle , ed. H. Ellis (London, 1809). Hammond, P.W., The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury (Gloucester, 1990). Harari, Y.N., ‘Inter-frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III’s 1346 Campaign’, War in History 6 (1999). Hardyng, J., The Chronicle of John Hardyng , ed. H. Ellis (London, 1811). Harvey, I.M.W., ‘Was there Popular Politics in Fifteenth-Century England?’ R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds.), The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society (Stroud, 1995). Hicks, M.A., Edward IV (London, 2004). ——, English Political Culture in the Fifteenth Century (London, 2002). ——, ‘Bastard Feudalism, Overmighty Subjects and Idols of the Multitude during the Wars of the Roses’, History 85 (2000). ——, Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998). ——, ‘Idealism and politics’, in idem, Richard III and his Rivals: Magnates and their Motives in the Wars of the Roses (London, 1991). ——, ‘Edward IV, the Duke of Somerset and Lancastrian Loyalism in the North’, Northern History 20 (1984). ——, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence 1449–78 (Gloucester, 1980). Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Finall Recouerye of his Kingdomes from Henry VI. A.D. M.CCCC.LXXI ., ed. J. Bruce (Camden Society, 1838). Hodges, G., Ludford Bridge and Mortimer’s Cross (Almeley, 1989). Holmes, R., Acts of War: The Behaviour of Men in Battle (London, 2003, c . 1985). Horrox, R.E (ed.), Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 1994). Hughes, J., Arthurian Myths and Alchemy: The Kingship of Edward IV (Stroud, 2002). Ingulph’s Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland , ed. H.T. Riley (London, 1854). Jack, R.I., ‘A Quincentenary: The Battle of Northampton, July 10th, 1460’, Northamptonshire Past and Present 3 (1960). Jaeger, C.S., Ennobling Love: In Search of a Lost Sensibility (Philadelphia, 1999). ‘John Benet’s Chronicle for the Years 1400–62’, G.L. and M.A. Harriss (eds.), Camden Miscellany 24 (1972). Jones, M.K., Agincourt 1415 (Barnsley, 2005). ——, Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle (Stroud, 2002). ——, ‘The Battle of Verneuil (17 August 1424): Towards a History of Courage’, War in History 9 (2002). ——, ‘1477 – the Expedition That Never Was: Chivalric Expectation in Late Yorkist England’, The Ricardian , 12 (2001). ——, ‘Edward IV, the Earl of Warwick and the Yorkist Claim to the Throne’, Historical Research 70 (1997). ——, ‘Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses’, English Historical Review 104 (1989). ——, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort Family: Conciliation in Early Yorkist Politics’, The Ricardian 6 (1983). Kaeuper, R.W., Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999). Keegan, J., The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship (London, 1999, c . 1987). Keen, M.H., Chivalry (Yale, 1984). ——, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (Oxford, 1993, c . 1965). ——, ‘Treason Trials under the Law of Arms’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 12 (1962). Kendall, P.M, Richard III (New York, 2002, c . 1955). Kingsford, C.L., English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913). Kleineke, H., ‘Gerald Von Wesel’s Newsletter from England, 17 April 1471’, The Ricardian 16 (2006). Knighton’s Chronicle 1337–1396 , ed. G.H. Martin (Oxford, 1995). Lander, J.R., ‘The Hundred Years War and Edward IV’s 1475 Campaign in France’, in A.J. Slavin (ed.), Tudor Men and Institutions (Baton Rouge, 1972). Laynesmith, J.L., ‘Constructing Queenship at Coventry: Pageantry and Politics at Margaret of Anjou’s “Secret Harbour”‘, L.S. Clark (ed.), The Fifteenth Century, III, Authority and Subversion (Woodbridge, 2003). ‘Le livre des faicts du Mareschal de Boucicaut’, in Nouvelle collections des Mémoires pour server a l’histoire de France , eds. Michaud and Poujoulat, vol. II (Paris, 1836–9). Lynch, A., ‘“Peace is good after war”: The Narrative Seasons of English Arthurian Tradition’, in C. Saunders et al (eds.), Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare (Cambridge, 2004). Mancini, D., The Usurpation of Richard III , ed. and tr. C.A.J. Armstrong (London, 1969). Marshall, P., ‘The rood of Boxley, the blood of Hailes and the defence of the Henrician church’, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 46 (1995). Mercer, M., ‘The Strength of Lancastrian Loyalism during the Readeption: Gentry Participation at the Battle of Tewkesbury’, Journal of Medieval Military History 5 (2007). More, T., The History of King Richard III , ed. R.S. Sylvester (Yale, 1963). Morgan, P., ‘The Naming of Battlefields’, in D. Dunn (ed.), War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain (Liverpool, 2000). Mortimer, I., ‘York or Lancaster: who was the rightful heir to the throne in 1460?’ Ricardian Bulletin (Autumn, 2008). Myers, A.R (ed.), The Household of Edward IV: the Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478 (Manchester, 1959). Nicholson, H., Medieval Warfare: The Theory and Practice of War in Europe 300–1500 (Basingstoke, 2004). Offenstadt, N. ‘The Rituals of Peace during the Civil War in France, 1409–19: Politics and the Public Sphere’, in T. Thornton (ed.), Social Attitudes and Political Structures (Stroud, 2000). Okerlund, A., Elizabeth Wydeville: The Slandered Queen (Stroud, 2005). Orme, N., From childhood to chivalry: the education of the English kings and aristocracy 1066–1530 (London, 1984). The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , ed. C. Given-Wilson et al , CD-ROM (Leicester, 2005). The Paston Letters , ed. J. Gairdner, 6 vols in 1 (Gloucester, 1993, c . 1904). The Politics of Fifteenth Century England: John Vale’s Book , eds. M.L. Kekewich et al (Stroud, 1995). Pollard, A.J., Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame (London, 2007). Rawcliffe, C., ‘Richard, Duke of York, the King’s “obessant liegeman”: a new source for the protectorate of 1454 and 1455’, Historical Research 60 (1987). Registrum Abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Albani , ed. H.T. Riley, vol. I (Rolls Series, 1872–3). Richmond, C.F., ‘The Earl of Warwick’s Domination of the Channel and the Naval Dimension to the Wars of the Roses, 1456–1460’, in Southern History 20/21 (1987–9). ——, ‘The Nobility and the Wars of the Roses, 1459–61’, in Nottingham Medieval Studies 21 (1977). Rogers, C.J., ‘The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster’, Journal of Medieval Military History 2 (2004). ——, ‘The Vegetian “Science of Warfare” in the Middle Ages’, Journal of Medieval Military History 1 (2002). ——, ‘The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries’, War in History 5 (1998). Ross, C.D., Edward IV (London, 1974). Santiuste, D., ‘“Puttyng downe and rebuking of vices”: Richard III and the Proclamation for the Reform of Morals ‘, in A.S. Harper and C. Proctor (eds.), Medieval Sexuality: A Casebook (New York, 2008). ——, ‘“Fighting fulle manly”: The Wars of the Roses in Gregory’s Chronicle’ (Unpublished). Saunders, C., Le Saux, F. and Thomas, N. (eds.), Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare (Cambridge, 2004). Scofield, C.L., The Life and Reign of Edward IV , 2 vols (London, 1923). Seward, D., The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337–1453 (London, 1988). Six Town Chronicles , ed. R. Flenley (Oxford, 1911). Stanford, H., Royal Beasts (London, 1956). Strickland, M.J., and R. Hardy, The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose (Stroud, 2005). Sutton, A.F. and Visser-Fuchs, L. ‘Chevalrie […] in som partie is worthi forto be commendid, and in some part to be amendid: Chivalry and the Yorkist Kings’, C.F. Richmond and E. Scarff, eds., St George’s Chapel, Windsor, in the Late Middle Ages (Windsor, 2001). Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles , ed. J. Gairdner (Camden Society, 1880). Vale, M.G.A, War and Chivalry: Warfare and Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages (London, 1981). Vaughan, R., Charles the Bold (Woodbridge, 2002, c . 1973). Vergil, P., Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History , ed. H. Ellis (Camden Society, 1844). Visser-Fuchs, L., ‘“Warwick, by himself”: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the “Kingmaker”‘, in the ‘ Receuil des Croniques D’ Engleterre of Jean de Wavrin’, Publication du Centre Européen d’études Bourguignonnes (XIVe–XVIes) 41 (2001). ——, ‘Il n’a plus lion ne lieppart, qui vouelle tenir de sa part: Edward IV in exile, October 1470 to March 1471’, Publication du Centre Européeen d’éetudes Bourguignonnes (XIVe–XVIes) 35 (1995). ————, ‘Sanguinis Haustor – Drinker of Blood: A Burgundian View of England, 1471’, The Ricardian 7 (1985–87). ——, ‘Nicholas Harpisfield, clerk of the signet, author and murderer’, The Ricardian , 7 (1985–87). Warkworth’s Chronicle: A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of Edward IV , by John Warkworth, ed. J.O. Halliwell (Camden Society, 1839). Watson, P.J., ‘“May God have Pity at the Wretched Spectacle”: A Review of the Sources for the Battle of Barnet, 14 April 1471’, in The Ricardian 12 (2000–2002). Watts, J.L., Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996). Wavrin, J. de, Receuil des Croniques et Anchiennes Istoires de la Grant Bretaigne , ed. W. Hardy, vol. V (Rolls Series, 1864–91). Wheeler, G., ‘The Battle of Barnet: Heraldic Complications and Complexities’, Ricardian Bulletin (December, 2000). Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics Power and Fame during the War of the Roses by A.J. Pollard. RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF WARWICK , called "the king-maker," was the eldest son of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, by Alice, only daughter and heiress of Thomas, the last Montacute Earl of Salisbury. He was born on the 22nd of November 1428, and whilst still a boy betrothed to Anne, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. When her brother's daughter died in 1449, Anne, as only sister of the whole blood, brought her husband the title and chief share of the Warwick estates. Richard Neville thus became the premier earl, and both in power and position excelled his father. Richard, Duke of York, was his uncle, so when York became Protector in 1453, and Salisbury was made Chancellor, it was natural that Warwick should be one of the council. After the King's [Henry VI] recovery in 1455 Warwick and his father took up arms in York's support. Their victory at St Albans on the 22nd of May was due to the fierce energy with which Warwick assaulted and broke the Lancastrian centre. He was rewarded with the important office of captain of Calais; to his position there he owed his strength during the next five years. Even when York was displaced at home, Warwick retained his post, and in 1457 was also made admiral. He was present in February 1458 at the professed reconciliation of the two parties at St Paul's, London. During the previous year he had done some good fighting on the march of Calais by land, and kept the sea with vigour; now on his return he distinguished himself in a great fight with Spanish ships off Calais on the 28th of May, and in the autumn by capturing a German salt-fleet on its way to Lubeck. These exploits brought him a prestige and popularity that were distasteful to the home government. Moreover, England was at war neither with Castile nor with the Hanse. Warwick's action may possibly have formed part of some Yorkist design for frustrating the foreign policy of their rivals. At all events there was pretext enough for recalling him to make his defence. Whilst he was at the court at Westminster a brawl occurred between his retainers and some of the royal household. Warwick himself escaped with difficulty, and went back to Calais, alleging that his life had been deliberately attempted. When in the following year a renewal of the war was imminent, Warwick crossed over to England with his trained soldiers from Calais under Sir Andrew Trollope. But at Ludlow, on the 12th of October, Trollope and his men deserted, and left the Yorkists helpless [cf. Rout of Ludford]. Warwick, with his father, his cousin the young Edward of York, and only three followers, made his way to Barnstaple. There they hired a little fishing vessel. The master pleaded that he did not know the Channel, but Warwick resourcefully took command and himself steered a successful course to Calais. He arrived just in time to anticipate the Duke of Somerset, whom the Lancastrians had sent to supersede him. During the winter Warwick held Calais against Somerset, and sent out a fleet which seized Sandwich and captured Lord Rivers. In the spring he went to Ireland to concert plans with Richard of York. On his return voyage he encountered a superior Lancastrian fleet in the Channel. But Exeter, the rival commander, could not trust his crews and dared not fight. Bear and Ragged Staff — Badges of Richard Neville From Calais Warwick, Salisbury and Edward of York crossed to Sandwich on the 26th of June. A few days later they entered London, whence Warwick at once marched north. On the 10th of July he routed the Lancastrians at Northampton, and took the King prisoner. For the order to spare the commons and slay the lords, Warwick was responsible, as also for some later executions at London. Yet when Richard of York was disposed to claim the crown, it was, according to Waurin, Warwick who decided the discussion in favour of a compromise, perhaps from loyalty to Henry, or perhaps from the wish not to change a weak sovereign for a strong. Warwick was in charge of London at the time when Richard and Salisbury were defeated and slain at Wakefield. The Lancastrians won a second victory at St Albans on the 17th of February 1461, possibly through lack of generalship on Warwick's part. But in his plans to retrieve the disaster Warwick showed skill and decision. He met Edward of York in Oxfordshire, brought him in triumph to London, had him proclaimed king [as Edward IV], and within a month of his defeat at St Albans was marching north in pursuit of the Lancastrians. The good generalship which won the victory of Towton may have been due to Edward rather than to Warwick, but the new king was of the creation of the powerful earl, who now had his reward. For four years the government was centred undisputedly in the hands of Warwick and his friends. The energy of his brother John, Lord Montagu, frustrated the various attempts of the Lancastrians in the north. In another sphere Warwick himself was determining the lines of English policy on the basis of an alliance with France. The power of the Nevilles seemed to be completed by the promotion of George, the third brother, to be Archbishop of York. The first check came with the announcement in September 1464 of the king's secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. This was particularly distasteful to Warwick, who had but just pledged Edward to a French match. For the time, however, there was no open breach. The trouble began in 1466, when Edward first made Rivers, the Queen's father, treasurer, and afterwards threw obstacles in the way of an intended marriage between Warwick's daughter Isabel and George of Clarence, the King's own next brother. Still in May 1467 Warwick went again with the king's assent to conclude a treaty with France. He returned to find that in his absence Edward, under Woodville's influence, had committed himself definitely to the Burgundian alliance. Warwick retired in dudgeon to his estates, and began to plot in secret for his revenge. In the summer of 1469 he went over to Calais, where Isabel and Clarence were married without the king's knowledge. Meantime he had stirred up the rebellion of Robin of Redesdale in Yorkshire; and when Edward was drawn north, Warwick invaded England in arms. The King, outmarched and outnumbered, had to yield himself prisoner, whilst Rivers and his son John were executed. Warwick was apparently content with the overthrow of the Woodvilles, and believed that he had secured Edward's submission. In March 1470, a rebellion in Lincolnshire gave Edward an opportunity to gather an army of his own. When the King alleged that he had found proof of Warwick's complicity, the earl, taken by surprise, fled with Clarence to France. There, through the instrumentality of Louis XI, he was with some difficulty reconciled to Margaret of Anjou, and agreed to marry his second daughter to her son. In September Warwick and Clarence, with the Lancastrian lords, landed at Dartmouth. Edward in his turn had to fly overseas, and for six months Warwick ruled England as Lieutenant for Henry VI, who was restored from his prison in the Tower to a nominal throne. But the Lancastrian restoration was unwelcome to Clarence, who began to intrigue with his brother. When in March 1471 Edward landed at Ravenspur, Clarence found an opportunity to join him. Warwick was completely outgeneralled, and at Barnet on the 14th of April was defeated and slain. Warwick has been made famous by Lytton as "The Last of the Barons." The title suits him as a great feudal lord, who was a good fighter but a poor general, who had more sympathy with the old order than with the new culture. But he was more than this. He had some of the qualities of a strong ruler, and the power to command popularity. He was a skilled diplomatist and an adroit politician. These qualities, with his position as the head of a great family, the chief representative of Beauchamp, Despenser, Montacute and Neville, made him during ten years "the king-maker." Warwick's only children were his two daughters. Anne, the younger, was married after his death to Richard of Gloucester, the future Richard III. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XVIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 340. Warwick the Kingmaker : Politics, Power and Fame During the War of the Roses. Warwick the Kingmaker was a fifteenth-century celebrity; a military hero, self-publicist and populist. For twelve years he was the arbiter of English politics, not hesitating to set up and put down kings. In the dominant strand of recent English historical writing, Warwick is condemned as a man who hindered the development of the modern state; in earlier centuries he was admired as an exemplar of true nobility who defied the centralising tendencies of the crown. A. J. Pollard offers a fresh assessment, to which neither approach is entirely appropriate, of the man whose nickname has become synonymous with power broking. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick KG (22 November 1428 – 14 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker , was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander. The eldest son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, he became Earl of Warwick through marriage, and was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, which led to his epithet of "Kingmaker". Through fortunes of marriage and inheritance, Warwick emerged in the 1450s at the centre of English politics. Originally, he was a supporter of King Henry VI; however, a territorial dispute with Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, led him to collaborate with Richard, Duke of York, in opposing the king. From this conflict, he gained the strategically valuable post of Captain of Calais, a position that benefited him greatly in the years to come. The political conflict later turned into full-scale rebellion, where in battle York was slain, as was Warwick's father Salisbury. York's son, however, later triumphed with Warwick's assistance, and was crowned King Edward IV. Edward initially ruled with Warwick's support, but the two later fell out over foreign policy and the king's choice of Elizabeth Woodville as his wife. After a failed plot to crown Edward's brother, George, Duke of Clarence, Warwick instead restored Henry VI to the throne. The triumph was short-lived, however: on 14 April 1471, Warwick was defeated by Edward at the Battle of Barnet, and killed. Warwick's historical legacy has been a matter of much dispute. Historical opinion has alternated between seeing him as self-centered and rash, and regarding him as a victim of the whims of an ungrateful king. It is generally agreed, however, that in his own time he enjoyed great popularity in all layers of society, and that he was skilled at appealing to popular sentiments for political support. [1]