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Madsen Et Al.Fm ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 14: 15–28, 2003 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society POPULATION STATUS OF THE RUDDY-HEADED GOOSE (CHLOEPHAGA RUBIDICEPS) IN TIERRA DEL FUEGO AND MAINLAND PATAGONIA (CHILE AND ARGENTINA)* Jesper Madsen1, Ricardo Matus2, Olivia Blank2, Luis Benegas3, Gustavo Mateazzi4 & Daniel E. Blanco5 1National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Arctic Environment, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] 2José Robert 0289, Punta Arenas, Chile. 3Museo de Ciencias Naturales e Historia, Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. 4Dpto. Fauna y Ambientes Naturales, Dirección de Proteccion Ambiental, San Martin 1401, (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. 5Wetlands International, 25 de Mayo 10° G, (1002) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Resumen. – Situación de la población del Canquén (Cauquén) Colorado (Chloephaga rubidiceps) en Tierra del Fuego y Patagonia continental (Chile y Argentina). – La población del Canquén (Cau- quén) Colorado (Chloephaga rubidiceps) que cría en Tierra del Fuego (Chile y Argentina) y Chile continental e inverna en el sur de Buenos Aires (Argentina) ha sufrido una seria disminución desde los 50s y reciente- mente su tamaño poblacional se calculaba en 300–400 individuos. Durante Diciembre 1999 y Marzo 2000, se realizaron censos y se estudió su distribución durante la cría. Los cauquenes fueron observados casi exclusivamente en vegas (mallines) de la estepa. Para el sector chileno, se utilizó una imagen satelital LANDSAT-7, con el fin de localizar hábitat potenciales para la especie (cubriendo el 90% de estos). En Diciembre 1999, se contaron 768 Cauquenes Colorados (634 adultos, 134 crías de 32 nidadas) y en Marzo 2000, un total de 793 individuos (adultos y juveniles). El tamaño poblacional post-reproductivo se calculó en 900 individuos, siendo esta una estimación mínima, ya que, existen áreas potenciales aún no estudiadas. Los grupos familiares se concentraron en pocos sitios en Chile continental, los que se caracterizaron por la presencia de humedales que ofrecían protección contra la predación de zorros. Este tipo de hábitat prácti- camente no existe en Tierra del Fuego, donde los cauquenes probablemente no nidifican por falta de sitios reproductivos seguros. La cría exitosa estuvo limitada a escasos sectores, donde el éxito reproductivo es altamente susceptible a las perturbaciones locales. Es imperativo implementar acciones concretas de con- servación para estos “sitios claves”. La introducción del zorro gris patagónico (Dusicyon griseus) en Tierra del Fuego aparece como el principal factor responsable de la disminución y escasa recuperación poblacio- nal. El éxito en la recuperación de esta especie dependerá a largo plazo de la implementación de medidas para incrementar las oportunidades de reproducción en Tierra del Fuego y el continente, mediante la inun- dación temporal de vegas para reducir el acceso de los zorros a las áreas de nidificación. Abstract. – The population of the Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidiceps) which breeds in Tierra del Fuego (Chile and Argentina) and nearby mainland Chile and winters in the southern Buenos Aires prov- ince in Argentina has seriously declined since the 1950s. Recently, the population was estimated at 300–400 individuals. During December 1999–January 2000 and March 2000, surveys of numbers and distribution ______________ *We dedicate this paper to the memory of Pablo Canevari († 22 March 2000) as a tribute to his strive for the conservation of wetlands and waterbirds in South America. 15 MADSEN ET AL. were carried out in the breeding area. Ruddy-headed Geese were almost exclusively associated with wet marshes (“vegas”) in the steppe zone. A LANDSAT-7 satellite scene covering the Chilean breeding range was used to locate potential habitats used by the geese. More than 90% of potential areas were surveyed. During December 1999–January 2000, 768 geese (634 adults and 134 young in 32 broods) were counted, and during March 2000, 793 adults and juveniles. The post-breeding population size was estimated at 900 individuals, which was a minimum because potential areas north of the known breeding range remained unsurveyed. Family groups were concentrated in few areas in mainland Chile. Brood-rearing sites were characterized by swamps and/or open water offering retreat in case of predation attempts by foxes. Such habitats are generally lacking in Tierra del Fuego. In Tierra del Fuego, the geese probably refrain from nesting due to lack of predator-free breeding habitat. Successful reproduction is restricted to few areas making productivity highly sensitive to local perturbations. The effective protection of the areas of high breeding success is imperative. The introduction of the grey fox (Dusicyon griseus) to Tierra del Fuego seems to be the major factor causing the decline and subsequent lack of recovery of the population. In the longer-term, the restoration of the population will require improved opportunities for breeding in Tierra del Fuego, most realistically achieved by reducing fox access to nesting and brood-rearing areas by tempo- rary flooding of vegas. Accepted 22 August 2002. Key words: Chloephaga rubidiceps, conservation, Ruddy-headed Goose, grey fox, population size, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. INTRODUCTION but several explanations have been suggested: (1) increased predation of eggs and young by The Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidi- the grey fox (Dusicyon griseus) (Rumboll 1975, ceps) occurs in two populations in the south- Canevari 1996) which was introduced to ernmost South America: one sedentary Tierra del Fuego in the 1950s (Jaksic & Yañez population in the Malvinas/Falkland Islands 1983); (2) large-scale collection of eggs in the and one migratory population which breeds breeding area during the 1940s–1970s and in Tierra del Fuego (Chile and Argentina) and excessive shooting in the wintering quarters, nearby mainland Chile, and winters in the both actions resulting from geese considered southern Buenos Aires province, in Argen- an agricultural pest (Weller 1975, Rumboll tina. Since the 1950s, serious declines in abun- 1979, Martin et al. 1986); (3) the disappea- dance of the mainland population have been rance of tall grass in the lowlands due to over- reported, although the historical numerical grazing by sheep (Fjeldså 1988); (4) evidence is weak (e.g., Rumboll 1979, competition with the more numerous goose Vuilleumier 1994, Canevari 1996). Based on species, the Ashy-headed Goose (C. polioce- censuses in the breeding areas in 1985–1988, phala) and, especially, the larger-sized and Vuilleumier (1994) estimated the population hence dominant Upland Goose (C. picta) at less than 1000 individuals. Intensified sur- (Vuilleumier 1994); and (5) sports shooting of veys carried out in the breeding as well as the geese in the breeding grounds and migratory wintering range during 1996–1997 resulted in stop-over areas (Canevari 1996, C. Vinci & R. a population estimate of 300–400 individuals, Lini in litt.). and only few breeding records were made During late November 1999 to late March (Gibbons et al. 1998). Hence, the available 2000, we carried out a study of Ruddy-headed information suggests that the population is in Geese in Fuego-Patagonia with the aim to serious risk of extinction. update the status of the population and to The reasons for the decline are unknown, describe habitat utilization and behavior of 16 STATUS OF RUDDY-HEADED GEESE FIG. 1. Study area in mainland Patagonia (Chile) and on Tierra del Fuego (Chile and Argentina). Major roads are shown by lines and the Argentina-Chile border by interrupted line. the geese, which would hopefully contribute del Fuego and on the Chilean mainland of to an understanding of the reasons behind Patagonia north of the Magellan Strait. South the poor performance of the population. of Punta Arenas, in Chile, the Ruddy-headed In this paper we present an update of the Geese also occur in grassland clearings in numbers and distribution of the mainland river mouths in the forest/steppe ecotone. population of the Ruddy-headed Goose in The undulating lowland steppe landscape is the breeding range, and we describe habitat dissected by small rivers and streams forming characteristics of brood-rearing areas and small valleys and dotted, in the lowest parts feeding areas of non-breeding birds. Finally, and in depressions, with ponds, lagoons and we review the current knowledge of potential temporary flooded wetlands locally called factors affecting the breeding output of the “vegas” or “mallines” (Collantes & Faggi population, and we suggest options for man- 1999). Tussock-grass vegetation of Festuca agement and needs for further research. gracillima dominates the steppes, with varying degree of coverage by shrub plants, the most METHODS abundant of which is Chiliotrichum diffusum, and patches of heathland with Empetrum Study area. During the austral spring and sum- rubrum. Vegas are common in lowlands and mer, the Ruddy-headed Geese occur in the valleys, with abundant grasses dominated by steppe zone of the northern part of Tierra Deschampsia antarctica, Hordeum halophilum and 17 MADSEN ET AL. Festuca magellanica, and forbs like Juncus ber 1999, the study area was largely free of scheuchzerioides, Carex vallis-pulchrae and Caltha clouds, except for the hills east of a line from sagittata (Collantes & Faggi 1999). In some Cerro Sombrero to Porvenir in Tierra del vegas, re-seeding has taken place with alien Fuego. In the field we took several positions Poa spp. and other grasses (Moore 1983). In with a handheld GPS (Garmin 12), for subse- valleys with poor drainage and slowly flowing quent correction of the satellite imagery to waters, shallow swamps with submerged veg- geographical coordinates. etation dominated by Hippuris vulgaris are Based on the satellite imagery, classifica- formed. Along ponds, swamps and streams, a tion of vegetation zones was carried out by wet Juncaceae dominated community forms a visual inspection of areas with different transition zone with the Festuca-Poa spp. dom- reflections. From 18 September to early inated grassland. December 1999, some of the vegas became drier. As a result, the satellite imagery showed Surveys.
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