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CHARACTERIZATION of the POLARIZATION and FREQUENCY SELECTIVE BOLOMETRIC DETECTOR ARCHITECTURE a Dissertation Submitted to the Gr CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLARIZATION AND FREQUENCY SELECTIVE BOLOMETRIC DETECTOR ARCHITECTURE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Case Western Reserve University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics by Jonathan Ryan Kyoung Ho Leong, B. S. Thesis Advisor: John E. Ruhl Graduate Program in Physics Cleveland, Ohio May 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Jonathan Ryan Kyoung Ho Leong candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree∗. John E. Ruhl(signed) (chair of the committee) Daniel S. Akerib Lawrence M. Krauss R. Mohan Sankaran November 24, 2008(date) ∗ We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. This document is in the public domain. To my mother iii Contents List of Tables . vi List of Figures . vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Big Bang Cosmology . 1 1.2 CMB Temperature Anisotropies . 7 1.3 The Inflationary Paradigm . 17 1.4 CMB Polarization Anisotropies . 21 Chapter 2: PFSB MOTIVATION . 30 2.1 CMB Polarization Challenges . 30 2.2 PFSB Introduction . 37 2.2.1 Bolometers . 37 2.2.2 FSBs . 41 2.2.3 PFSBs . 43 2.3 PFSB Feed Architecture . 49 Chapter 3: CHARACTERIZATION FORMALISM . 57 Chapter 4: SIMULATION . 63 4.1 Overview . 64 4.2 Aperture Diffraction . 66 4.3 Waveguide Mode Decomposition . 68 4.4 Propagation & Termination . 71 4.5 Circular Waveguide Results . 73 Chapter 5: PFSB TEST CRYOSTAT . 77 5.1 Cryogenics . 77 5.2 SQUID Readout . 81 iv Chapter 6: CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS . 86 6.1 Spectra . 86 6.1.1 Fourier Transform Spectrometer . 87 6.1.2 Measurement Setup & Analysis . 93 6.2 Beam Maps . 98 6.2.1 Beam Mapper . 98 6.2.2 Measurement Setup & Analysis . 101 Chapter 7: PFSB OPTICS . 108 7.1 Power Loading Capabilities . 108 7.2 Optics . 114 7.2.1 On-axis System . 114 7.2.2 Beam Mapping Systems . 122 7.2.3 Square Guide System . 129 Chapter 8: RESULTS & DISCUSSION . 132 8.1 Spectra . 132 8.1.1 Circular Waveguide . 133 8.1.2 Square Waveguide . 136 8.2 Beam Maps . 137 8.2.1 Circular Waveguide . 138 8.2.2 Square Waveguide . 148 Chapter 9: PFSBS ON AN EXAMPLE TELESCOPE . 161 Chapter 10: CONCLUSION . 173 Appendix A: CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEMATIC CHECKS . 176 A.1 LEGS Linearity Tests . 176 A.1.1 Spectra . 177 A.1.2 Beam Maps . 181 A.2 Beam Mapper Source Characterization . 184 A.3 Fitted Parameter Errors . 185 Bibliography . 189 v List of Tables 2.1 PFSB Characteristics . 47 2.2 Simulated Winston Cone Parameters . 52 5.1 Cryogenic Storage Characteristics . 79 5.2 SQUID Readout Parameters . 83 7.1 On-axis System Parameters . 120 7.2 Parameters for the Beam Mapping Systems . 123 7.3 Small Aperture Stop Baffle Parameters . 127 7.4 Large Aperture Stop Baffle Parameters . 130 A.1 Square Guide Spectra R Ranges . 182 A.2 Large Aperture Beam Map Linearity Characterizations . 183 A.3 Square Guide Beam Map Linearity Characterizations . 185 vi List of Figures 1.1 Velocity-distance relation among extra-galactic nebulae . 2 1.2 BBN predictions and observations of the light element abundances 4 1.3 CMB decoupling . 5 1.4 Velocity-distance relation for SNe Ia . 8 1.5 Contents of the universe . 9 1.6 CMB surface of last scattering . 10 1.7 CMB blackbody spectrum as measured by FIRAS . 11 1.8 CMB temperature anisotropies . 12 1.9 Global curvature scenarios in the universe . 13 1.10 Acoustic oscillations in the photon-baryon fluid prior to CMB de- coupling . 14 1.11 CMB temperature power spectrum . 16 1.12 The inflationary universe . 20 1.13 CMB polarization generation . 22 1.14 Quadrupolar radiation patterns at the surface of last scattering . 23 1.15 Example E- and B-mode function patterns . 25 1.16 CMB power spectra . 27 2.1 CMB power spectra . 31 2.2 Temperature induced polarization via beam asymmetries . 33 2.3 CMB foreground power spectra . 35 2.4 CMB foreground spectra . 36 2.5 A schematic for a general bolometer . 38 2.6 A TES superconducting transition . 41 2.7 FSB surface absorber geometry . 42 2.8 Spectral absorption efficiency of two FSB stacks . 43 vii 2.9 FSB architecture . 44 2.10 A schematic of a PFSB . 45 2.11 Photographs of one of the PFSBs we tested . 46 2.12 ZEMAX simulation of the polarization properties of the Winston cone . 51 2.13 Winston cone exit radiance . 53 2.14 ZEMAX simulation of the polarization properties of back-to-back Winston cones . 54 2.15 Back-to-back Winston cones exit radiance . 55 3.1 Instrument action for a single detector on the incoming radiation field . 57 4.1 PFSB waveguide simulation schematic . 64 4.2 Co-polar radiation pattern simulation of the large aperture system 74 4.3 Cross-polar radiation pattern simulation of the large aperture system 75 4.4 Rotation angle radiation pattern simulation of the large aperture system . 76 5.1 PFSB test cryostat . 78 5.2 SQUID readout for the PFSB test system . 82 6.1 The Michelson interferometer . 87 6.2 The Martin-Puplett interferometer configured as an FTS . 90 6.3 The PFSB test cryostat sitting on the FTS for off-axis spectra measurements . 94 6.4 Interferograms from the two output ports of the FTS . 95 6.5 Co- and cross-polar spectra as the PSDs of the interferograms in Figure 6.4 . 96 6.6 PFSB co- and cross-polar spectra where we have removed the source response from Figure 6.5 . 97 6.7 The 2-dimensional beam mapper . 99 6.8 A schematic of the source used on the beam mapper . 100 6.9 The PFSB test cryostat sitting on the beam mapper . 102 6.10 Reference conditioning for PFSB signal lock-in . 104 6.11 Demodulation of PFSB signals . 105 viii 6.12 Co-polar beam map example . 106 7.1 Power loading comparison between the PFSB design and charac- terization scenarios . 109 7.2 Load curves for two PFSB detectors . 112 7.3 On-axis PFSB test system . 115 7.4 On-axis aperture stop baffle . 116 7.5 On-axis aperture stop baffle simulation . 117 7.6 Absorbing backend to the PFSB waveguide . 124 7.7 Small aperture stop baffle . 125 7.8 Small aperture stop PFSB test system . 126 7.9 Large aperture stop PFSB test system . 128 7.10 Large aperture stop baffle . 129 7.11 Square waveguide PFSB test system inserts . 131 8.1 On-axis system spectra for the low- and high-G¯ PFSBs . 134 8.2 Small aperture system spectra for the high-G¯ PFSB . 135 8.3 Square guide system spectra for the high-G¯ PFSB . 137 8.4 Co-polar beam maps C(Ω) of the large aperture system . 139 8.5 Cross-polar beam maps X(Ω) of the large aperture system . 140 8.6 Rotation angle beam maps ∆(Ω) of the large aperture system . 141 8.7 Principal plane cuts through the beam maps of the large aperture system ..
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