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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92402991 1 959 PEE-HI8T0EIC TIMES, AS ILLUSTKATED BY ANCIENT REMAINS, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF MODEM SAVAGES. SIE JOHN LUBBOCK, Baet., M.P., P.O., D.C.L., LL.D., F.K.S., PRINCIPAL OF THE LONDON WOEKINO MEN'S OOLLESB ; PKESIBENT OF THE LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE; AND VICE-CHAIRMAN OP THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL. FIFTH EDITION. WILLIAMS AND NOEGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COTENT GARDEN, LONDON; And 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 1890. : First Edition, 1865. Fifth „ 1890. V LONDON PEINTBU BY 0. OREEN AND SON, 178, STRAND. — PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. TN this Work I present to the public some essays on Pre-Hstoric Archaeology, part of which have appeared in the Natural History Eeview, viz. that on The Danish SheU-mounds, in October, 1861. The Swiss Lake-dwellings, in January, 1862. The Flint Implements of the Drift, in July, 1862. North American Archaeology, in January, 1863. Cave-men, in July, 1864. Messrs. Williams and Norgate suggested to me to republish these articles in a separate form ; and I was further encouraged to do so by the fact that most of them had re-appeared, either in France or America. The conductors of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles did me the honour to translate those on the Danish SheU-mounds and the Swiss Lake -dwellings. The latter also appeared in Silliman's Journal; and the article on American Archasology, with the exception of vi PREFACE. the last paragraph, was reprinted in the Smithsonian Eeport for 1862.* At first I only contemplated reprinting the papers as they stood ; but having, at the request of the managers, delivered at the Eoyal Institution a short course of lectures on the Antiquity of Man, it was thought desirable to introduce the substance of these, so as to give the work a more complete character. My object has been to elucidate, as far as possible, the principles of pre-historic archaeology, laying spe- cial stress upon the indications which it affords of the condition of man in primeval times. The tumuli, or burial-mounds, the peat-bogs of this and other coun- tries, the Ejokkenmoddings or shell- mounds of Den- mark, the Lake-habitations of Switzerland, the bone- caves and the river-drift gravels, are here our principal sources of information. In order to qualify myself, as far as possible, for the task which I have undertaken, I have visited, not only our three great museums ia London, Dublin, and Edinburgh, but also many on the Continent, as, for instance, those at Copenhagen, Stockholm, Lund, Flensburg, Aarhuus, Lausanne, Basle, Berne, Zurich, * The article on Cave-men was also translated in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Fifth Ser. vol. ii., and that on North American Archaeology in the Eevue Archeologique for 1865. PREFACE. VU Yverdon, Paris, Abbeville, etc., besides many private collections of great interest, of which I may particu- larly specify those of M. Boucher de Perthes, Messrs. Christy, Evans, Bateman, Porel, Schwab, Troyon, GiUi^ron, Uhlmann, Desor, and, lastly, the one recently made by MM. Christy and Lartet in the bone-caves of the Dordogne. Sometimes alone, and sometimes in company with Messrs. Prestwich and Evans, I have made numerous visits to the Yalley of the Somme, and have examined almost every gravel-pit and section from Amiens down to the sea. In 1861, with Mr. Busk, and again in 1863, I went to Denmark, in order to have the advantage of seeing the Kjbkkenmoddings themselves. Under the guidance of Professor Steenstrup, I visited several of the most celebrated shell-mounds, particu- larly those at Havelse, Bilidt, Meilgaard, and Fanne- rup. I also made myself familiar with so much of the Danish language as was necessary to enable me to read the various reports drawn up by the Kjokkenmodding Committee, consisting of Professors Steenstrup, Wor- saae, and Forchhammer. Last year I went to the north of Scotland, to examine some similar shell- mounds discovered by Dr. Gordon, of Birnie, on the shores of the Moray Firth, which appear, however, VIU PREFACE. to belong to a much, later period than those of Denmark. In 1862, M. Morlot very kindly devoted himself to me for nearly a month, during which time we not only visited the principal museums of Switzerland, but also several of the Lake-habitations themselves, and par- ticularly those at Merges, Thonon, Wauwyl, Moossee- dorf, and the Pont de Thiele. In addition to many miaor excursions, I had, finally, last spring, the advantage of spendiag some time with Mr. Christy among the celebrated bone -caves of the Dordogne. Thus, by carefully examining the objects themselves and the localities in which they have been found, I have endeavoured to obtain a more vivid and correct impression of the facts than books, or even museums, alone could have given. To the more strictly archseological part of the work I have added some chapters on the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, confining myself to those tribes which are still, or were, when first visited by travellers, ignorant of the use of metal, and which, have been described by competent and trustworthy observers. This account, incomplete as it is, wiU be found, I think, to throw some light on the remains of savage life in ages long gone by. ; PREFACE. IX Fully satisfied that Eeligion and Science cannot in reality be at variance, I have striven in the present publication to follow out the rule laid down by the Bishop of London, in his excellent lecture delivered last year at Edinburgh. The man of science, says Dr. Tait, ought to go on, "honestly, patiently, diffidently, observing and storing up his observations, and carry- ing his reasonings unflinchingly to their legitimate conclusions, convinced that it would be treason to the majesty at once of science and of religion if he sought to help either by swerving ever so little from the straight rule of truth."* Ethnology, in fact, is passing at present through a phase from which other sciences have safely emerged and the new views with reference to the Antiquity of Man, though still looked upon with distrust and apprehension, will, I doubt not, in a few years be regarded with as little disquietude as are now those discoveries in astronomy and geology which at one time excited even greater opposition. I have great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to many archeeological friends for the liberal manner in which their museums have been thrown open to me, * Lecture on Science and Revelation, delivered at Edinburgh. See the Times, November 7th, 1864. X PREFACE. and for much, valuable assistance in other ways. My thanks are due to Professor Steenstrup for many of the figures by which the Work is illustrated. Others, through the kindness of Sir W. E. Wilde, Mr. Franks, and Dr. Thurnam, have been placed at my disposal by the Society of Antiquaries and the Eoyal Irish Academy. To Professor Steenstrup, Dr. Keller, M. Morlot, and Professor Eiitimeyer, I am indebted for much information on the subject of their respective investigations. Finally, Mr. Busk, Mr. Evans, and Professor Tyndall, have had the great kindness to read many of my proofs, and to them I am indebted for various valuable suggestions. Chiselhdrst, February, 1865.

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