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The World Ends Here, the World Begins Here: Bronze Age Megalithic Monuments in Western Scotland

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The World Ends Here, the World Begins Here: Bronze Age Megalithic Monuments in Western Scotland Journal of World Prehistory (2020) 33:25–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-020-09139-z The World Ends Here, the World Begins Here: Bronze Age Megalithic Monuments in Western Scotland Gail Higginbottom1,2 Published online: 28 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract This paper presents a study of free-standing Bronze Age megalithic monuments across western Scotland: Argyll, Lochaber, Kintyre, and the isles of Mull, Coll and Tiree. The original project was designed to unearth the locational choices of their builders, the reasons for these choices, and what they reveal about the belief systems of these societies. Using statistical analyses and 2D and 3D GIS, it will be demon- strated that vision is the main force behind locational decisions. The GIS analyses revealed that the builders chose a particular horizon shape, defned by qualities of distance, direction and relative apparent height as viewed from the monument (alti- tude). Signifcantly, approximately half the sites have the same locational variables as all the sites considered on the isles of Coll and Tiree (labelled ‘classic sites’: Higginbottom et al. in J Archaeol Method Theory 22:584–645, 2015. https ://doi. org/10.1007/s1081 6-013-9182-7), while the other half are the topographical reverse (‘reverse sites’), where the major ‘astronomical show’ difers due to the topographi- cal diferences between the site types. It is relevant to note that landscapes that block views of particular major astronomical phenomena in the south are signifcantly more common at reverse sites than at classic sites. Specifc results pertaining to individual areas will also be highlighted. It will be seen that the interplay between the astronomy and the topographical choices of the builders at each site highlights possible cosmological ideologies that can be observed and that were shared across western Scotland. Keywords Scotland · Bronze Age · Megalithic culture · 3D-GIS · Landscape archaeology · Astronomy · Archaeoastronomy Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1096 3-020-09139 -z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gail Higginbottom [email protected] 1 Incipit, CSIC (Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas), Santiago de Compostela, Spain 2 University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 26 Journal of World Prehistory (2020) 33:25–134 If everything is relational, mixed, heterogeneous, messy, then analysis must proceed in a bottom-up way, refusing to consider things out of their contexts, always building up from the daily practices of everyday life and the mundane fxes that people fnd themselves in. … The approach aims to be thoroughly anti- essentialist, building up towards generalization from careful empirical analysis. (Hodder 2016, p. 10) Introduction This paper reports on research done as part of the Western Scotland Megalithic Landscape Project and concentrates on the chosen locations of standing stone monuments at 59 sites on the Isle of Mull (n = 16), and in Lochaber (n = 2), Argyll (n = 18), Lorn (n = 3), and Kintyre (n = 20). It combines the observations on these sites with those previously made on the Isles of Coll and Tiree (n = 6) (Higginbot- tom et al. 2015), revealing the reasons for these locational choices and what these show us about the belief systems of the societies that built them (Appendix, Table 1 for list of sites; Fig. 1 for site distribution). The speculative and non-speculative conclusions about Coll and Tiree were reached by the current author through the examination of the full 360° visual contexts of these islands’ sites, along with the contextualisation of the sites within the greater standing- stone astronomical tradition of western Scotland, which had already been conducted as part of the same project, and taking into consideration the archaeological records of standing stone sites in Scotland (Higginbottom et al. 2015). It was specifcally demon- strated that there is statistical evidence for a shared interest in astronomical phenom- ena across western Scotland and across all standing stone types, but with sub-regions (within islands or areas) focusing upon diferent bodies and cycles (Higginbottom et al. 2000; Higginbottom and Clay 1999, S44). Further, as diferent monument forms can have the same or diferent foci within a sub-region, it is clear that the sub-regional dif- ferences in astronomical foci are not a question of monument type alone. For Coll and Tiree, the locations of standing stones, while various (near coast, inland, etc.), shared a number of specifc landscape characteristics across the two islands (Higginbottom et al. 2015). Initial research suggests that these characteristics may fow over into other sub- regions nearby, like Argyll (Higginbottom in prep.; Higginbottom and Clay 2016a). It is now crucial to realise that something is being shared in the greater region of west Scotland apart from, but intimately tied to, monument building in stone. Importantly, we now see studies in Europe that also focus on the issue of a shared world, but from the perspective of genetics, looking at the degree of biological relatedness in mortu- ary contexts, which assists in understanding the biological relatedness between people across places or the genetic topography of populations (Allentoft et al. 2015; Brace et al. 2019a, b; Lee et al. 2012; Olalde et al. 2018). Such work is increasing. The cur- rent article thematically connects with such studies as it continues to uncover the cul- tural topography of populations within western Scotland and helps clarify the degree and kind of cultural relatedness between people in diferent places that appear to have related traditions that are not yet fully understood. DeMarrais suggests that such con- cepts of tradition ‘can highlight the ways that, through activities, culture is broadly 1 3 Journal of World Prehistory (2020) 33:25–134 27 shared’ (2012, p. 12). This paper will demonstrate precisely how this is evidenced across the Isles of Mull, Coll, and Tiree, as well as in Lochaber, Argyll, Lorn, and Kin- tyre, revealing the shared values found in western Scotland. Prior to a detailed discussion of the project itself, this paper will provide an over- view of some past considerations and interpretations of standing stone monuments more generally, as well as a short chronological overview of standing stone monu- ments in Scotland. The project discussion which follows these overviews includes: (i) a description and review of the early quantitative research of the Western Scotland Megalithic Landscape Project (Earlier Research); (ii) a discussion of the assump- tions and considerations underlying the more recent qualitative research (Creating a 360° Visual Context); this includes (iii) a short description of the applied methods of the recent qualitative research (How the 3D Models were Assessed); and (iv) the area results in relation to the standing stone sites on the Isle of Mull and in Argyll, Lochaber, Lorn, and Kintyre, with cross-references to the work previously done on Coll and Tiree. This is all followed by Mull as a Case-Study Exemplar, with detailed examples of fndings at individual sites on Mull; and (v) a descriptive narrative that explains how all of the visual elements, highlighted in the results, work together at a specifc point in real time at a site on Mull. This is done in order for readers to comprehend how the astronomy and landscape were used to create visual events or ‘spectaculars’ at these sites by the people that erected them. This is followed by a consideration of how one could go about interpreting such fndings (Discussion and Conclusion). Past Considerations and Interpretations That standing stones were culturally signifcant is already clear, as they were used across Europe and the British Isles in their thousands. Signifcantly, it is possible they were constructed over a far longer time-frame than any other megalithic monu- ment type in either continental Europe or the British Isles, highlighting their con- tinual relevance for Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures (Beier 1991, 1992; Bradley 2012; Bocksberger 1964; Burri-Wyser et al. 2012; Burl 1993; Calado 2002; Cassen et al. 2013; D’Anna and Pinet 2006; Grau Bitterli et al. 2002; Higginbottom et al. 2015; Kirchner 1955; Müller 2014; Scarre and Oosterbeek 2019; Schulz Paulsson 2017; Wüthrich 2007), and Iron Age cultures (Martinsson-Wallin and Wehlin 2017). From at least the Early Neolithic, standing stones appeared on their own or with other monuments. The variety of accompanying and associated monuments is great, including megalithic tombs, cairns, cists and earthworks (Bradley 1998, 2011a, 2012; Burl 2000; Fergusson 1872; Kirchner 1955; Müller 2014; Rodriguez and Marchesi 2015; Scarre and Oosterbeek 2019; Schulz Paulsson 2017), and their forms are often well known and/or regionally defned (Barnatt 1989; Beier 1991, 1992; Brophy et al. 2013; Burl 1976, 1993, 2000; Calado 2002; Furholt and Mül- ler 2011; Higginbottom et al. 2015; Kirchner 1955; Noble and Brophy 2011, 2014; Richards 2013a, b, c; Schuldt 1972; Wright 2007). The dates of the accompanying monuments are various, being built before, at the same time as, or after, the standing stones. 1 3 28 Journal of World Prehistory (2020) 33:25–134 Whilst comparatively little work has focused on the hundreds of extant prehis- toric standing stones that appear in rows, pairs or on their own (in particular the smaller or simpler monuments or group studies), stone circles in Britain are another matter. In recent years there have been signifcant works on and discussion of Scot- tish stone circle sites, especially the largest circles, recumbent stone circles, and those encircling other monuments like cairns (Barnatt and Pierpoint 1983; Barnatt 1989; Bradley 1998, 2000, 2005, 2011a; Richards 1996a, 2013a, b, c; Higginbottom et al. 2015; Higginbottom and Clay 2016a, b; Welfare 2011). Quite early works on Scottish sites within this category include Fergusson’s chapter on Scotland, which includes diferent groups of, or individual, circles (1872, pp.
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