JAPANSK I VERDEN INNHOLD Japan Er Et Fascinerende Øyrike, Og Japansk Kultur Blir Passer Japansk for Meg? S

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JAPANSK I VERDEN INNHOLD Japan Er Et Fascinerende Øyrike, Og Japansk Kultur Blir Passer Japansk for Meg? S FOKUS PÅ SPRÅK SPESIALUTGAVE / NR 30 / November 2012 寿司 sushi Japansk 空手 karate I VERDEN うま味 umami 俳句 haiku 芸者geisha Daniel Gundersen JAPANSk I VERDEN INNHOLD Japan er et fascinerende øyrike, og japansk kultur blir Passer japansk for meg? s. 2 stadig mer populært i Norge. Har du også begynt å bli nysgjerrig på landet? Dette heftet gir deg en smakebit Japansk språk s. 5 på japansk språk, historie, religion og kultur. Historie og religion s. 11 Japansk i verden er skrevet av Daniel Gundersen på oppdrag fra Fremmedspråksenteret. Han har studert Japansk kultur s. 19 japansk, kinesisk og koreansk. Gundersen bor i Bergen, der han underviser i kinesisk. Japansk i verden s. 26 Fremmedspråksenteret takker Benedicte M. Irgens, Lenker og litteratur s. 27 Universitetet i Bergen, for faglige råd og innspill. Kildehenvisninger s. 28 År 2012 Utgiver Fremmedspråksenteret Utgiversted Halden Ansvarlig redaktør R. Steinar Nybøle Redaktør Gerard Doetjes ISSN 1890-3622 ISBN trykket 978-82-8195-060-3 ISBN på nett 978-82-8195-061-0 1 PASSER JAPANSk FOR MEG? østasiatiske kulturene. Kinesiske tegn, buddhisme Synes du det er gøy å lære nye ting? og filosofiske ideer utgjør den felles kulturarven som gjør det naturlig å snakke om en egen østasiatisk Er du interessert i østasiatisk kultur? kulturkrets. Dermed vil du ved å lære japansk språk og japansk kultur også få en naturlig tilgang til denne Har du kanskje lyst til å reise til eller bo en periode gamle og rike sivilisasjonen. i Øst-Asia? Hva fikk deg interessert i Japan? Anime og manga? Er du nysgjerrig på hvordan folk lever og tenker Murakami Harukis bøker? Zen? Sushi og sashimi? i Japan? Kampsport? Samurai-filmer? Uansett hva du er interessert i, vil japanskkunnskaper utvilsomt berike Hvis du svarer ja på minst ett av disse spørs- dine opplevelser av japansk kultur. målene, da kommer du til å like og få nytte av å lære japansk språk. FAKTA OM JAPAN Japan består av fire store øyer: hovedøya Honshū, Kyūshū og Shikoku i sør og Hokkaidō i nord. I tillegg Det japanske ordet for Japan består av to kinesiske er det en liten øykjede som heter Okinawa lenger sør. tegn, 日本, som uttales «Nihon» eller «Nippon» på japansk. Direkte oversatt til norsk betyr det Japan kan på flere måter minne om Norge. Landet er «Soloppgangens land». Dette er fordi Japan er det langt og smalt; det strekker seg fra 24. breddegrad landet som ligger lengst øst i Asia. i sør til 45. breddegrad i nord. Klimaet varierer derfor ganske mye avhengig av hvor i Japan man Det er større kulturforskjeller mellom Kina, Korea og befinner seg. I Hokkaidō er det vanlig med mye snø Japan enn mellom landene i Europa. For eksempel om vinteren, og øya er kjent for sjømat, poteter og er matkulturen svært forskjellig, selv om alle landene meieriprodukter – ikke helt ulikt Norge. I Okinawa har ris som en viktig næringskilde. Språkene tilhører derimot er det subtropisk klima! heller ikke samme språkfamilie, til tross for at både japansk og koreansk bruker ord som er basert på kinesiske tegn. Det er mange likheter mellom de 2 3 De japanske øyene ligger i et område der flere jord­­skorpeplater møtes, og dette fører til stadige jordskjelv og tsunamier. Det blir årlig registrert opptil 1500 jordskjelv i Japan. Ti prosent av verdens aktive vulkaner befinner seg i Japan. Det er også mange onsen (varme kilder) i Japan, som folk setter stor pris på. Disse varme kildene inneholder forskjellige mineraler som er gode for helsen. Det er over 3000 varme kilder rundt om i Japan. Kart over Japan. 80 prosent av landarealet består av fjell. Resten er Onsen i nærheten av Nagano. skog, dyrket mark og bebodde områder. Med et innbyggertall på over 127 millioner mennesker er landet naturlig nok meget tett befolket. Hvis du tar I Japan bruker man familienavnet først og egennavnet lyntoget Shinkansen gjennom Japan, vil du sjelden til slutt. Når vi bruker japanske navn i dette heftet, setter se et sted hvor det ikke er boliger. Verdens mest tett vi dem i den japanske rekkefølgen. Du har kanskje befolkede metropolområde er Tokyo og omegn med hørt at det er vanlig å legge høflighetsendelsen -san over 4000 mennesker per kvadratkilometer. til japanske navn, f.eks. Yamada-san? 4 JAPANSk SPRÅk ER JAPANSK VANSKELIG? Slik snakker du om deg selv Japansk er ikke så vanskelig som du kanskje tror. Uttalen er relativt lett for norsktalende, og språket har Norsk Japansk færre lyder enn på norsk. For eksempel skiller man Subjektsform jeg watashi ga ikke mellom «l» og «r» eller mellom «v» og «b». Objektsform meg watashi wo Eiendomsform min/mi/mitt watashi no Å hilse på japansk Ohayō gozaimasu – God morgen Du finner også mange engelske lånord i japansk. Konnichi wa – God dag For eksempel bruker man ordet tēburu for bord, Ogenki desu ka? – Hvordan har du det? burēki (brake) for bremser, kēki (cake) for kake, osv. Sayōnara – Farvel Hvis ordene er lange og/eller inneholder to ord, blir Ja, mata – Ha det! de noen ganger forkortet. For eksempel blir rimōto kontorōru (fjernkontroll) forkortet til rimokon, og dejitaru kamera (digitalt kamera) blir dejikame. Japanske substantiv har ikke entall/flertall, bestemt/ ubestemt form eller kjønn. Ordet kuruma kan bety bil, JAPANSK SKRIFTSPRÅK bilen, biler eller bilene. Substantiver (og pronomen) I japansk er stavelsen en viktig enhet, og har bare én, fast form, og man slipper å lære mange stavelsesstrukturen er enkel. De fleste stavelsene ulike former. Japansk har heller ikke kasusbøyninger, består av enten en enkel vokal eller en konsonant og som vi finner i mange europeiske språk, for å vise en vokal. Det finnes ingen konsonantgrupper, som hvilken grammatisk funksjon ordene har. Selv i norsk (f.eks. skr- og -mt i «skremt»). Dette betyr på norsk har de personlige pronomenene egne at man ikke kan skrive (eller uttale) en konsonant subjekts- og objektsformer alt etter funksjonen de alene. Japansk skrift er altså stavelsesbasert, og det har i setningen. På japansk er slike ord uforandret, og er derfor ikke mulig å skrive en konsonant som «k» i stedet signaliseres grammatisk funksjon ved hjelp av – den er alltid knyttet til en vokal, som i «ka» (か) en etterstilt partikkel (se tabellen nedenfor). (unntaket er «n», som kan danne en egen stavelse 5 på slutten av et ord). Lånord fra vestlige språk blir lånord og utenlandske egennavn. Hiragana brukes til ofte uttalt med flere vokaler enn i originalspråket. å skrive grammatiske partikler, verbbøyninger og ofte For eksempel blir «McDonald�s» uttalt som ma-ku- opprinnelig japanske ord og navn. I mange tilfeller do-na-ru-do. For å skrive slike stavelser bruker man ligner hiragana- og katakana-tegnene med samme stavelsesalfabetene hiragana og katakana. Det er 48 uttale på hverandre. For eksempel kan vi se likheter tegn i hvert av alfabetene. Katakana er oftest brukt i mellom か og カ(«ka»), り og リ(«ri») og う og ウ («u»). Når vi skriver på PC, er det vanlig å taste inn med vårt latinske alfabet for å skrive hiragana-tegnene. Deretter kommer det opp en liste over mulige tegnsammensetninger. En tredje type tegnsett er kanji, som er tegn med betydning. Kanji betyr «kinesiske tegn» og er skrifttegn som er lånt fra Kina. Kanji er brukt i lånord fra kinesisk, men også i opprinnelig japanske ord og navn. Det finnes ca. 50 000 kanji til sammen, men folk bruker vanligvis bare en brøkdel av dem i moderne japansk og kinesisk. I japansk grunnskole lærer elevene rundt 2000 kanji. Å lære kanji er nok det mest utfordrende med å lære japansk. Men ikke la deg skremme av det! Når du har lært de mest grunnleggende tegnene, vil du se at mer avanserte tegn består av komponenter fra de grunnleggende tegnene. Noen tegn ligner på objektene de representerer, og det kan være til hjelp for å huske betydningen. Kana-tegn som er i bruk i moderne japansk. Hiragana-tegnene står øverst, katakana-tegnene nederst. 6 Kanji er ofte satt sammen av flere elementer. Det Kanji-tegnene kan ofte minne om det de er gjerne slik at den venstre delen sier noe om representerer betydningen og den høyre om den sino-japanske uttalen. For eksempel: 飯. Dette er tegnet vi finner i 馬 «hest» fire bein og langt hår ordet go-han, som betyr «kokt ris». Den venstre delen 山 «fjell» tre fjelltopper 食, som betyr «å spise», forteller oss at dette har noe 木 «tre» en trestamme med grener med spising eller mat å gjøre. Den høyre delen 反, som uttales «han», sier noe om den sino-japanske uttalen. I mange tilfeller kan man derfor nesten gjette seg frem til uttalen ved å gjenkjenne elementene i De fleste tegnene kan leses på mer enn én måte. tegnet. De har vanligvis én japansk (kun-yomi) og én sino- japansk (on-yomi) lesning, som er tilnærmet lik den Man finner ofte både hiragana, katakana og kanji i kinesiske uttalen. I tillegg kommer ofte mange andre samme setning. Det kan kanskje virke forvirrende med lesemåter. Hvilken måte et tegn leses på, avhenger av tre tegnsett å forholde seg til samtidig, men faktisk tegnene det står sammen med. For eksempel vil tegnet hjelper det oss til å kunne klassifisere hva slags ord vi 場 leses som ba i ordene 立場 tachiba (ståsted) og ser, som for eksempel hva som er egennavn, hva som 場所 basho (plass), men som jō i ordene 道場 dōjō er verb, og hvilke funksjoner de forskjellige ordene (treningshall) og 駐車場 chūshajō (parkeringsplass). har i setningen. Det er ingen entydige regler for når kun-yomi blir brukt, og når on-yomi blir brukt. Templet Kiyomizu-dera i Kyoto.
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