Vliv Anime Na Vznik a Formování Subkultury Otaku Bakalářská Diplomová Práce

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Vliv Anime Na Vznik a Formování Subkultury Otaku Bakalářská Diplomová Práce Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Seminář japonských studií Tereza Bělecká Vliv anime na vznik a formování subkultury otaku Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Barbora Leštáchová 2014 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Prohlašuji, že tištěná verze práce je shodná s verzí elektronickou. Souhlasím, aby práce byla archivována a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. ...................................................... Podpis autorky práce 2 Poděkování Zde bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucí práce Mgr. Barboře Leštáchové za veškerou pomoc a podnětné připomínky. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Vymezení vybraných pojmů ................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Anime ............................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Subkultura ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Otaku ............................................................................................................................10 3. Historie anime .....................................................................................................................12 3.1 Vznik moderního anime.................................................................................................12 3.2 70. léta ..........................................................................................................................14 3.3 80. léta ..........................................................................................................................17 3.4 90. léta ..........................................................................................................................19 3.5 Nové tisíciletí ................................................................................................................21 4. Historie otaku ......................................................................................................................24 4.1 Etymologie ....................................................................................................................25 4.1.1 Démonizace pojmu .................................................................................................29 4.2 Současnost ....................................................................................................................31 5. Srovnání české a japonské subkultury otaku ........................................................................33 5.1 Historie .........................................................................................................................33 5.2 Rozšíření pojmu otaku ...................................................................................................35 5.3 Shrnutí ..........................................................................................................................36 6. Závěr ..................................................................................................................................37 Použité zdroje .........................................................................................................................39 Literatura ............................................................................................................................39 URL ....................................................................................................................................41 Audiovizuální díla ...............................................................................................................42 Resumé ...................................................................................................................................43 Summary ................................................................................................................................43 Příloha ....................................................................................................................................44 4 1. Úvod Tato bakalářská práce si klade za cíl představit japonskou subkulturu otaku – její vznik, vývoj samotného pojmu otaku – a historii anime s důrazem na díla a osobnosti, které se výrazným způsobem podílely na vzniku a formování subkultury. V závěru této práce dojde ke srovnání české a japonské subkultury otaku na základě historie, způsob použití pojmu v subkultuře a náhledu veřejnosti na samotnou subkulturu. Každý člověk si vytváří na určitou subkulturu svůj názor, který bývá v mnoha případech zkreslený, neboť zpravidla pochází z předsudků či mediálních zpráv, které jsou často nepřesné nebo zjednodušené. V práci si zkusíme odpovědět na otázku, zda je tomu tak i u subkultury otaku. V českém prostředí čistě této problematice akademici nevěnují zatím pozornost, což byl jeden z důvodů, proč si autorka práce téma vybrala. Existují u nás sice statě, které se zabývají subkulturou otaku, ale nikoliv japonskou, nýbrž českou. Autorka si klade otázku, zda bylo anime nezbytnou součástí pro vznik subkultury otaku a zda tento stav setrvává i do současnosti. Metodologie práce vychází z heterogenních zdrojů a interdisciplinárního přístupu – z poznatků sociologie, historie, filmových věd, kulturálních studií a kulturní antropologie. Většina informací byla čerpána z těchto zdrojů: 1) ze zahraničních publikací a článků, které se věnují subkultuře otaku nebo anime, 2) z internetových stránek a diskusních fór, které se věnují subkultuře otaku nebo anime, 3) z terénního výzkumu, tj. pozorování, rozhovory, účastnění se českých festivalů zaměřených na subkulturu otaku, 4) z anime a hraných seriálů či filmů zabývajících se fenoménem otaku, které byly při psaní autorce k dispozici. Text práce je rozdělen do tří hlavních částí, z nichž ta první se věnuje vymezení základních pojmů, druhá část popisuje historický vývoj anime dle časové posloupnosti a třetí část je zaměřena na japonskou subkulturu otaku, její historii, etymologii slova otaku a její srovnání s českou subkulturou. Některé pojmy jsou objasněny, rozvedeny v poznámkách pod čarou. Kapitola „Srovnání české a japonské subkultury otaku“ 1 vychází i z autorčina několikaletého působení v české subkultuře. 1 Viz strana 31. 5 V kapitole „Vymezení problematiky“2 jsou definovány pro práci stěžejní pojmy, o kterých se v akademickém prostředí či mezi otaku vede diskurs, tudíž nemají jednoznačnou definici. Kapitola „Historie anime“3 je spíše psána jako prostý výčet těch anime (případně jejich tvůrců a studií, kde byla vytvořena), která nejvíce ovlivnila subkulturu otaku či nějakým jiným způsobem s ní interagovala. Děj je zmiňován jen u těch anime, které subkulturu ovlivnily nejvíce. Další informace o anime, například data prvního vysílání v Japonsku či počet epizod, jsou uvedeny v příloze v pořadí, v jakém se vyskytují v práci, aby se zachovala celistvost textu. Kapitola „Historie otaku“4 je věnována vzniku subkultury v Japonsku, vývoji významu termínu otaku, jeho démonizaci a jak jsou otaku vnímáni v dnešním Japonsku. V práci se autorka nevěnuje vývoji dódžinši 5 scény, fenoménu kosupure 6 ani vzniku Akihabary7 jako Mekky pro otaku, ačkoliv se to subkultury týká, neboť to jsou témata, která by svým obsahem přesáhla předepsaný rozsah práce a vydala na samostatnou diplomovou práci. Pojmy jako jsou anime, manga, fandom, fanzin a vizuální román autorka považuje již za zdomácnělé, a proto nejsou psány kurzívou. Japonská jména autorka uvádí v klasickém pořadí, tedy nejprve rodové a pak křestní jméno. Pokud je jméno zmíněno poprvé, píše u něj znaky a do závorky roky, kdy dotyčný žil, případně kdy se narodil. U názvů děl (knih, seriálů, filmů apod.) ponechává v prvé řadě název českého distributora, případně název festivalový. V takovém případě pak do poznámek pod čarou píše název originální a znaky. Pokud dílo nemá český název, ponechává originální. K přepisu používá českou transkripci. U názvů animačních studií používá přesný přepis znaků kromě studia Ghibli, které 2 Viz strana 8. 3 Viz strana 12. 4 Viz strana 23. 5 Dódžinši 同人誌 jsou díla (většinou mangy, ale i romány a časopisy) často tvořena amatéry, ale i profesionály, a jsou inspirovaná populárními komerčními pracemi. 6 Kosupure コスプレ je zkratka z anglických slov „costume play“. Jedná se tedy o to, že se daný člověk převleče za fiktivní postavu a chová se jako ona. 7 Akihabara 秋葉原 je čtvrť Tokia známá pod přezdívkou „Elektrické město“ 電気街. V současné době se zde nachází nepřeberné množství obchůdků s elektronikou, počítači, hrami, anime a mangou a tzv. meido kissa メイド喫茶, kavárny, kde je obsluha oblečená v různých převlečkách. Akihabara bývá považována za kulturní centrum otaku. 6 považuje v českém prostředí již známé v tomto přepisu, navíc sám jeho zakladatel Mijazaki Hajao je raději, pokud je název studia zobrazován Ghibli. 8 U japonských pojmů při prvním zmínění uvádí zápis znaky. 8 KELTS, Roland. Japanamerica: How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. Basingstone: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, str. 49. 7 2. Vymezení vybraných pojmů V této kapitole budou vymezeny tři vybrané pojmy, které jsou obsažené v celé práci a nemají jednoznačnou definici, a proto je z hlediska srozumitelnosti lepší termíny vysvětlit – jak s nimi bude v textu zacházeno. 2.1 Anime Anime アニメ vzniklo pravděpodobně jako zkratka ze slova
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