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First Contact: Early English Encounters with Natives of Russia, West Africa, and the Americas, 1530-1614

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First Contact: Early English Encounters with Natives of Russia, West Africa, and the Americas, 1530-1614 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1997 First contact: Early English encounters with natives of Russia, West Africa, and the Americas, 1530-1614 Melanie Lynn Perreault College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, European History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Perreault, Melanie Lynn, "First contact: Early English encounters with natives of Russia, West Africa, and the Americas, 1530-1614" (1997). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623910. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-3zmx-8798 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. FIRST CONTACT: EARLY ENGLISH ENCOUNTERS WITH NATIVES OF RUSSIA, WEST AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS, 1530-1614 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William .and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Melanie L. Perreault 1997 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9815248 Copyright 1998 by Perreault, Melanie Lynn All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9815248 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Author Approved, August 1997 James Axtell Dale Hoak hn E. JSelby ames P. Whittenburg Philip Morgan, Florida State University Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v INTRODUCTION 2 t I CHAPTER ONE: THE ENGLISH ABROAD: WHO THEY WERE, | WHY THEY LEFT, AND WHAT THEY THOUGHT 17 CHAPTER TWO: THE FUN-HOUSE MIRROR: THE ENGLISH IN RUSSIA 65 CHAPTER THREE: AFRICAN LANDLORDS AND ENGLISH STRANGERS: TRADE AND ACCOMMODATION IN WEST AFRICA, 1530-1566 127 CHAPTER FOUR: ROANOKE: THE ACCIDENTAL COLONY 183 CHAPTER FIVE: “A PLEASING DREAM OF A GOLDEN FANCY”: THE ENGLISH IN GUIANA, 1595-1625 229 CHAPTER SIX: DIPLOMACY, DEPENDENCY, AND DEATH: JAMESTOWN, 1607-1614 291 CONCLUSION 347 BIBLIOGRAPHY 357 in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No work of scholarship is a solitary experience. Though every doctoral student has spent many hours hunched over dusty books or engaged in late night hair-pulling sessions in front of an uncooperative computer, the process of writing a dissertation inevitably involves more than the sweat of a single author. My advisor, James Axtell, has been an invaluable resource. His wealth of knowledge and his careful critique of my conclusions have made my work easier, and his unflagging devotion to research and teaching has been an inspiration.. The members of my committee, Dr. Dale Hoak, Dr. John Selby, Dr. James Whittenburg, and Dr. Philip Morgan have all made insightful suggestions that have strengthened the dissertation and will certainly inform the future refining of my arguments. My fellow graduate students at the College have also made important contributions to my work. Michael Guasco’s willingness to share ideas from his own research was a generous model of how the scholarly community is supposed to operate. Todd Pfannestiel provided valuable assistance in too many ways to list here. Lynn Nelson also offered many helpful suggestions, as did Michael Jarvis and Anna Gibson Holloway. Many other colleagues have offered their expertise and support. For their skills in scholarship and on the volleyball courts, I thank them. Finally, I owe a great personal debt to several other important people. Logan Wallace not only spent many hours on my bibliography, but was there when I was craziest. Dr. Leisa Meyer has been a steady source of friendship and scholarly advice. And last, but not least, I wish to thank my family for their incredible support. I could not have done this without you. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT In recent years, the field of comparative history has enjoyed a resurgence of popularity as scholars attempt to understand the past in a global context. This study examines the early period of English exploration of the Atlantic world and the confrontation of English men and women with natives of geographically distinct regions. By comparing English interactions with Russians, West Africans, and North and South Americans during the contact period, this dissertation argues that the mutually constructed dialogue between the visiting English and the natives of each region was a struggle for power and control. In their efforts to construct the natives as being both recognizable and inferior, the English utilized contemporary notions of class and gender not only to understand the people they encountered, but as a strategy to make the natives submissive. While the English noted that the natives of each region had different skin color, notions of racial hierarchy were not fixed in the sixteenth century. In fact, the English were more threatened by similarity than by difference during their early encounters. Convinced that they were a unique and superior people, the discovery of Russia as a distorted image of English society was cause for great consternation among the English visitors. In an effort to distance themselves from the apparently barbarous Russians, the English suggested that despite their outward signs of “civility,” the Russian people had a fundamental flaw that allowed them to accept tyranny and oppression. Despite their belief in the superiority of their society, the English focus on economic matters above all else during the first-contact period forced them to act within the parameters of native cultures. Not only did the English have to come to terms with the demands of unfamiliar environments, but they often had to meet the demands of native peoples. Natives in each region held considerable power based on their military prowess and their monopoly on local trade and information about the area. As vital allies, trading partners, and informants, the natives recognized their power and manipulated the English visitors at every opportunity. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FIRST CONTACT: EARLY ENGLISH ENCOUNTERS WITH NATIVES OF RUSSIA, WEST AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS, 1530-1614 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I 1 ■J 2 INTRODUCTION The world used to be smaller. An entire lifetime could be spent within the confines of a family farm, a local village, or tribal hunting grounds. You could go for days, months, even years without meeting a stranger; if you did encounter a new face, chances are it did not look much different from your own. The land was as familiar as the food you ate every day, each river, tree, and field a reminder that this was home. There were a few brave souls, of course, who dared to leave their families to travel long distances in search of trade or adventure and returned
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