DOCSLIB.ORG

Ask Most Casual Students of History When the Time of Colonialism Came to an End

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ask Most Casual Students of History When the Time of Colonialism Came to an End ABSTRACT Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World Joshua R. Hyles, M.A. Mentor: Keith A. Francis, Ph.D. Nowhere in the world can objective study of colonialism and its effects be more fruitful than in the Guianas, the region of three small states in northeastern South America. The purpose of this thesis is threefold. First, the history of these three Guianas, now known as Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, is considered briefly, emphasizing their similarities and regional homogeny when compared to other areas. Second, the study considers the administrative policies of each of the country’s colonizers, Britain, France, and the Netherlands, over the period from settlement to independence. Last, the thesis concentrates on current political and cultural situations in each country, linking these developments to the policies of imperial administrators in the previous decades. By doing so, this thesis hopes to show how an area that should have developed as a single polity could become a region of three very distinct cultures through the altering effects of colonialism. Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World by Joshua R. Hyles, A.S., B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of History ___________________________________ Jeffrey S. Hamilton, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee ___________________________________ Keith A. Francis, Ph.D., Chairperson ___________________________________ David L. Longfellow, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Thomas A. Offit, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Joan E. Supplee, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School May 2010 ___________________________________ J. Larry Lyon, Ph.D., Dean Page bearing signatures is kept on file in the Graduate School. Copyright © 2010 by Joshua R. Hyles All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi DEDICATION vii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO: Homogeny and Hegemony 11 CHAPTER THREE: Guiana Asunder 21 CHAPTER FOUR: Shackles 45 CHAPTER FIVE: The Green Hell 63 CHAPTER SIX: A Dutch Emulsion 87 CHAPTER SEVEN: The Experiment Neglected 126 CHAPTER EIGHT: Cricket and McCartney 154 CHAPTER NINE: Odd Man Out 171 CHAPTER TEN: Acculturating a Culture of Cultures 186 CHAPTER ELEVEN: Conclusion 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY 207 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 The Guiana Shield 3 1.2 The Guiana Coast and rivers 5 3.1 Map of Demerara 28 iv LIST OF TABLES 4.1 Total servants immigrating to British Guiana 56 6.1 Total slaves delivered by the Dutch trade 93 6.2 Origins of slaves departing Calcutta 1877-89 110 6.3 Immigration to Dutch Guiana, 1873-1932 113 6.4 Repatriation rates from Dutch Guiana, 1878-1932 114 6.5 Coffee and sugar plantations in Dutch Guiana 122 10.1 Comparison of education methods in Suriname 189 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Dr. Keith Francis, Dr. Joan Supplee, Dr. Tom Offit, and Dr. David Longfellow for their input and direction as members of the thesis committee. Additionally, the author wishes to note with great appreciation the additional academic support provided by: Dr. Jeffrey Hamilton, Dr. Barry Hankins, Dr. Jules Sweet, Dr. Michael Parrish, Dr. Stephen Sloan, Dr. Eric Rust, and Dr. Vernon Hyles. Lastly, this work would not be possible without the staunch support of my family and friends, who have supported my professional development through sacrifice and love, and to whom I owe many pages, whether or not they may desire to read them. vi To my daughter, Madison, for reminding me how joyful learning should be vii CHAPTER ONE Introduction Ask most casual students of history when the time of colonialism came to an end, and they will point to the 1960s, an era when a significant portion of Southeast Asia and Africa declared independence and joined the United Nations. A student of history in the Americas may even suggest the 1980s, when a significant number of Caribbean islands experienced the same transition. Few, if any, would consider twentieth-century South America a viable answer. It is here, though, in the northeast corner of the continent known as the Guiana Shield, where the Caribbean Sea fades into the Atlantic Ocean, that the vestiges of European colonialism can be the freshest and most acutely perceived. The Guianas, composed of Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, are the ideal historical laboratory in which to study the cultural effects of European colonial influence.1 Unlike Africa and Southeast Asia, this region was, culturally speaking, relatively homogenous before contact, with scattered groups of Arawak, Carib, and Akawoi Indians living along the coast. Physically, the area possesses a high degree of uniformity, with geographical, geological, and ecological similarities that warrant calling the whole region by one name (Guiana). Yet, after four centuries of European colonization, the countries formerly known as British Guiana, French Guiana, and Dutch Guiana have developed widely 1 The spelling of each of these countries is varied. For the purposes of this paper, Guiana will be used in reference to the overall region or when discussing the area from a cultural perspective. Original colony names like Berbice, Guyane, and Demerara will be used when historically accurate. Otherwise, British Guiana, French Guiana, and Dutch Guiana will be employed when referring to the colonies after their final delineation in 1815. After independence in the 1970s and 1980s, the independent nations’ names of Guyana and Suriname will be used. 1 differing cultures, now possessing little in common. What once was a region only delineated on a map is now the quintessence of diverse colonial enterprises. The Guianas’ remoteness and obscurity contributed to their allure as an untapped blank slate for potential northern European investment. The generous area of land, roughly 181,000 square miles and comparable in size to California, is an area of transitions. As noted, the Guianas straddle the coasts of the calm Caribbean and the more turbulent Atlantic; they also mark a significant terrestrial transition, sitting high on a rocky, mineral-encrusted outcropping—the Guiana Shield—but falling away to the south into the verdant breadth of the Amazon Basin. Along the northern shores, alluvial deposits formed from the tidal undulations of the Atlantic Ocean, along with silt deposits carried by wide interior rivers emptying into the sea, have created alternating series of mangrove forests and parallel sand reefs up to ten miles inland, further isolating this already geographically detached region. A description from 1788 indicates that the early colonists and explorers saw a strikingly similar land. In the account, John Gabriel Stedman noted that, “Some parts of Guiana present a barren and mountainous aspect,” but that the “uncultivated parts of Guiana are covered with immense forests, rocks, and mountains. .and the whole country is intersected by very deep marshes or swamps, and by extensive heaths or savannas.”2 What the region lacks in size is made up for in natural abundance. 2 John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative of a Five Years’ Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam in Guiana on the Wild Coast of South America from the Years 1772-1777 (1790; repr., Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1972), 23. 2 Figure 1.1. The Guiana Shield3 The Guianas were unique in their location and in their Northern European exploration. This interstice between Caribbean and Atlantic, highland and lowland, remained unexploited by either Spain or Portugal throughout the early years of European colonization—Spain’s territory ended at the Orinoco River delta, while Portugal’s Brazilian territory faded northward into the Amazon.4 Outside the areas of effective political settlement of either the Spanish or Portuguese empires, this “in-between area” came to be known as the “Wild Coast” and represented the only territory vulnerable to northern European colonists, entrepreneurs, and pirates in South America. Rumors of the existence of a lost Inca kingdom, El Dorado, deep in the jungles of Guiana, sparked the imaginations and greed of British, French, and Dutch explorers alike. After Sir Walter 3 Smithsonian Institute, “Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield,” Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, http://botany.si.edu/BDG/index.html (accessed November 27, 2009). 4 Ian Rogoziński, A Brief History of the Caribbean, from the Arawak and Carib to the Present (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999), 43. 3 Raleigh’s initial explorations in 1594, further inroads into the Guianas were made. In 1595, Captain Lawrence Keymis expanded upon Raleigh’s surveys by charting the mouths of all major rivers; in the next year additional charts were made under Captain Leonard Berrie.5 Keymis and Raleigh returned on a second voyage in 1616, again in search of the city of gold. More tangible goals, too, existed along the Wild Coast. For the British, the potential of an additional colony capable of sugar production presented itself. The French exhibited interest in the area as a possible outpost from which to strike at Spanish ships. The Netherlands, as will be illustrated later, treated Guiana as an addition to its ever-growing trade network. British, French, and Dutch exploration of the area continued throughout the early seventeenth century while the Spanish busied themselves with Mesoamerica and the Andean regions. It was the Dutch who made the first lasting attempts at colonization, first exploring the area under the command of Abraham Cabeliau in 1598,6 then establishing a permanent trading and salt mining settlement in Guiana in 1616.7 The replacement of the Spanish military complex by a more trade-friendly Dutch presence in the Caribbean also allowed for increased British and French influence. Britain and France concentrated their colonizing activities in the Antilles islands northwest of the Guianas at first, but actively participated in exploration of the area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires
    Cromwell, Jesse. 2019. Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires. Latin American Research Review 54(4), pp. 1023–1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.631 BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS Atlantic Disjuncture: Recent Historiography of Transoceanic Diasporas, Communities, and Empires Jesse Cromwell University of Mississippi, US [email protected] This essay reviews the following works: Staying Afloat: Risk and Uncertainty in Spanish Atlantic World Trade, 1760–1820. By Jeremy Baskes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 381. $54.57 hardcover. ISBN: 9780804785426. The Material Atlantic: Clothing, Commerce, and Colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650–1800. By Robert S. DuPlessis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 332. $29.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107105911. The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire. By Adrian Finucane. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. 1 + 211. $45.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812248128. Guiana and the Shadows of Empire: Colonial and Cultural Negotiations at the Edge of the World. By Joshua R. Hyles. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014. Pp. ix + 185. $76.56 hardcover. ISBN: 9780739187791. The Portuguese-Speaking Diaspora: Seven Centuries of Literature and the Arts. By Darlene J. Sadlier. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. 314. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477311486. Amsterdam’s Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil. By Michiel van Groesen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. xx + 272. $47.50 hardcover. ISBN: 9780812248661. Atlantic history is an ever-evolving discipline. For decades, it has sought to disrupt the myopia of discrete colonial and regional studies of early modern polities by emphasizing the transimperial and transnational interactions between people of the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing Advisory Committee for Medical Research in the British Caribbean
    1* PAN AMERICAN HEALTH FOURTH MEETING ORGANIZATION 14-18 JUNE 1965 ADVISORY COMMITTEE WASHINGTON, D.C. ON MEDICAL RESEARCH REPORT ON THE STANDING ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN Ref: RES 4/1 15 April 1965 PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WASHINGTON, D.C. RES 4/1 Report on THE STANDING ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN (SAC)* Origin and Development After World War I, it became the policy of the British Government to decentralize research as far as possible, and to encourage territorial governments to share with the United Kingdom in the responsibility for planning, administering and financing research. With this object regional Medical Research Councils were set up in East and West Africa. At that time all the territories concerned were colonies. The East African Council represented Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda, the West African Nigeria, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and Gambia. All these countries are now independent, and the West African Council has ceased to exist, but the East African one continues as an inter-territorial body responsible to a Council of Ministers. In the Caribbean region conditions were different; there was a much larger number of separate governmental units, all very smallcompared with those of Africa, and, with few exceptions, poor. It was felt that, at least in the early stages, it would not be reasonable to expect these territories to finance research themselves out of their slender resources. Therefore it seemed advisable as a first step to establish a committee to advise the British Government on the needs for medical research in the region, and it was hoped that later it would develop into an autonomous council with executive powers, like the councils in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Eustatius (Statia)
    St. Eustatius (Statia) Overview: Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles. Over its long history, it changed hands more than 20 times. The island has remained in Dutch hands since 1816. Vocanic in origin, and quite rugged along the coastal areas, it was once one of the busiest and most powerful commercial ports in the Caribbean. As a result of the British blockade during America's Revolutionary War, most goods destined for the new colonies flowed into St. Eustatius. It was not uncommon to see hundreds of supply ships off Oranjestad. When that war ended and mail and supplies were sent directly to the new United States, the economy of St. Eustatius changed dramatically. According to tradition, it was the first foreign port to salute (1776) the American flag. Tourism is the major industry today, and the island is a favorite destination for scuba diving aficionados and nature lovers. Territory: Highest point = Mt. Mazinga, 1,968 ft. (602m) St. Eustatius is hilly with a central flat plain. Sandy beaches are rare. Geographically, the island is saddle- shaped, with the 602 meter-high Mount Mazinga, colloquially called the Quill (a dormant volcano) to the southeast and the smaller pair Signal Hill/Little Mountain and Boven Mountain to the northwest. The bulk of the island's population lives in the "dip" between the two areas, which crosses the center of the island. The island is just 5 miles long and 2 miles wide; area: 21 sq. km. Location: It is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Good Governance' in the Dutch Caribbean
    Obstacles to ‘Good Governance’ in the Dutch Caribbean Colonial- and Postcolonial Development in Aruba and Sint Maarten Arxen A. Alders Master Thesis 2015 [email protected] Politics and Society in Historical Perspective Department of History Utrecht University University Supervisor: Dr. Auke Rijpma Internship (BZK/KR) Supervisor: Nol Hendriks Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 2 1. Background ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 From Colony to Autonomy ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Status Quaestionis .................................................................................................................... 11 Colonial history .............................................................................................................................. 12 Smallness ....................................................................................................................................... 16 2. Adapting Concepts to Context ................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Good Governance ..................................................................................................................... 19 Development in a Small Island Context ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 04:10:37AM Via Free Access 2 Pires, Strange and Mello Several Afro- and Indo-Guianese Populations
    New West Indian Guide 92 (2018) 1–34 nwig brill.com/nwig The Bakru Speaks Money-Making Demons and Racial Stereotypes in Guyana and Suriname* Rogério Brittes W. Pires Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil [email protected] Stuart Earle Strange Yale-NUS College, Singapore [email protected] Marcelo Moura Mello Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil [email protected] Abstract Throughout the Guianas, people of all ethnicities fear one particular kind of demonic spirit. Called baccoo in Guyana, bakru in coastal Suriname, and bakulu or bakuu among Saamaka and Ndyuka Maroons in the interior, these demons offer personal wealth in exchange for human life. Based on multisited ethnography in Guyana and Suriname, this paper analyzes converging and diverging conceptions of the “same” spirit among * Most of the research for this article was carried out by the authors during fieldwork for their Ph.D. dissertation.The research was financed byThe National Science Foundation,The Social Science Research Council, The Wenner Gren Foundation, and the University of Michigan’s Department of Anthropology (Stuart Strange); by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Museu Nacional’s Graduate Program in Social Anthro- pology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (ufrj) (Marcelo Mello and Rogério Pires); and by a CNPq postdoctoral scholarship in the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Rogério Pires). Previous versions of this article were presented twice in 2015 and once in 2017: in a seminar at Museu Nacional/ufrj, in a panel session at the American Anthropological Asso- ciation (aaa) meeting, and in a lecture at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (ufjf).
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Fire in the Tropical World*
    Proceedings: 6th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 1967 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Fire in the Tropical World* ROBERT B. BATCHELDER Department of Geograpby Boston University F IRE HAS a long history of occurrence in the tropics, and its effects upon the physical and cultural environment have been profound. For various reasons, the frequency of occur­ rence of accidental fires prior to man's use of fire is believed to have been low, and the area subject to devastation limited. It is known that the areal distribution of humid tropical forests during the early Pleistocene was much greater than at present. Combustibility of such forests must have been very low because of the prevailing per­ humid forest microclimate, and fires once ignited would have had difficulty in spreading. It may be assumed therefore, that widespread burning would occur largely in geographic areas supporting grasses and open dry forest where the occurrence of an ecological dry period of sufficient duration and intensity would permit dessi- • This paper presents part of a more complete investigation into tropical fire sponsored by the U. S. Army Natick Laboratories and reported in: Robert B. Batchelder and Howard F. Hirt, Fire in Tropical Forests and Grasslands, Technical Report 67-41-ES, U. S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass. June 1966, 380 pp. 171 Proceedings: 6th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 1967 ROBERT B. BATCHELDER cation of available fuels. It must be remembered, however, that Pleistocene grass and brush lands were much less extensive than at present and probably occurred as enclaves in the extensive dense forest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Football in Trinidad and Tobago 1893 -2000
    The Story of Football in Trinidad and Tobago 1893 -2000 Chapter One Kick-off THE Trinidad News and San Fernando Gazette of June 6, 1893, was not at all happy with what was happening in the Trinidad society during the year. The paper reported that there was growing corruption among the youth in the colony which was the direct result of the invasion of Government offices as well as stores and estates by strangers from the United Kingdom. In its editorial entitled ‘Agricultural pursuits,’ the paper noted: “What with the invasion of government offices, of stores and sugar estates by strangers from the mother country, more particularly from Scotland, and what with the growing corruption of our young men by frequentation of places of evil, gambling halls, dignity balls etc, our youth of the better classes are in a fair way of becoming a nuisance to themselves and their country, instead of, as in other countries, forming the main factor of the moral, intellectual and physical wealth of their native land.” The paper continued: “It would be knocking our heads against a stone wall to find fault with Scotsmen who now have the dry goods trade and the management of sugar estates mostly in their hands because they send their poor relatives or friends from Scotland to fill situations of emoluments under them. We believe our creole youth to be brighter than the young strangers who are imported to occupy posts which of right, should be theirs and with the knowledge they have of people, their ways, their language and their wants, they would certainly be more useful.
    [Show full text]
  • The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley
    1 The Seventeenth-Century Empire of the Dutch Republic, c. 1590–1672 Jaap Jacobs he overseas expansion of the Dutch Republic, culminating in the “First Dutch Empire,” is a remarkable story of the quick rise to prominence of a small country in northwestern Europe. Much smaller Tin population than European rivals like Spain, England, and France, and without considerable natural resources, the Republic was able within a few decades to lay the foundation for a colonial empire of which remnants are still part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands nowadays. This First Dutch Empire, running roughly from the beginning of the seventeenth century until the early 1670s, was characterized by rapid expansion, both in the Atlantic area and in Asia. The phase that followed, the Second Dutch Empire, shows a divergence in development between the East and West. In the East, ter- ritorial expansion—often limited to trading posts, not settlement colonies— continued and trade volume increased, but in the Western theater the Dutch witnessed a contraction of territorial possessions, especially with the loss of New Netherland and Dutch Brazil. Even so, Dutch trade and shipping in the Atlantic was not solely dependent upon colonial footholds, not in the least because the Dutch began to participate in the Atlantic slave trade. This Second Dutch Empire ended in the Age of Democratic Revolutions, when upheavals in Europe and America brought an end to both the Dutch East and West India Companies and led to the loss of a number of colonies, such as South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Essequibo and Demerara on the Guyana coast.
    [Show full text]
  • June - September 2015
    c ss Issue 04 ... June - September 2015 Contents The Parliament's Maces 3 The Election Process 5 The Constituency Office & Representation: 8 o 'AbadiejO'Meara A New Chapter for the Red House 10 And National History Visits by Parliamentary Delegations from: 13 Bermuda, The United Kingdom 0-- Canada Our Region, Our Parliaments: 16 5t. Vincent and the Grenadines and Guyana School Outreach: Taking the Parliament to the nation's youths 19 Here's What's Showing on the Parliament Channel 22 We welcome your comments and suggestions Send CrossTalk feedback to [email protected] or Tel: 624-7275 ext. 2275 2 Issue 04· .. June - September 2015 ~ THE PARLIAMENT'S MACES By Lorraine Berahzer & Danielle Williams The Trinidad and Tobago Parliament is steeped in rich history that embeds almost During the 13005 to 14005 the every symbol, rule and procedure. Two beau­ mace gradually evolved by tiful pieces of that history take shape in the form of the Parliament Maces. being decorated and adorned Originally used as a weapon by a royal bodyguard to defend the King, the mace has with precious metals and be­ now become a symbol of the power the Mar­ came known as the civic mace. shal of the Parliament holds. It also symbolises the authority and privileges of the House. It is interesting to note that this metal staff, which is held over the right shoulder of the Marshal when he escorts the Presiding Officer in and out of the Chamber at the beginning and end of each sitting of the respective House, originated in the 13th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Wines by the Bottle
    Pinot Noir VINTAGE PRICE Bordeaux Varietals VINTAGE PRICE New World New World Illahe, Estate Pinot Noir ‘19 66 Hedges, Red Mountain Blend ‘17 63 Willamette Valley, Oregon Red Mountain, Washington County Line, Pinot Noir ‘17 75 Powers, Champoux Reserve Red Blend ‘14 84 Sonoma Coast, California Horse Heaven Hills, Washington Tatomer, Pinot Noir ‘17 84 Rowen, Red Blend ‘15 105 Santa Barbara County, California Sonoma County, California Scribe, Pinot Noir ‘17 116 Bernardus, Marinus Signature Blend ‘14 119 Carneros, California Carmel Valley, California Hazelfern, Robinson Vineyard Pinot Noir ‘18 130 Alka, Carmenere ‘14 130 Willamette Valley, Oregon Colchagua Valley, Chile Soter Vineyards, Mineral Springs Ranch Pinot Noir ‘16 192 Ⅴ ‘16 152 Willamette Valley, Oregon De Toren, Fusion Stellenbosch, South Africa DME de la Côte, ‘17 195 Bloom’s Field Pinot Noir Sta. Rita Hills, California Cheval Des Andes, Terrazas De Los Andes ‘15 190 Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza Argentina Bien Nacido Estate, Old Vines Pinot Noir ‘14 260 Santa Maria Valley, California Continuum, Sage Mountain Vineyard Red Blend ‘16 360 Napa Valley, California Old World Quintessa, Rutherford Red Blend ‘16 400 CHT de la Greffiére, Pinot Noir ‘18 63 Napa Valley, California Burgundy, France Old World DME Gruheir, Epineuil Pinot Noir ‘18 74 Burgundy, France CHT Tour de Bessan, La Petite Grand Vin de Bordeaux ‘16 87 Margaux, France Pinot Noir ‘18 95 Coteaux de Dijon Rouge “La Cras,” Burgundy, France CHT Laplagnotte-Bellevue, Grand Cru ‘18 93 St. Emilion, France Cuvée Saint-Urbain, Pinot Noir ‘16 116 Burgundy, France CHT Puy Blanquet, Grand Cru ‘14 94 St. Emilion, France DME Pierre Gelin, Fixin Pinot Noir ‘17 130 ‘ ’ Burgundy, France CHT Fourcas-Borie, Grand Vin de Bordeaux ‘15 98 Bordeaux, France Louis Latour, Pinot Noir ‘15 182 Nuits-Saint-Georges, France CHT Moulin de Tricot, Grand Vin de Bordeaux ‘16 147 Margaux, France Syrah, Loire & Rhone Varietals CHT Lassègue, Grand Cru ‘09 158 St.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESS RELEASE Q4 2019 Financial Information
    PRESS RELEASE Q4 2019 financial information January 22, 2020 Highest quarterly revenues ever Contracted future revenues climb over €5 billion Q4 2019 consolidated revenues up by 22% at constant currency, at €61.5 million • Energy sales lifted by the growing portfolio of plants in operation • Services have lower internal sales, but higher third-party clients’ sales FY 2019 consolidated revenues limited decline of 2% at constant currency, at €174.5 million • Energy sales: effect of not having 2018’s non-recurring price hikes in Brazil almost fully compensated at year-end • Services: increased contribution with good sales trend over the year Positive trends supporting short- and mid-term outlook • Growth in high margin businesses will enable material profitability improvement in H2 vs. H1 2019 • Continued growth in installed capacity strongly supports 2020 capacity and EBITDA objectives With the new long-term power sales contracts secured in 2019, Voltalia exceeds €5 billion of future contracted revenues Voltalia (Euronext Paris, ISIN code: FR0011995588), an international player in renewable energies, announces today its revenues for Q4 2019 and the 2019 fiscal year. “We have recorded our strongest quarter ever in Q4 2019, thanks to the delivery of seven new plants, which will fully contribute in 2020, and the successful integration of Helexia. Both result in material growth and diversification of our operating portfolio. We are also benefiting from increased demand for Services from third-party clients, notably for projects developed in-house by Voltalia. These trends support our positive 2019 profitability outlook and pave the way for a year of strong growth in 2020.
    [Show full text]