Refugees Welcome? How Germany, Canada, and Australia Respond to Contemporary Migration

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Refugees Welcome? How Germany, Canada, and Australia Respond to Contemporary Migration Refugees welcome? How Germany, Canada, and Australia respond to contemporary migration Doctoral thesis for obtaining the academic degree Doctor of Social Sciences submitted by Lorenz Wiese (né Neuberger) at the Faculty of Politics, Law and Economics Department of Politics and Public Administration Oral examination date: 1.8.2019 1st supervisor: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Seibel 2nd supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sven Jochem Konstanz, 2019 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1xsrf5ls24wry8 Abstract This dissertation studies how three different liberal democracies; Germany, Canada, and Australia, have experienced and reacted to contemporary migration, focusing on asylum seekers and refugees. Conceptually, it assumes that their admission leads to paradoxes for host states’ governmental apparatuses: If these migrants’ reasons to seek new lives outside of their home countries and regions are recognized, they need to be granted protection statuses and thus be ‘welcomed’ to stay temporarily or permanently. As a consequence of public ‘backlashes’ and anxieties, destination countries’ governments have however increasingly attempted to control and restrict their entry. To understand these phenomena, this study explains the underlying incentives and scopes for handling contemporary migratory movements primarily from a governmental top-down point of view. Historical institutionalism helps to understand the path-dependent emergence of certain policies in the context of each state’s particular actor constellations. Approaches taken from public choice theory are adopted to illuminate the connection between societal sentiments, discourses, and domestic political decision- making. Insights from delegation, blame and signaling games are used to complete this picture. Supplemented by expert interviews, the empirical part of this study deciphers the observable political developments, as well as the resulting administrative asylum/refugee regimes in 21st century Germany, Canada, and Australia. The selected cases include one ‘newcomer’ and two ‘classic’ immigration countries. In line with the conceptual model, its focus lies on key actors’ influences in the corresponding institutional set-ups, as well as the internal developments that are shaped by the historical paths, discourses and public opinion. The cross- country comparison in this most different systems design shows that, although Germany’s, Canada’s, and Australia’s humanitarian commitments and overall experiences with contemporary migratory movements have differed sharply in many regards, certain phenomena have been recurring. In particular, political elites in all three states have been maneuvering fine lines between different policy objectives, attempting to ‘filter’ and ‘manage’ migration and settlement. The advancing externalization of border regimes made it more difficult to physically reach these states in the first place. But also once there, migrants have been facing other obstacles before eventually being granted protection statuses and the corresponding socioeconomic rights. The legal regimes have been complemented by widely hidden practices of ‘administrative deterrence’ aiming at the reduction of so-called ‘pull factors’. This has entailed dysfunctional and discriminatory refugee status determination systems which pit different migrant groups against each other and leave many in legal uncertainty for long periods. Only for particular subgroups of refugees, the way to an arrival in dignity has been paved in all three states. Further crucially, the observable overall convergence to more selective admission frameworks cannot distract from the fact that related challenges have been of completely different scales: The implementation of well-functioning asylum administrations certainly depends on the corresponding claimants’ numbers and profiles. Domestic conflicts over material priorities have nonetheless contributed to the development of short-term pseudo-solutions to the inherent dilemmas in all three cases. These often came at the expense of procedural fairness and long-term goals such as social ‘integration’. Instead of reflecting strategic decisions, many findings thus point out to political ‘muddling through’. The comparison of their preconditions and the corresponding outcomes provides starting points for emulating, consolidating or abolishing certain policies – in order to achieve more coherent and evidence-based decision- making in this controversial area. Keywords: asylum/refugee policy and administration, migration regimes, Germany, Canada, Australia Zusammenfassung Diese Dissertation untersucht mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Flucht und Asyl, wie drei verschiedene liberale Demokratien, Deutschland, Kanada und Australien, jüngere Migrationsbewegungen erlebt, und wie sie auf diese reagiert haben. Konzeptionell geht sie davon aus, dass die Aufnahme Schutzssuchender für die Regierungsapparate der Zielstaaten zu Dilemmata führt: Sobald individuelle Fluchtgründe anerkannt wer- den, müssen den Migrant*innen Schutzstati gewährt und sie somit ‘willkommen’ geheißen werden, vorüberge- hend oder dauerhaft zu bleiben. Unter anderem infolge gesellschaftlicher Widerstände und Ängste haben die Regierungen der Zielländer jedoch zunehmend versucht, ihren Zugang zu kontrollieren und einzuschränken. Um diese Phänomene zu verstehen, erklärt diese Studie primär aus Regierungssicht die zugrundeliegenden Anreize und Umgangsmöglichkeiten. Mithilfe des historischen Institutionalismus vollzieht sie die pfadab- hängige Entstehung bestimmter Politiken im Kontext der jeweiligen länderspezifischen Akteurskonstellatio- nen nach. Ansätze aus der Public Choice Theorie werden übernommen, um den Zusammenhang zwischen gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmungen, Diskursen und politischen Entscheidungen zu beleuchten. Erkenntnisse aus den Theorien zu Delegations-, Schuld- und Signalspielen vervollständigen dieses Bild. Ergänzt durch Expert*innen-Interviews zeichnet der empirische Teil dieser Studie die beobachtbaren politischen Entwick- lungen, sowie die daraus resultierenden administrativen Asyl-/Geflüchtetenregime in Deutschland, Kanada und Australien des 21. Jahrhunderts nach. Zu den ausgewählten Fällen gehören ein ‘Newcomer’ und zwei ‘klassische’ Einwanderungsländer. Dem konzeptionellen Modell folgend, liegt der Fokus auf den Einflüssen der Schlüsselakteure unter den entsprechenden institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen, sowie auf den inter- nen Entwicklungen, die durch die historischen Pfade, Diskurse und öffentlichen Wahrnehmungen geprägt sind. Der länderübergreifende Vergleich in diesem Forschungsdesign unterschiedlichster Systeme zeigt, dass sich die humanitären Verpflichtungen und administrativen Strukturen Deutschlands, Kanadas und Aus- traliens, sowie ihre Gesamterfahrungen mit Migrationsbewegungen zwar in vielerlei Hinsicht stark voneinan- der unterscheiden, dass aber bestimmte Phänomene immer wieder auftreten. Insbesondere beim Versuch, Migration zu ‘filtern’ und zu ‘steuern’, haben die politischen Eliten aller drei Staaten feine Grenzen zwi- schen verschiedenen politischen Zielen gezogen. So erschwert es die fortschreitende Externalisierung ihrer Grenzregime zunehmend, diese Staaten überhaupt physisch zu erreichen. Aber auch nach ihrer Ankunft sind Migrant*innen oft mit vielfältigen Hindernissen konfrontiert, bevor sie schließlich einen Schutzstatus und die entsprechenden sozioökonomischen Rechte erhalten. Die rechtlichen Regime werden ergänzt durch weitgehend versteckte Praktiken der ‘administrativen Abschreckung’, die auf die Verringerung sogenannter ‘Pull-Faktoren’ abzielen. Dies involviert teilweise dysfunktionale und diskriminierende Systeme zur Sta- tusklärung, in welchen verschiedene Migrant*innen-Gruppen gegeneinander ausgespielt und oft über lange Zeiträume in Rechtsunsicherheit versetzt werden. Der Weg zu einer Ankunft in Würde wurde in allen drei Staaten nur für bestimmte Untergruppen Geflüchteter geebnet. Trotz dieser Gemeinsamkeiten vermag die beobachtbare Gesamtkonvergenz hin zu immer selektiveren Aufnahmeregimen zwar nicht davon abzulenken, dass die mit diesen verbundenen Herausforderungen in den drei Vergleichsländern von völlig unterschiedlicher Größenordnung sind und waren: Die Implementierung gut funktionierender Asylverwaltungen hängt zweifel- los von der Anzahl und den Profilen der entsprechenden Antragsteller*innen ab. Innenpolitische Konflikte über materielle Prioritäten haben nichtsdestotrotz allerorts zur Entwicklung kurzfristiger Pseudolösungen der inhärenten Dilemmata beigetragen. Diese kommen oft auf Kosten prozessualer Fairness und langfristiger Ziele wie der sozialen ‘Integration’. Anstatt auf strategische Entscheidungen, weisen viele Befunde eher auf ein politisches ‘Durchwursteln’ hin. Der Vergleich ihrer Voraussetzungen und der entsprechenden Ergebnisse liefert Ansatzpunkte für die Übernahme, Konsolidierung oder Abschaffung bestimmter Politiken im Sinne einer kohärenteren und evidenzbasierteren Entscheidungsfindung in diesem kontroversen Bereich. Contents List of Figures.......................................... viii List of Tables........................................... ix List of Abbreviationsx 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Conceptual focus......................................4 1.2 Methodological and empirical demarcation........................5 1.3 Summary of findings....................................6 1.4 Thesis structure.......................................7 2 Analytical perspectives and interpretive framework9 2.1 State of the art and research gap.............................9
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