Nichifor Crainic
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Selected Records Related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party RG-25.059M
Selected records related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party RG-25.059M United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Tel. (202) 479-9717 e-mail: [email protected] Descriptive summary Title: Selected records related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party Dates: 1834-1948 (inclusive) 1934-1943 (bulk) Accession number: 2009.267 Creator: Partidul Naţional Creştin. Liga Apărării Naţional Creştine Extent: 7,535 digital images 7 microfilm reels (digitized) Repository: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126 Languages: Romanian Scope and content of collection Contains records relating to A. C. Cuza, a leading anti-Semite in Romania and the leader of the National Christian Party (PNC) which was in power December 1937 to February 1938. Also contains records relating to Istrate Micescu, the Justice Minister of the PNC administration. Administrative Information Restrictions on access: No restrictions on access. Restrictions on reproduction and use: Restrictions on use. Fair use only. Use only for scientific purposes (not for commercial use) Preferred citation: Preferred citation for USHMM archival collections; consult the USHMM website for guidance. Acquisition information: Source of acquisition is the Arhivele Naţionale ale României (Romanian National Archives), Fond personal A.C. Cuza (inv. 1139) and Fond personal Istrate Miscescu. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives received the collection via the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum International Archives Program in November, 2009. Existence and location of originals: Arhivele Naţionale ale României Historical note The National-Christian Defense League (Romanian: Liga Apararii National Crestine or LANC) was a virulently anti-Semitic political party of Romania formed by A. -
SORIN ARHIRE, the Goga-Cuza Government and the “Jewish
SORIN ARHIRE , The GogaGoga----CuzaCuza government and the “Jewish Problem”. British perceptions AbsAbstract:tract: The government presided by Octavian Goga was officially appointed on 28 December 1937. The implementation of the promised anti-Jewish policy started already on the second day of this government. The democratic newspapers Adevărul, Dimineaţa, and Lupta, being considered Jewish, as well as all newspapers published in Yiddish and Hebrew were suspended. On 1 January 1938, although it was a national holiday, Casa Naţională de Asigurări (National Insurance House) fired all its Jewish employees, followed by the immediate publication of the list of Romanians who replaced them. These actions were in accordance with the statements of the Labor Minister, Gheorghe Cuza, son of A. C. Cuza, the one who declared that the Romanian was enjoying the right to work, and “from this point of view only those Romanians can be considered as Romanians if they had ethnic Romanian origin, Romanian soul, Romanian blood, and not the Romanian citizens”. The government Goga-Cuza exerted its rule by issuing decrees and in one of these forbade the Jews to employ Christian servants under the age of 40, considering that “the Jews using in their homes Romanian women do it in order to draw them into prostitution”. A greater influence had the 22 January decree, which stipulated that the citizenship of the Jews in Great Romania was to be revised, regardless of the length of their families’ residence in the country. From a total of 203.423 Jewish families which submitted applications for revision of citizenship, 73.253 lost it, representing 36% of the Jewish population of Romania. -
Religiosity and Devotion in Educational Actions
RELIGIOSITY AND DEVOTION IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIONS Nicolae Bolea Abstract: The material has been structured following these aspects: Preliminaries – a general presentation of religious education in Romania and an emphasis on didactic imperatives nowadays. I. Secular educators involved in religious education; emphasis on their support and involvement. II. Religion in the postmodern world; an attempt to approach some of the avalanches of challenges addressed to the Christian Church and to religious education. III. The Church and education also represent an attempt to analyse society and the effort of the Church facing a society growingly influenced by the phenomenon of secularism. IV. This is what God established for us –a plea for the Romanian people, born Christian and the struggle to survive under the protection of the Church through the effort of religious education. Keywords: education, religion, school, christian, Church. Preliminarii În centrul învăţământului religios este nevoie de creare a unui climat bazat pe valori, astfel încât actul educativ să devină o mărturie vie a apostolatului în folosul semenilor. În ciuda pluralismului cultural, demnitatea şi unicitatea fiecărei persoane trebuie să se regăsească în miezul proiectului educaţional inspirat de valorile Evangheliei. Se prezintă aşadar provocarea de a deveni ora de religie primitoare şi fraternă, unde fiecare să se simtă binevenit, acceptat şi respectat, unde nimeni să nu ajungă marginalizat sau exclus, iar ora de religie să-i contamineze pe toţi, în sensul nobil al cuvântului – în PhD, Teacher at the „St. Simion Ştefan” Orthodox Theological Seminary, Alba Iulia, Romania; School Inspector for Religion at the Alba County School Inspectorate. 371 Young People in Church and Society egală măsură pe cei dinăuntru şi pe cei dinafară – de această bunătate şi fraternitate, generând astfel pace, dreptate, milă şi caritate. -
The “CHRISTIAN NATIONALISM” of Nichifor Crainic
The “CHRISTIAN NATIONALISM” of Nichifor Crainic reflected in his work from the th4 decade of the 20th century Iuliu-Marius Morariu The “CHRISTIAN NATIONALISM” of Nichifor Crainic reflected in his work from the th4 decade of the 20th century Presa Universitară Clujeană 2020 Referenți științifici: Prof. Univ. Dr. Inocent-Mária Vladimír Szaniszló OP, Universitatea Pontificală Angelicum, Roma Pr. Lect. Univ. Dr. Daniel Aron Alic, Universitatea „Eftimie Murgu”, Reșița Design: Dan G. Văscu © 2020. Autorul volumului. Toate drepturile rezervate. Reproducerea integrală sau parțială a textului, prin orice mijloace, fără acordul autorului, este interzisă și se pedep- sește conform legii. ISBN 978-606-37-0819-0 Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai Presa Universitară Clujeană Director: Codruța Săcelean Str. Hasdeu nr. 51 400371 Cluj-Napoca, România Tel./Fax: (+40) – 264 – 597. 401 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.editura.ubbcluj.ro/ Iuliu-Marius Morariu (hieromonk Maxim) is an Orthodox priest, PhD in Orthodox Theology in “Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and a PhD. Candidate in Social Sciences in Angelicum Pontifical University in Rome. He graduated as a vale- dictorian the Faculty of Orthodox Theology from the aforemen- tioned University in Cluj-Napoca (BA in 2014, MA in 2016) and also the Faculty of History and Philosophy there (BA in 2014, MA, 2016). He also graduated the Ecumenical Institute in Bossey, Ge- neva University (2018) and received a MA title in Social Sciences in Angelicum Pontifical University in Rome (2020). He published, edited, coordinated and translated 26 books, more than 300 stud- ies and articles in Romania and abroad and more than 150 book reviews. -
The American Jewish Year Book 5689
The American Jewish Year Book 5689 September 15, 1928, to October 5, 1929 Volume 30 Edited by HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN for the AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1928 COPYRIGHT, 1928 BY THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA Printed at THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY'S PRESS Philadelphia. Penna., U.S.A. PREFACE The leading special feature in this volume is an article by DR. H. S. LINFIELD on the Jewish population of the United States, based upon information gathered by him as director of the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee. DR. LINFIELD'S study shows that there are now in the United States approximately 4,130,000 Jews widely distributed throughout the country in both urban and rural places. There are Jews in all cities of the country having a population of 25,000 or over. But it is interesting to note, that Jews do not live only in the large cities, for they are also to be found in over 80% of the cities of 2,500 to 25,000 population, in over 30% of incorporated villages of less than 2,500 population and in 7% of rural unincorporated areas. In all, there are over 6,000 places throughout the country which have Jewish inhabitants. DR. LINFIELD also made a study of the Jewish congregations in the United States, as Special Agent of the United States Bureau of the Census, in connection with the Census of Religious Bodies undertaken by that Bureau. Unfortunately it was not possible for him to prepare a report on the subject in time for publication in this volume, but a pre- liminary statement, together with a table by states is given. -
Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Against King Carol
Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania Introduction Iuliu Maniu is today regarded as the principle upholder of democratic and constitutional propriety in interwar Romania. As leader of the Romanian National Peasant Party throughout much of the interwar period and the Second World War, he is generally considered to have tried to steer Romania away from dictatorship and towards democracy. Nevertheless, in 1947 Maniu was arrested and tried for treason together with other leaders of the National Peasant Party by the communist authorities. The charges brought against Maniu included having links to the ‘terrorist’ and fascist Romanian Legionary movement (also known as the Iron Guard). The prosecutors drew attention not only to the entry of former legionaries into National Peasant Party organizations in the autumn of 1944, but also to Maniu’s electoral non- aggression pact of 1937 with the Legionary movement’s leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. The pact had been drawn up to prevent the incumbent National Liberal government manipulating the elections of December 1937. Maniu had subsequently acted as defence a witness at Codreanu’s trial in 1938. 1 Since the legionaries were regarded by the communists as the agents of Nazism in Romania, Maniu was accordingly accused of having encouraged the growth of German influence and fascism in Romania.2 Maniu was sentenced to life imprisonment and died in Sighet prison in 1953. Possibly no single act of Maniu’s interwar career was more condemned within Romanian communist historiography than his electoral pact with the allegedly Nazi- 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă (ed.), Procesul lui Iuliu Maniu, Documentele procesului conducătorilor Partidului Naţional Ţărănesc, 3 volumes, Bucharest, 2001, vol. -
Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in an Independent Romania
E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Vol 8 No 2 ISSN 2281-3993 July 2019 Interdisciplinary Studies . Research Article © 2019 Giuseppe Motta. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in an Independent Romania Giuseppe Motta Doi: 10.2478/ajis-2019-0012 Abstract The history of antisemitism in Romania is strictly connected to the religious and cultural framework of those territories, as well as to their political integration from the age of emancipation and independence to the establishment of a Greater Romania after World War I. This article aims to analyse the different intersections of this historical process and the continuity between the old forms of anti-judaism and their re-interpretation according to modernist dynamics during the first half of the Twentieth-Century. The Romanian case illustrates the transformation and re-adapting of old religious prejudice in new doctrines of xenophobia, nationalism and antisemitism. Keywords: Antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, Nationalism, Romania, Marginalization 1. Introduction. The Birth of Romania and the Question of Citizenship When studying Romanian contemporary history, a scholar is inevitably destined to meet with the question of anti-Semitism and the Jewish conditions in Romania. This is quite obvious when considering the interwar years or the Second World War, but a serious analysis could not help focusing attention on the previous century, when Romania became independent. This State was formed by two Romanian principalities, Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been under Ottoman sovereignty until the nineteenth century, when they fell under Russian influence and experienced the national awakening that led to the 1848 revolution in Wallachia and to the first union under Alexandru Ioan Cuza in 1859 (Georgescu 1992; Hitchins 1994). -
The Legion of the Archangel Michael: the Past and Present Appeal of Decentralized Fascism
Providence College DigitalCommons@Providence History & Classics Undergraduate Theses History & Classics Fall 2020 The Legion of the Archangel Michael: The Past and Present Appeal of Decentralized Fascism Andrew Bennet Gillen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/history_undergrad_theses Part of the Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons The Legion of the Archangel Michael: The Past and Present Appeal of Decentralized Fascism By Andrew Bennet Gillen HIS 490 History Honors Thesis Department of History Providence College Fall 2020 ii CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. NEW APPEAL ………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 1. IDEAOLOGY OF THE IRON GUARD……………...13 CHAPTER 2. FITTING IN: 1931-41…………………………………37 CONCLUSION. COMPARISONS……………………………………52 BIBLIOGRPAHY……………………………………………………...69 iii INTRODUCTION: NEW APPEAL In August of 2017, far right groups of the United States of America, such as the Proud Boys, Christogenea, Vanguard America, and the Global Crusader Knights, among others, gathered in an unprecedented fashion at Charlottesville, Virginia.1 These groups believed that they were given the power to avert the changes of more liberal forces in the country. One of the organizers of the event, Matthew Heimbach, wore a shirt depicting Corneliu Codreanu.2 Codreanu was the charismatic founder, and to some extent heart and soul, of the Legion of the Archangel Michael (LAM), or the Iron Guard, as it was frequently referred to in the English speaking world,the main fascist force in Romanian politics -
Romanian-German Relations Before and During the Holocaust
ROMANIAN-GERMAN RELATIONS BEFORE AND DURING THE HOLOCAUST Introduction It was a paradox of the Second World War that Ion Antonescu, well known to be pro- Occidental, sided with Germany and led Romania in the war against the Allies. Yet, Romania’s alliance with Germany occurred against the background of the gradually eroding international order established at the end of World War I. Other contextual factors included the re-emergence of Germany as a great power after the rise of the National Socialist government and the growing involvement of the Soviet Union in European international relations. In East Central Europe, the years following the First World War were marked by a rise in nationalism characterized by strained relations between the new nation-states and their ethnic minorities.1 At the same time, France and England were increasingly reluctant to commit force to uphold the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and the Comintern began to view ethnic minorities as potential tools in the “anti-imperialist struggle.”2 In 1920, Romania had no disputes with Germany, while its eastern border was not recognized by the Soviet Union. Romanian-German Relations during the Interwar Period In the early twenties, relations between Romania and Germany were dominated by two issues: the reestablishment of bilateral trade and German reparations for war damages incurred during the World War I German occupation. The German side was mainly interested in trade, whereas the Romanian side wanted first to resolve the conflict over reparations. A settlement was reached only in 1928. The Berlin government acted very cautiously at that time. -
Images of Town Life in the Writings of Ion Călugăru, Isac Peltz and Ury Benador
Romanica Cracoviensia 12 / 2012 10.4467/20843917RC.12.020.0737 Gabriela Gavril-Antonesei Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iaşi IMAGES OF TOWN LIFE IN THE WRITINGS OF ION CĂLUGĂRU, ISAC PELTZ AND URY BENADOR. ASPECTS OF THEIR RECEPTION1 CONTEXT Isac Peltz, Ion Călugăru, Ury Benador – and other important writers, particularly M. Sebastian, who will not be discussed in this paper, though – published their most representative work in the fourth decade of the last century. At the time, Romania faced a strong surge of nationalistic political movements, which led to multiplied and intensified anti-Semitic acts. More and more voices of the time2 – among them some public figures of a rather liberal line, and representatives of the church – were requesting the “cleansing” of Romania of its Jews and even the review and annulment of the citizenship granted to them in 1923. Under the party name of “Totul pentru Ţară” (“Everything for the Country”), the Garda de Fier (Iron Guard) obtained in the 1937 elections 16.5% of the votes of the electorate, thus becoming the third political power in the country. When the PNC (Goga-Cuza) government came to power in 1937, they imposed an anti-Semitic legislation that deprived more than 200 000 Jews of their civil rights.3 The media campaigns for a “Romanisation” of society – as pursued by Pamfil Şeicaru in Curentul, Nicolae Iorga in Cuget clar and Neamul Românesc – are proof that the anti-Semitic ideas and language were common in many circles.4 In December 1 A version of this paper was presented at the Conference “I Am a Romanian: the Bucharest – Tel Aviv Route”, organized by The Romanian Cultural Institute in Tel Aviv, in partnership with the “Ben Gurion” University in Beer Sheva, 29.03–1.04.2011. -
Roots of Romanian Antisemitism
BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HOLOCAUST Roots of Romanian Antisemitism The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Antisemitism The Antisemitic Policies of the Goga Government and of the Royal Dictatorship The Roots of Romanian Antisemitism The roots of Romanian antisemitism are intertwined with the origins of the modern Romanian state and the emergence of the rich national cultural tradition that accompanied unification of the principalities, independence, and the creation of Greater Romania. The antisemitism that manifested itself in Romania between the two world wars grew directly from seeds sewn at the major turning points of the country’s development starting in the mid- nineteenth century. For reasons that may have differed from person to person or group to group, strong antisemitic currents were present in various forms and with varying intensity in the political, cultural and spiritual life of Romanian society for most of the century that preceded the accession to power of the National Christian Party in 1937, the installation of the Royal Dictatorship in 1938, and the Antonescu-Iron Guard National Legionary State in 1940—that is, for most of the century that culminated in the Holocaust. The antisemitic actions of that succession of governments drew inspiration from antisemitic themes that had entered the Romanian lexicon of ideas long before the 1930s and long before the Nazi rise to influence and then power in Germany. While each of these three governing configurations mixed the essential elements of widespread antisemitic concepts somewhat differently—leaning more or less heavily on certain themes, perhaps adding to native concepts notions adapted from non-Romanian antisemitic expression, and advocating sometimes greater and sometimes lesser violence to accomplish their goals—they all represented essential continuity with Romanian antisemitic ideas that had their origins in the pre-World War I era. -
Daniel Dieaconu-A.C. CUZA ŞI NAŢIONALISMUL-CREŞTIN ROMÂNESC INTERBELIC
Analele Liceului „Vasile Conta” Târgu-Neamț, Istorie, 1/2020 A.C. CUZA ŞI NAŢIONALISMUL-CREŞTIN ROMÂNESC INTERBELIC A.C.CUZA AND THE ROMANIAN INTERBELICAN CHRISTIAN NATIONALISM Prof. dr. Daniel DIEACONU1 Abstract: We propose by this study a portrait of an important politician of the first half of the XX-th century, of a perpetual parliamentarian, considered the father of inter-war Christian nationalism. He has also distinguished in literature as an essayist and epigrammatist, close to Junimea, and had a long university career in Iasi, at the Faculty of Law. He has socialist beginnings, then conservative. He was along with Nicolae Iorga, founder of the Democratic Nationalist Party, but the closeness between the two was not long lasting, becoming political enemies afterwards. From his nationalist-Christian party founded in 1923, the Legion of Archangel Michael emerges, which will promote the same political doctrine, with more fervency and enthusiasm. He came to power with Goga, in 1937, with the Christian Nationalist Party, for a short period, the abolition of political parties by Carol II also marking the end of his political career. Gifted parliamentary orator, with a long career, he was, however, a supporter of the dictatorship, and remained consistent with the Christian nationalist doctrine, called at that time, "cuzist". Keywords: junimism, Christian-nationalism, anti-Semitism, legionaries, royal dictatorship A.C. Cuza s-a remarcat în anii de după primul război mondial ca fondatorul şi principalul promotor al doctrinei naţionalist-creştine. S-a dovedit a fi unul dintre cei mai longevivi oameni politici ai României moderne şi singurul care a reuşit să facă o carieră având în centrul discursului său antisemitismul.