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Diffusion De La Fièvre De La Vallée Du Rift Par Les Mouvements De Bovins

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Diffusion De La Fièvre De La Vallée Du Rift Par Les Mouvements De Bovins UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Ecole Doctorale 477, SIBAGHE Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géoscience, Hydrosciences, Environnement ____________ Présenté et soutenu publiquement le 16 décembre 2013 par Gaëlle NICOLAS DOCT EUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Filière ESA : Ecosystèmes et Sciences Agronomiques Spécialité éco-épidémiologie des systèmes complexes Diffusion de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift par les mouvements de bovins : modélisation de la circulation virale dans un écosystème tempéré et montagneux , l’exemple de Madagascar Sous la co-direction de : Véronique CHEVALIER , CIRAD, Dép. Environnement et Société – UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France Benoît DURAND , ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale – Unité EPI, Maisons-Alfort, France Didier FONTENILLE , IRD – MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France Jury : BOULOY Michèle Invitée EZANNO Pauline, INRA-Oniris, Nantes, France Examinateur FOURNIE Guillaume, RVC, Londres, Royaume-Uni Examinateur GILOT-FROMONT Emmanuelle, VetAgroSup, Lyon, France Rapporteur ROGIER Christophe, Institut Pasteur, Madagascar Examinateur ZELLER Hervé, ECDC, Stockholm, Suède Rapporteur . UNIVERSITY MONTPELLIER II – Doctoral School: SIBAGHE Integrated Systems in Biology, Agronomy, Geoscience, Hydroscience, Environment ____________ This thesis is presented and defended in public the 16th of December 2013 by Gaëlle NICOLAS DOCTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY MONTPELLIER II Ecosystem and agronomic science Speciality eco-epidemiology of complex systems Rift Valley fever spreading by cattle movements: modelling of the viral circulation in a temperate and mountainous ecosystem of Madagascar Co-supervised by: Dr Véronique CHEVALIER , CIRAD, Department Environment & Society, Animal and Integrated Risk Management Unit, Montpellier, France Dr Benoît DURAND , ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory – Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France Dr Didier FONTENILLE , IRD – MIVEGEC, Montpellier, France Jury members: BOULOY Michèle, Invited EZANNO Pauline, INRA-Oniris, Nantes, France Examiner FOURNIE Guillaume, RVC, London, Royaume-Uni Examiner GILOT-FROMONT Emmanuelle, VetAgroSup, Lyon, France Reviewer ROGIER Christophe, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Madagascar Examiner ZELLER Hervé, ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden Reviewer « Lorsque le coup de tonnerre éclate, il est trop tard pour se boucher les oreilles » Sun Tzu © Benoit Durand © Gaëlle Nicolas Avant-Propos Les travaux présentés ici sont le fruit de trois années de travail partagées entre le terrain et le s équipes du CIRAD et de l’ANSES , ou en d’autre s termes, entre Madagascar, Montpellier et Maisons-Alfort. Cette thèse s’intègre dans des investigations de terrain plus larges, réalisées dans le cadre du projet Rift-OI, par plusieurs équipes de scientifiques, à travers les hautes terres de Madagascar. Les différentes enquêtes se sont déroulées entre avril 2009 et décembre 2011, quelles que soit les conditions climatiques (cyclones), politiques (émeutes) et/ou sociales (vols avec agressions), et traduisent l ’implication commune des équipes malgaches et françaises. Mon implication sur le terrain aura perduré de mars 2010 à décembre 2011 (stage de Master 2 suivi de la phase de terrain relative à la thèse). Ce document présente dans un premier temps le contexte scientifique conduisant à s’interroger sur la résurgence de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (FVR) dans une zone au contexte climatique à priori peu favorable à la circulation du virus responsable de cette pathologie. A travers l’exposé de l’éco -épidémiologie des maladies émergentes puis des caractéristiques du virus de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) et enfin de l’historique de s foyers de la FVR dans l’océan indien, nous conduirons le lecteur vers l ’énoncé des hypothèses de recherches ayant structuré les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce manuscrit. La suite du document se présente sous forme de chapitres ayant chacun pour objectif de répondre à l’une des questions de recherche. Le dernier chapitre conclut de manière synthétique sur l’ensemble des trav aux effectués et résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la thèse et plus largement du projet Rift-OI. La dernière partie discute des apports de notre recherche et de la transposition des résultats obtenus à d’autres contextes que le contexte malgache. Des perspectives à cette étude sont dégagées. © Benoit Durand Durand © Benoit © Gaëlle Nicolas Publications, Posters, Présentations orales LES PUBLICATIONS dans des journaux de rang A : Manuscrit 1 (Chapitre 2, p 47) : Nicolas G, Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V (2013). Description and analysis of cattle trade network in Madagascar highlands: potential role in the diffusion of Rift Valley fever virus. Acta Trop. 126, 19-27. Manuscrit 2 (Chapitre 1, p 42 : Revue) : Balenghien T, Cardinale E, Chevalier V, Elissa N, Failloux AB, Jean José Nipomichene TN, Nicolas G , Rakotoharinome MV, Roger M, Zumbo B (2013). Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the South-West of the Indian Ocean: A review. Vet Res. 44 : 78. Tous les auteurs ont également contribué à la rédaction et sont donc des premiers auteurs. Placement par ordre alphabétique. Manuscrit 3 (Chapitre 3, p 83) : Nicolas G , Durand B, Lacote S, Rakotoarimanana TT, Chevalier V, Marianneau P (accepté). A three years serological and virological cattle follow-up in Madagascar highlands suggests a non-classical transmission route of Rift Valley Fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Manuscrit 4 (Chapitre 3, p 85) : Nicolas G, Chevalier V, Tantely L, Fontenille D, Durand B (soumis). A spatially explicit metapopulation model and cattle trade analysis allows identifying the key determinants of the recurrent circulation of Rift Valley fever virus in a pilot area of Madagascar highlands. Inf Gene Evol. LES COMMUNICATIONS ORALES lors de congrès: Vet2011, Antananarivo, 9-11 Novembre 2011 Nicolas G , Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V. Description et analyse du réseau commercial des bovins sur les Hautes Terres de Madagascar et rôle dans la diffusion de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift. Colloque international de parasitologie/Vet2011, 9-11 Novembre 2011, Antananarivo, Madagascar SVEPM2013, Madrid, 20-22 Mars 2013 Nicolas G , Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V. Specific cattle exchanges practices and vector based transmission shape RVFV circulation in Madagascar highlands. 20-22 March 2013, SVEPM, Madrid, Spain. Nicolas G , Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V. Specific cattle exchanges practices and vector based transmission shape RVFV circulation in Madagascar highlands. Proceedings SVEPM2013, 31-42. 9 14th AITVM, Johannesburg, 25-29 Août 2013 Nicolas G , Chevalier V, Tantely L, Fontenille D, Durand B. Modelling spatial spread of RVFV in a temperate and mountainous area of Madagascar. AITVM, 25-29 August 2013, Johannesburg, South Africa. LES POSTERS affichés lors de congrès: SVEPM2012, Glasgow, 28-30 Mars 2012 Nicolas G , Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V. Cattle trade network in Madagascar highlands and diffusion of Rift Valley fever virus. 28-30 March 2012, SVEPM, Glasgow, Scotland. 13 th ISVEE, Maastricht, 20-24 Août 2012 Nicolas G , Durand B, Duboz R, Rakotondravao R, Chevalier V. Cattle trade network in Madagascar highlands and Rift Valley fever virus circulation. 13 th ISVEE, 20-24 August 2012, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Networks Dynamics, Montpellier, 25-26 Mars 2013 Nicolas G , Durand B, Chevalier V. The influence of specific cattle exchanges networks on the RVFV spread on Madagascar highlands. Networks Dynamics, 25-26 Mars 2013, Montpellier, France. AG IRD (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 12 Juillet 2013 Nicolas G , Chevalier V, Fontenille D, Durand B. Modelling spatial spread of RVFV in a temperate and mountainous ecosystem of Madagascar. AG MIVEGEC, 12 July 2013, Montpellier, France. Epidemics4, Amsterdam, 19-22 Novembre 2013 Nicolas G , Chevalier V, Tantely L, Fontenille D, Durand B. Mechanisms of Maintenance of Rift Valley Fever Virus in a Temperate and Mountainous Ecosystem of Madagascar: Dynamic and Spatial Modelling Based on Empirical Data. Epidemics4, 19-22 November 2013, Amsterdam, The Netherland. 10 Sommaire Publications, Posters, Présentations orales ....................................................................................................... 9 Liste des abréviations ....................................................................................................................................... 13 TRAVAUX BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ........................................................................................................................ 15 Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale ...................................................................................................... 15 1.1. LES MALADIES EMERGENTES ............................................................................................................. 16 1.2. LA FIEVRE DE LA VALLEE DU RIFT (FVR) ........................................................................................ 18 1.2.1. Historique et répartition géographique .............................................................................. 18 1.2.2. Le Virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) ............................................................ 20 1.2.2.1. Les virus de la famille des Bunyaviridae ................................................................... 20 1.2.2.2. Aspects moléculaires du VFVR .................................................................................. 20 1.2.3. La Maladie ............................................................................................................................
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