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Alaska Journal of Anthropology Volume 10, Numbers 1 & 2 2012 Alaska Journal of Anthropology ©2012 by the Alaska Anthropological Association: All rights reserved. ISSN 1544-9793 editors alaska anthropological association Kenneth L. Pratt Bureau of Indian Affairs board of directors Erica Hill University of Alaska Southeast Kerry Feldman President University of Alaska research notes Anchorage Anne Jensen UIC Science Jenya Anichenko Anchorage Museum book reviews April L. G. Counceller Kodiak College Amy Steffian Alutiiq Museum Robin Mills Bureau of Land Management correspondence Jeffrey Rasic National Park Service Monty Rogers iversity of Alaska Manuscript and editorial correspondence should be sent (elec- Un Anchorage tronically) to one or both of the Alaska Journal of Anthropology (AJA) editors: other association officials Kenneth L. Pratt ([email protected]) Rita Eagle Secretary/Treasurer Erica Hill ([email protected]) Sarah Carraher Newsletter Editor McMaster University Rick Reanier Aurora Editor Reanier & Associates Manuscripts submitted for possible publication must con- form with the AJA Style Guide, which can be found on membership and publications the Alaska Anthropological Association website (www. For subscription information, visit our website at alaskaanthropology.org). www.alaskaanthropology.org. Information on back issues and additional association publications is available on page 2 of the editorial board subscription form. Please add $8 per annual subscription for Katherine Arndt University of Alaska Fairbanks postage to Canada and $15 outside North America. Don Dumond University of Oregon Max Friesen University of Toronto Design and layout by Sue Mitchell, Inkworks Bjarne Grønnow National Museum of Denmark Copyediting by Erica Hill Scott Heyes Canberra University Susan Kaplan Bowdoin College Anna Kerttula de Echave National Science Foundation Alexander King University of Aberdeen Owen Mason GeoArch Alaska Dennis O’Rourke University of Utah Kate Reedy-Maschner Idaho State University Richard O. Stern Northern Land Use Research Xh’unei Lance Twitchell University of Alaska Southeast table of contents articles “somehow, something broke inside the people”: demographic shifts and community anomie in chukotka, russia ......................................... 1 Tobias Holzlehner chronology of the ocean bay tradition on kodiak island, alaska: stratigraphic and radiocarbon analysis of the rice ridge site (kod-363) ............17 Robert E. Kopperl introduction to “tribal divisions of the western eskimo” by frank h. waskey (1950) ....37 Kenneth L. Pratt tribal divisions of the western eskimo. 42 Frank H. Waskey [1950] special section: anthropology and archaeology in yukon territory klondike gold rush capital punishment: rediscovering the convicted at former fort herchmer ....................................................55 Susan Moorhead Mooney and P. Gregory Hare making your cash go a long way: five chinese coins in the southern yukon and northwestern british columbia ...........................................75 James Mooney, Todd Kristensen, and Keary Walde culturally modified trees and traditional management systems ....................95 Susan Heffner and Ty Heffner becoming native again: practicing contemporary culture in the yukon–alaska borderlands ..................................................115 Emily Youatt diving through time and across disciplines: the northern nature of research and interpretation of the A. J. GODDARD shipwreck ..............................129 Lindsey Thomas, Janna Swales, and Douglas Davidge reports uivvaq: a stratified iñupiaq occupation at cape lisburne, northwest alaska .........143 John F. Hoffecker, Owen K. Mason, Scott A. Elias, Diane K. Hanson, Claire Alix, Georgeanne L. Reynolds, and Karlene Leeper research notes ..............................................................173 Anne Jensen iii book reviews CARIBOU HERDS OF NORTHWEST ALASKA, 1850–2000 ......................................181 Reviewed by Dale C. Slaughter VEKHI NA MYSAKH [LANDMARKS ON CAPES]: PAPERS IN HONOR OF SERGEI ARUTYUNOV ON HIS EIGHTIETH BIRTHDAY. .183 Reviewed by Oksana Yashchenko, Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, and Igor Pasternak HAA LEELK’W HÁS AANÍ SAAX’ú /OUR GRANDPARENTS’ NAMES ON THE LAND ........................186 Reviewed by Patrick J. Moore THE PEOPLE BEFORE: THE GEOLOGY, PALEOECOLOGY, AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF ADAK ISLAND, ALASKA ........188 Reviewed by Don E. Dumond “SOMEHOW, SOMETHING BROKE INSIDE THE PEOPLE”: DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS AND COMMUNITY ANOMIE IN CHUKOTKA, RUSSIA Tobias Holzlehner Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 310 Eielson Bldg., PO Box 757720, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7720; [email protected] ABSTRACT Demographic records on population movements in the Arctic tell compelling stories about commu- nity change, especially when combined with health statistics and qualitative data. Chukotka went through several dramatic demographic shifts during the twentieth century: influx of newcomer popu- lations during the Sovietization of the Russian Arctic, large-scale village relocations during the Cold War, and labor outmigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The new demographic regimes had wide-ranging effects on social cohesion and community health. Focusing on the spillover effects of demographic change on local communities, this article contextualizes displacement events using demographic data, health statistics, and oral histories. ALL THAT REMAINED The only two things that can satisfy the soul are a person consuming blackness. The silence gives way to the roaring and a story; and even the story must be about a person. of the gale, driving snowflakes through the air. —G. K. Chesterton It feels like sleepwalking—strangely detached, stum- bling through a storm without feeling the cold. The storm Chukotka, 1998. The Siberian tundra is spread against the should have pressed down and the dazzling snow bar- horizon. Rolling hillocks are lost in vast scenery, no longer rier should have taken away the sight, but the perception measurable in human paces. Rocky outcrops occasionally is disembodied. The tundra has been turned into a snow interrupt the low shrubs covering the ground. Constant desert by the encroaching fierce blizzard, and the hori- frost tears the earth and turns it into a pockmarked land- zon has drowned in a maelstrom of ice crystals. Darkness scape. A restless wind sweeps over the rippled ground; its blurs the dimensions. Out of the indistinct darkness a continuous presence makes the silence all the more deso- faint glow appears. A tent, half covered with snow and late. The sun clings ponderously in a cold blue sky as if the canvas pressed down by the wind, glows from in- struggling against setting. Now, its rays are just touching side. The cords can hardly keep the wind-torn tent on the distant hills, and the snowfields on the steep slopes re- the ground. Dimly lit human shadows dance on the tent flect for the last time the radiance of the setting sun. A wall. Suddenly the canvas is thrown back and a figure dark and heavy cloud is gathering in front of the descend- emerges from the entrance. It sinks deep into the snow ing fire. Night’s frost is creeping over the cold, deserted cover. The released canvas flutters furiously in the gale. plain. In some rocky places the ground is still warm, and Light streams out of the tent and illuminates the body. A it feels like wandering through different chambers—from fur mitten is torn from its hand and disappears into the cold to warm, from warm to cold. In a discouragingly short blizzard. The man stumbles forward, frostbitten fingers time the single cloud has turned the whole sky into all- covering his face to ward off the piercing ice. The figure Alaska Journal of Anthropology vol. 10, nos. 1&2 (2012) 1 disappears into the night, fin ally swallowed by the bliz- are rare in a country that systematically collectivized ev- zard. All that remains is the howling of the gale. ery form of private initiative. They find Anatoliy the next morning, his body stuck in Anatoliy now dices the fine strips of blubber. He does the snow, slanted, frozen stiff; hands rigidly outstretched, it with the same precision and patience displayed by a as if they had wanted to grasp something unreachable; surgeon. coat open and filled with snow; face frozen, open eyes Currently, a third of the reindeer herds along the coast staring into space, astonished. The people say Anatoliy lost of Chukotka are in private hands. The rest still belong to his mind while out hunting and simply ran out of the tent the state farms, which have been transformed into corpo- on that winter night. Rumors speak of suicide—some of rations without stockholders. However, since the state has heavy drinking that led to this tragic accident. What re- removed itself as the main buyer, state farms are constant- mains is another violent death. ly in the red. As the manager of such a sovkhoz, Anatoliy is in a dilemma. On one hand, he is obliged to a market Chukotka, 1997. Night has come to the coastal town of that has ceased to exist; on the other, he is indebted to Lavrentiya. The storm rages outside; inside the concrete the dependent workers of the sovkhoz. Workers expected building calmness persists. The force of the storm, which to be supplied by the state farm beyond their regular pay. pushes on the double-paned windows, can only be faintly Yet, since the shipments of food and commodities have surmised. Down on the dimly lit alley the street lights been severely reduced