DOCSLIB.ORG

PERMAFROST A.L, Washburn J.H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PERMAFROST A.L, Washburn J.H v~.~ ~f53 U.S. (lrganiz-mg Committee T.L. Pdw&, Chairman G.E. Weller, Vice-Chairmm A.J. Alter J. Barton J. &OWO b 0.3. Ferrians, Jr. H.O. Jahns J.R. Kiely A.H. Lachenbruch R. D. Miller R.D. Reger PERMAFROST A.L, Washburn J.H. Zumberge L. DeGoes FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Program committee Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. July 18-22, 1983 W.D. Harrison , Chairman University of Alaska Paper Review Committee Abetmcts and Program R. D. M!ller, Chairman Field Trips Committee O.J. Ferrians,Jr.,Chairman H Arrangements Committee W.M. Sackinger, Chsirma,z organized by: State of Alaaka National Academy of Sciences University of Alaska CONTRIBUTING SPONSORS (as of 15 June 1983] State of Alaska Alaska Council on Science and Technology Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Alaska State Legislature Federal Agencies Army Researeh Office Department of Energy National Aeronautics and Space Ahinistration National Science Foundation Office of the Federal Inspector, ANGTS Office of Naval Research Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory L’S Bureau of Land Management US Foresti Service US Geological Survey Industry and Private SOHIO Atlantic Richfield Foundation EXXON P~oduction Research John Kiely Bechte Z Dames and Moore Chevron USA, Inc. Ebasco Services, Inc. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. Getty Oil Company Mapeo/North Pole Refining Nerco Minerals (Resource Associates Associated General Contractors of Alaska) British Petroleum Ott Engineering Morrison-Knudson Company Rocky Mountain Energy Kodiak-@aboxw (AngZo-Energy) Sehhmberger Marathon Oil Foundation Tesoro Petroleum Corporation Northwest Pipeline Service Co. Conrad Topp Shell Oil Company Tryck, Nyman, Hayes Union Oil of Califowzia Foundation Alaska International Constructors Cameron Iron Works Doyon Ltd. Alaska Industrial Resources, Inc. Shannon and Wilson Phillips Pe+?olewn R. A. Kreig & Associates 3-M Company DOWL Engineers Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Fryer, Pressley, Elliott Law Engineering Testing Peter Kieuit and Sons R & M Consultant William J. King Anacondiz Copper Company Stutzman Engineering Associates Brow and Root (Ealiburton) Univen Scheben Kmynta Huettl Colrocil, InC?. {UN(H) .# PREFACE Perennially frozen ground, or permafrost, is estimated to underlie 20% of the land surface of the earth and affects many of man’s activities and causes problems not experienced elsewhere. Agriculture, mining, water supply, sewage disposal, and construction of air fields, roads, railroads, urban areas, and recently,” oil and gas pipelines, require extensive knowledge of the distribution, properties, and engineering performance of perennially frozen ground. Although the existence of permafrost was known to the inhabitants of Siberia for centuries, not until 1836 did scientists of the Western world take seriously reports of thick, frozen ground existing under northern forests and grasslands. At that time, Alexander Theodor von Middendorf measured temperatures to a depth of approximately 107 m of permafrost in the Shargin Shaft, an unsuccessful well dug for the governor of the Russian-Alaskan Trading Company at Yakutsk. It was estimated that the permafrost there was 215 m thick. For the last century, scientists and engineers in Siberia have been actively studying permafrost and applying the results of their research to the development of the region. Similarly, prospectors and explorers were aware of permafrost in the northern part of the North America for many years, but it was not until World war 11 that systematic studies of perennially frozen ground were undertaken by scientists and engineers in the United States and Canada. Because of the explosive increase in research concerning scientific and engineering aspects of frozen ground in several countries since the late 1940’s, it became apparent that it was necessary for scientists and engineers working in the field to exchange information on an international level. Since that time, work in Canada, the USA, the USSR, and more recently in Japan and China, among other countries, has created a vast amount of basic and applied information on permafrost. To exchange information on the subject of permafrost, the First International Conference on Permafrost was held in the USA at Purdue University in 1963. This relatively small conference was extremely successful and yielded a publication which is still used throughout the world. Ten years later, in 1973, the Second International Conference on Permafrost was held in Yakutsk, Siberia, USSR. Approximately 400 participants attended. In 1978, Canada hosted the Third International Conference on Permafrost in Edmonton, Alberta, with field trips to northern Canada. Approximately 500 participants from nine nations attended and Chinese scientists were present for the first time. In Edmonton, it was decided that the US would hold the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, and a formal invitation was extended by the University of Alaska to hold the Conference on its campus in Fairbanks in 1983. The reasons for holding a conference every 5 years or so are: 1) to bring together scientific, engineering, and user communities to iii discuss the state-of-the-art in these respective fields; 2) to allow national and international participants to observe and discuss permafrost conditions and engineering problems; and 3) to relate permafrost conditions to other regions of the world, particularly to areas where only seasonally frozen soils currently exist. The Fourth International Conference on Permafrost is being held at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks from July 17 to 22, 1983. It is organized by the National Academy of Sciences’ Polar Research Board and the State of Alaska, with the University of Alaska in Fairbanks being the host and local organizer. Local and extended field trips to various parts of the State, to examine permafrost features, are an integral part of the Conference. Many engineering and scientific disciplines are represented, including civil and mechanical engineering, soil mechanics, glacial and periglacial geology, geophysics, marine science and technology, climatology, soils, hydrology, and ecology. The sessions start with panel discussions and are followed by oral and poster presentations. The panel reviews consider the following themes: pipelines, climatic change and geothermal regime, deep foundations and embankments, permafrost terrain, environmental protection, frost heave and ice segregation, and subsea permafrost. Approximately 350 papers and posters from 25 countries are to be presented. The Conference proceedings will be published by the National Academy of Sciencesr Academy Press. In addition a series of field trip guidebooks has been published by the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and a special bibliography of some 4,500 permafrost citations was published by World Data Center A for Glaciology in Boulder, Colorado, as Glaciological Data Report GD-14. This last publication covers much of the world literature on permafrost over the last five years. Troy L. P6w6, Chairman Organizing Committee iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page General Information . ...* ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 2 Maps. ..*. ..*. 5 Social Program . 7 Exhibits and Films . .**.. .*.* 8 Local Field Trips. ● . .*.. 9 Pre- and Post-Conference Field Trips. .13 Publication of Proceedings . ● . 15 Program of Events. ● *.* 16 Program of Technical Sessions. 17 Abstracts of Panel Sessions. ● . 41 Abstracts. ● . 61 Index of Authors . ● . .263 IMPORTANT INFORMATION How to Locate Any Abstract 1. If you know the author’s name... Turn to page 263 which list all authors in alphabetical order. The page number in the last column indicates where the abstract will be found, the second column indicates the session in which the paper will be given. Time and location of sessions are given in the program of technical sessions on pages 20-39. 2. if you want to read the abstracts of any particular session. Turn to pages 17-39 which give the authors, location and time of sessions. Then turn to page 263 which list all authors in alphabetical order. The page number in the last column indicates where the abstract will be found. Authors’ Briefing There will be brief meetings for all authors presenting formal papers and all panel members with their session chairmen. These meetings will be held in the Green Room (down the stairs from the Regents Great Hall; see map on page 6). For morning sessions, authors and chairmen will meet from 8:00-8:30am; for afternoon sessions from 1:00-l:30pm on Monday and 1:30-2:OOpm on Wednesday. 35mm slide trays will be available in the Green Room, as well as viewing equipment. 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Registration Registration is required for all attendees, including all field trip participants and guests. Name badges are required for admission to all events. Full payment must accompany registration. Only U.S. funds are accepted on-site. Visa and Mastercard will be accepted. Registration Fees: Full Registration - $225 Student Registration - $35 Daily Registration - $50 Accompanying Persons Registration - $50 Students, daily registrants and accompanying persons will not receive the pre- and post-conference proceedings or field trip guide books, but copies may be purchased. Registration Schedule Regents Great Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Sunday, 17 July 10:OOam - 9: 00pm Monday, 18 July 8:OOam - 5: OOpm Tuesday, 19 July 8:OOam - 5: 00pm Wednesday, 20 July 8:OOam - 5: OOpm Thursday, 21 July 8:OOam - 5: OOpm Friday, 22 July 8:OOam - 12:OOnoon Ticket Sales Tickets will be needed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sensors and Measurements Discussion
    “Measurements for Assessment of Hydrate Related Geohazards” Report Type: Topical No: 41330R07 Starting March 2002 Ending September 2004 Edited by: R.L. Kleinberg and Emrys Jones September 2004 DOE Award Number: DE-FC26-01NT41330 Submitting Organization: ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company 2811 Hayes Road Houston, TX 77082 DISCLAIMER “This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.” ii Abstract Natural gas hydrate deposits are found in deep offshore environments. In some cases these deposits overlay conventional oil and gas reservoirs. There are concerns that the presence of hydrates can compromise the safety of exploration and production operations [Hovland and Gudmestad, 2001]. Serious problems related to the instability of wellbores drilled through hydrate formations have been document by Collett and Dallimore, 2002]. A hydrate-related incident in the deep Gulf of Mexico could potentially damage the environment and have significant economic impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulations of the Sea Ice Thermal Microwave Emissivity
    Simulations of the sea ice thermal microwave emissivity Rasmus Tonboe, Danish Meteorological Institute A short introduction to sea ice for microwave radiometry New ice First-year ice First-year ice Ridges/ deformed ice Multiyear ice Melt-ponds Refrozen meltponds Emission modelling why and where? • Estimation of uncertainties in sea ice concentration, sea ice thickness, snow surface temperature… • For simplification of forward models to reduce the computational cost or to reduce the number of free parameters. • Understanding limitations and ambiguities for example between salinity, thickness and ice concentration in thin ice thickness estimation using SMOS. • For planning of field campaigns which parameters to sample. • For use in parameter retrieval or data assimilation for example in snow cover retrival. Forward emission and scattering models • Empirical models: the gradient ratio snow thickness algorithm, ice concentration algorithms. • Semi-empirical models: the OSISAF near 50GHz emissivity model • Sofisticated physical models: for example MEMLS with multiple layers, multiple reflections, volume and surface scattering interaction. These models are valid in the range roughly 1-100 GHz and some of these principles can also be used at higher frequencies (>100GHz). However, for ICI frequencies (183- 664GHz) the emission processes are from a shallow layer at the snow surface and the models for permittivity and scattering have not been tested in this range. The snow thickness algorithm -an empirical regression model The line slope and offset
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016
    Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016 POLAR CIRCUS AVALANCHE RESPONSE, FEBRUARY 5-11, 2015 Stephen Holeczi* and Grant Statham Parks Canada Visitor Safety, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada ABSTRACT: On the evening of February 5, 2015, two Canadian Military Search and Rescue Technicians (SAR Tech) on an official training exercise were descending after an ascent of Polar Circus, a 700m water ice climb located in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies. In deteriorating weather, one member of the team was swept away by an avalanche, un-roped, above an ice feature known as “The Pencil”. His partner was left to descend alone and initiate a search. The climbers were not carrying avalanche safety equipment and the partner could not find any surface clues on his descent. Six days later, his body was recovered by Parks Canada SAR staff. This paper will focus on how searchers conducted their risk assessments, an analysis of the exposure time to rescuers, and will advocate to encourage climbers to wear avalanche safety gear. KEYWORDS: avalanche, mitigation, risk, exposure 1.0 Introduction dark. Visitor Safety Specialists (VSS) in Banff were notified by phone at 23:30. Polar Circus is a popular waterfall ice climb in the Canadian Rockies. It climbs at a moderate grade Feb. 6: An initial helicopter recce that morning by and sees almost daily ascents during the winter. (VSS) from Banff could not locate any surface Many consider it an “alpine climb” since it clues and the avalanche victim was deemed to be traverses large alpine slopes and is subject to deceased.
    [Show full text]
  • Surficial Geology Investigations in Wellesley Basin and Nisling Range, Southwest Yukon J.D
    Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon J.D. Bond, P.S. Lipovsky and P. von Gaza Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon Jeffrey D. Bond1 and Panya S. Lipovsky2 Yukon Geological Survey Peter von Gaza3 Geomatics Yukon Bond, J.D., Lipovsky, P.S. and von Gaza, P., 2008. Surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and Nisling Range, southwest Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2007, D.S. Emond, L.R. Blackburn, R.P. Hill and L.H. Weston (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 125-138. ABSTRACT Results of surficial geology investigations in Wellesley basin and the Nisling Range can be summarized into four main highlights, which have implications for exploration, development and infrastructure in the region: 1) in contrast to previous glacial-limit mapping for the St. Elias Mountains lobe, no evidence for the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene pre-Reid glacial limits was found in the study area; 2) placer potential was identified along the Reid glacial limit where a significant drainage diversion occurred for Grayling Creek; 3) widespread permafrost was encountered in the study area including near-continuous veneers of sheet-wash; and 4) a monitoring program was initiated at a recently active landslide which has potential to develop into a catastrophic failure that could damage the White River bridge on the Alaska Highway. RÉSUMÉ Les résultats d’études géologiques des formations superficielles dans le bassin de Wellesley et la chaîne Nisling peuvent être résumés en quatre principaux faits saillants qui ont des répercussions pour l’exploration, la mise en valeur et l’infrastructure de la région.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Periglacial Processes in the Swiss Alps: Seasonal, Inter-Annual and Long-Term Variations
    Permafrost, Phillips, Springman & Arenson (eds) © 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 582 7 Contemporary periglacial processes in the Swiss Alps: seasonal, inter-annual and long-term variations N. Matsuoka & A. Ikeda Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan K. Hirakawa & T. Watanabe Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan ABSTRACT: Comprehensive monitoring of periglacial weathering and mass wasting has been undertaken near the lower limit of the mountain permafrost belt. Seven years of monitoring highlight both seasonal and inter- annual variations. On the seasonal scale, three types of movements are identified: (A) small magnitude events associated with diurnal freeze-thaw cycles, (B) larger events during early seasonal freezing and (C) sporadic events originating from refreezing of meltwater during seasonal thawing. Type A produces pebbles or smaller fragments from rockwalls and shallow (Ͻ10 cm) frost creep on debris slopes. Types B and C are responsible for larger debris production and deeper (Ͻ50 cm) frost creep/gelifluction. Some of these events contribute to perma- nent opening of rock joints and advance of solifluction lobes. Sporadic large boulder falls enhance inter-annual variation in rockwall retreat rates. On some debris slopes, prolonged snow melting occasionally triggers rapid soil flow, which causes inter-annual variation in rates of soil movement. 1 INTRODUCTION 9º40'E 10º00'E Piz Kesch Real-time monitoring of periglacial slope processes is 3418 Switzerland useful to predict ongoing slope instability problems in Inn alpine regions. Such a prediction, however, needs long- Piz d'Err Piz Ot term variations in slope processes caused by climate 3378 3246 Samedan Italia change to be distinguished from inter-annual scale vari- A 30'E 30'E º St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly, 2021
    Part 3 of THE YEAR IN REVIEW pages 7-13 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit association Vol. LXXXIX No. 5 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 31, 2021 $2.00 Ukraine celebrates Unity Day Ukraine’s SBU suspects former agency colonel of plotting to murder one of its generals by Mark Raczkiewycz KYIV – On January 27, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said it had secured an arrest warrant for Dmytro Neskoromnyi, a former first deputy head of the agency, on suspicion of conspiring to murder a serving SBU general. Mr. Neskoromnyi, a former SBU colonel, allegedly plotted the assassination with currently serving Col. Yuriy Rasiuk of the SBU’s Alpha anti-terrorist unit. The alleged target was 38-year-old Brig. Gen. Andriy Naumov. Mr. Naumov heads the agency’s internal security department, which is responsible for preventing corruption among the SBU’s ranks. RFE/RL In a news release, the SBU provided video RFE/RL A human chain on January 22 links people along the Paton Bridge in Kyiv over the and audio recordings, as well as pictures, as Security Service of Ukraine Brig. Gen. Dnipro River that bisects the Ukrainian capital, symbolizing both sides uniting when evidence of the alleged plot. The former col- Andriy Naumov the Ukrainian National Republic was formed in 1919. onel was allegedly in the process of paying “If there is a crime, we must act on it. $50,000 for carrying out the murder plot. by Roman Tymotsko (UPR), Mykhailo Hrushevskyy. And, in this case, the SBU worked to pre- Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Icing Mound on Sadlerochit River, Alaska
    Short Papers and Notes ICING MOUND ON SADLERO- Sadlerochithas emerged from the CHIT RIVER, ALASKA* mountains, has arelatively low gra- dient and flows in a broad, braided bed Icing mounds- small to large domes, characterized by manyanastomosing mounds,and ridges resulting from an shallowchannels separated by bare, upwardarching of soiland ice asso- gravelly and bouldery bars (Fig. 2). AS ciated with fields of aufeis - have been is characteristic of all riversof the Arc- described in detailfor Siberia1. Icing tic Slope, the change from a single deep mounds have also been mentioned brief- channel to a braided pattern of many ly inconnection with aufeisfields in shallow channels allows the formation Alaskaby Leffigwell (ref. 2, p. 158) of an aufeis field every year near the and Taber (ref. 3, p. 1528; ref. 4, p. 249), mountain front. During the fall the but there is little descriptive literature shallow channels freeze early and the on this phenomenon in theNorth Amer- obstruction of the resulting ice causes ican Arctic. One such icing mound was the river to overflow its bars;this over- examined briefly by the author on June flow then freezes and by repeated freez- 25,1959 during the course of a trip down ing,overflow and freezingsuccessive the SadlerochitRiver in northeastern layers of ice are built up toform an Alaska (Fig. 1). aufeis field. Another factor contributing Fig. 1. Locationmap, Arctic Slope, Alaska. The SadlerochitRiver rises in the to the formation of large aufeis fields is Franklin Mountains of the eastern a source of water that persists for some Brooks Range and flows northwardin a time after freezingbegins.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold-Climate Landform Patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of Lithology, Relief and Glacial History
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE 2000 GEOGRAPHICA, XXXV, SUPPLEMENTUM, PAG. 185–210 Cold-climate landform patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of lithology, relief and glacial history ANDRZEJ TRACZYK, PIOTR MIGOŃ University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Wrocław, Poland ABSTRACT The Sudetes have the whole range of landforms and deposits, traditionally described as periglacial. These include blockfields and blockslopes, frost-riven cliffs, tors and cryoplanation terraces, solifluction mantles, rock glaciers, talus slopes and patterned ground and loess covers. This paper examines the influence, which lithology and structure, inherited relief and time may have had on their development. It appears that different rock types support different associations of cold climate landforms. Rock glaciers, blockfields and blockstreams develop on massive, well-jointed rocks. Cryogenic terraces, rock steps, patterned ground and heterogenic solifluction mantles are typical for most metamorphic rocks. No distinctive landforms occur on rocks breaking down through microgelivation. The variety of slope form is largely inherited from pre- Pleistocene times and includes convex-concave, stepped, pediment-like, gravitational rectilinear and concave free face-talus slopes. In spite of ubiquitous solifluction and permafrost creep no uniform characteristic ‘periglacial’ slope profile has been created. Mid-Pleistocene trimline has been identified on nunataks in the formerly glaciated part of the Sudetes and in their foreland. Hence it is proposed that rock-cut periglacial relief of the Sudetes is the cumulative effect of many successive cold periods during the Pleistocene and the last glacial period alone was of relatively minor importance. By contrast, slope cover deposits are usually of the Last Glacial age. Key words: cold-climate landforms, the Sudetes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain National Park Lawn Lake Flood Interpretive Area (Elevation 8,640 Ft)
    1 NCSS Conference 2001 Field Tour -- Colorado Rocky Mountains Wednesday, June 27, 2001 7:00 AM Depart Ft. Collins Marriott 8:30 Arrive Rocky Mountain National Park Lawn Lake Flood Interpretive Area (elevation 8,640 ft) 8:45 "Soil Survey of Rocky Mountain National Park" - Lee Neve, Soil Survey Project Leader, Natural Resources Conservation Service 9:00 "Correlation and Classification of the Soils" - Thomas Hahn, Soil Data Quality Specialist, MLRA Office 6, Natural Resources Conservation Service 9:15-9:30 "Interpretive Story of the Lawn Lake Flood" - Rocky Mountain National Park Interpretive Staff, National Park Service 10:00 Depart 10:45 Arrive Alpine Visitors Center (elevation 11,796 ft) 11:00 "Research Needs in the National Parks" - Pete Biggam, Soil Scientist, National Park Service 11:05 "Pedology and Biogeochemistry Research in Rocky Mountain National Park" - Dr. Eugene Kelly, Colorado State University 11:25 - 11:40 "Soil Features and Geologic Processes in the Alpine Tundra"- Mike Petersen and Tim Wheeler, Soil Scientists, Natural Resources Conservation Service Box Lunch 12:30 PM Depart 1:00 Arrive Many Parks Curve Interpretive Area (elevation 9,620 ft.) View of Valleys and Glacial Moraines, Photo Opportunity 1:30 Depart 3:00 Arrive Bobcat Gulch Fire Area, Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest 3:10 "Fire History and Burned Area Emergency Rehabilitation Efforts" - Carl Chambers, U. S. Forest Service 3:40 "Involvement and Interaction With the Private Sector"- Todd Boldt; District Conservationist, Natural Resources Conservation Service 4:10 "Current Research on the Fire" - Colorado State University 4:45 Depart 6:00 Arrive Ft. Collins Marriott 2 3 Navigator’s Narrative Tim Wheeler Between the Fall River Visitors Center and the Lawn Lake Alluvial Debris Fan: This Park, or open grassy area, is called Horseshoe Park and is the tail end of the Park’s largest valley glacier.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Winter Injury to Trees and Shrubs
    Publication 426-500 Managing Winter Injury to Trees and Shrubs Diane Relf Extension Specialist, Horticulture, and Bonnie Appleton, Extension Specialist, Horticulture; Virginia Tech Reviewed by David Close, Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardener Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech Introduction evergreen needles or leaves. It is worst on the side facing the wind. This can be particularly serious if plants are It is often necessary to provide extra attention to plants near a white house where the sun’s rays reflect off the in the fall to help them over-winter and start spring in side, causing extra damage. peak condition. Understanding certain principles and cultural practices will significantly reduce winter damage Management: Proper watering can is a critical factor in that can be divided into three categories: desiccation, winterizing. If autumn rains have been insufficient, give freezing, and breakage. plants a deep soaking that will supply water to the entire root system before the ground freezes. This practice is Desiccation especially important for evergreens. Watering when there Desiccation, or drying out, is a significant cause of dam- are warm days during January, February, and March is age, particularly on evergreens. Desiccation occurs when also important. water leaves the plant faster than it is taken up. Several environmental factors can influence desiccation. Needles Also, mulching is an important control for erosion and and leaves of evergreens transpire some moisture even loss of water. A 2-inch layer of mulch will reduce water during the winter months. During severely cold weather, loss and help maintain uniform soil moisture around the ground may freeze to a depth beyond the extent of roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Recent Aufeis, the Indigirka River Basin (Russia)
    1 Historical and recent aufeis, the Indigirka river basin 2 (Russia) 3 *Olga Makarieva1,2,, Andrey Shikhov3, Nataliia Nesterova2,4, Andrey Ostashov2 4 1Melnikov Permafrost Institute of RAS, Yakutsk 5 2St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 6 3Perm State University, Perm 7 4State Hydrological institute, St. Petersburg 8 RUSSIA 9 *[email protected] 10 Abstract: A detailed spatial geodatabase of aufeis (or naleds in Russian) within the 11 Indigirka River watershed (305 000 km2), Russia, was compiled from historical Russian 12 publications (year 1958), topographic maps (years 1970–1980’s), and Landsat images (year 13 2013-2017). Identification of aufeis by late-spring Landsat images was performed with a semi- 14 automated approach according to Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and additional 15 data. After this, a cross-reference index was set for each aufeis, to link and compare historical 16 and satellite-based aufeis data sets. 17 The aufeis coverage varies from 0.26 to 1.15% in different sub-basins within the 18 Indigirka River watershed. The digitized historical archive (Cadastre, 1958) contains the 19 coordinates and characteristics of 896 aufeis with total area of 2064 km2. The Landsat-based 20 dataset included 1213 aufeis with a total area of 1287 km2. Accordingly, the satellite-derived 21 total aufeis area is 1.6 times less than the Cadastre (1958) dataset. However, more than 600 22 aufeis identified from Landsat images are missing in the Cadastre (1958) archive. It is 23 therefore possible that the conditions for aufeis formation may have changed from the mid- 24 20th century to the present.
    [Show full text]
  • Oliva Vieira 2017.Pdf
    Catena 149 (2017) 637–647 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Soil temperatures in an Atlantic high mountain environment: The Forcadona buried ice patch (Picos de Europa, NW Spain) Jesús Ruiz-Fernández a,⁎,MarcOlivab, Filip Hrbáček c, Gonçalo Vieira b, Cristina García-Hernández a a Department of Geography, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain b Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal c Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: The present study focuses on the analysis of the ground and near-rock surface air thermal conditions at the Received 15 February 2016 Forcadona glacial cirque (2227 m a.s.l.) located in the Western Massif of the Picos de Europa, Spain. Temperatures Received in revised form 13 June 2016 have been monitored in three distinct geomorphological and topographical sites in the Forcadona area over the Accepted 27 June 2016 period 2006–11. The Forcadona buried ice patch is the remnant of a Little Ice Age glacier located in the bottom of a Available online 1 August 2016 glacial cirque. Its location in a deep cirque determines abundant snow accumulation, with snow cover between 8 and 12 months. The presence of snow favours stable soil temperatures and geomorphic stability. Similarly to Keywords: fi Soil temperatures other Cantabrian Mountains, the annual thermal regime of the soil is de ned by two seasonal periods (continu- Cirque wall temperatures ous thaw with daily oscillations and isothermal regime), as well as two short transition periods.
    [Show full text]