Publication 426-500 Managing Winter Injury to Trees and Shrubs Diane Relf Extension Specialist, Horticulture, and Bonnie Appleton, Extension Specialist, Horticulture; Virginia Tech Reviewed by David Close, Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardener Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech Introduction evergreen needles or leaves. It is worst on the side facing the wind. This can be particularly serious if plants are It is often necessary to provide extra attention to plants near a white house where the sun’s rays reflect off the in the fall to help them over-winter and start spring in side, causing extra damage. peak condition. Understanding certain principles and cultural practices will significantly reduce winter damage Management: Proper watering can is a critical factor in that can be divided into three categories: desiccation, winterizing. If autumn rains have been insufficient, give freezing, and breakage. plants a deep soaking that will supply water to the entire root system before the ground freezes. This practice is Desiccation especially important for evergreens. Watering when there Desiccation, or drying out, is a significant cause of dam- are warm days during January, February, and March is age, particularly on evergreens. Desiccation occurs when also important. water leaves the plant faster than it is taken up. Several environmental factors can influence desiccation. Needles Also, mulching is an important control for erosion and and leaves of evergreens transpire some moisture even loss of water. A 2-inch layer of mulch will reduce water during the winter months. During severely cold weather, loss and help maintain uniform soil moisture around the ground may freeze to a depth beyond the extent of roots. the root system, thereby cutting off the supply of water. Antidesiccant compounds are sold in many garden If the fall has been particularly dry, there may be insuffi- centers and supply catalogs, although research has shown cient ground moisture to supply the roots with adequate that these compounds degrade rapidly and are of little water. Water loss is greatest during periods of strong value to homeowners. winds and during periods of sunny, mild weather. The heat of the sun can cause stomates on the lower sides of Although it is unattractive, small evergreens can be the leaves to open, increasing transpiration. Injury due protected by using windbreaks made out of burlap, to desiccation is commonly seen as discolored, burned canvas, or similar materials. Windbreaks will help reduce the force of the wind and shade the plants. They can be created by attaching materials to a frame around a plant. A complete wrapping of straw or burlap is sometimes used. Black plastic should be avoided as a material for wrapping plants. During the day heat builds up inside, increasing the extreme fluctuation between day and night temperatures and speeding up growth of buds in the spring, making them more susceptible to a late frost. If plants require annual protection measures to this extent, move them to a more protected location or replace them with hardier specimens.

Frost heaving occurs when alternate freezing and thaw- ing of the soil pushes small, shallow-rooted plants out of the ground. This prevents the plants from having

www.ext.vt.edu Produced by Communications and Marketing, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2015 Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of age, color, disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, veteran status, or any other basis protected by law. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Jewel E. Hairston, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg. VT/0115/HORT-121P firm contact with the soil and exposes the roots to wind creates further extremes in the day and night tempera- desiccation. tures. A similar phenomenon with many shrubs is called bark split. Particularly susceptible are many cultivars Management: Mulch acts as a buffer to the soil. It reduces of evergreen azaleas. In most cases plants close over the the amount of alternate freezing and thawing of the soil cracks adequately, with no treatment necessary. which causes frost heaving. Management: Avoid wounding trees when they are young. If a plant has been heaved from the ground, replant it as soon as the soil thaws. Unless the root system is small Wrapping trunks with burlap strips or commercial tree enough to be pushed easily with the fingers into the wrap, painting white, or even shading with a board may soft soil, dig up the plant, retaining as much of the root prevent bark splitting. All of these methods reflect sun- system as possible within a soil ball, and replant it. light and reduce the buildup of heat during the day, thus reducing the temperature fluctuations that cause split- Freezing ting. Any wraps should be removed, after one season, to prevent insect or moisture damage. Freezing injury can take several forms. The sun can also prematurely stimulate the opening of New growth stimulated in early fall by late summer flowers or leaf buds in the spring. Freezing night tem- fertilization or pruning may not have had time to harden peratures might kill these buds. Bud injury due to the off sufficiently to survive sudden drops to below freezing. cold temperatures of winter also occurs in the dormant Ice crystals rupture cell walls; this damage will show up state on more tender trees and shrubs. Flowering shrubs as dead branch tips and branches. may lose their flower buds, although their leaf buds Management: Fall fertilization after plants are dormant usually survive. Even with good management, injury to but before soil temperature drops below 45˚F, may be of young growth or insufficiently hardened tissues may still value in preventing winter damage. Avoid late summer occur as a result of unusual weather patterns. Little can or early fall fertilization while plants are still active, as be done to prevent injury in these instances. this stimulates growth, which is easily killed by cold. Root injury may occur in containers and planters, or A sharp temperature change between day and night balled and burlapped (B&B) stock, which has been left, may freeze the water within the trunk of a tree, causing exposed during the winter. Lethal root temperatures can it to explode or split open in a symptom called frost start at 28°F on some species. Containerized or B&B cracking. If not severe, these cracks seem to close when plants should be placed in protected areas, sunk into the warm weather arrives, although the wood fibers within ground, grouped together, or heavily mulched to avoid may not grow back together. This is sometimes called low temperature injury to roots. southwest injury because it is commonly found on the Rapid temperature changes can cause tree bark to split. southwest side of shade trees where warm afternoon sun This is known as frost cracking or southwest injury.

Breakage Breakage of branches is usually related to snow and ice. Two causes of damage by snow and ice are weight and careless snow removal. High winds compound the damage done to ice-covered plants. Damage may take the form of misshapen plants, or may actually result in broken branches and split trunks.

Management: Proper pruning at an appropriate time throughout the year is effective in reducing damage by ice and snow. Particularly important is the removal of any weak, narrow-angled, V-shaped crotches. Avoid late-summer pruning that stimulates new, tender growth and reduces the supply of nutrients available to the plant through the winter.

www.ext.vt.edu 2 Snow collecting on shrubs should be removed with a broom. Always sweep upward with the broom to lift Bad branch angle. A narrow snow off. When the branches are frozen and brittle, branching angle can avoid disturbing them. Wait until a warmer day or until be weak. Bark becomes ice naturally melts away. included and the branch is weakly attached. Planning Ahead to Avoid Damage Much of the disappointment and frustration of win- ter-damaged plants can be avoided by planning ahead.

Select Hardy Plants Grow plant materials that are native or are known to be winter hardy in your area. Avoid planting exotic species Good branch angle. A north of their plant hardiness zones unless unique micro- wider branch angle is con- climates in the landscape are such so as to guarantee ducive to a stronger branch winter survival. attachment.

Select an Appropriate Site winter color of some evergreens (juniper, arborvitae, crypto- When planting broadleaf evergreens that are known to meria, boxwood) should not be confused as winter injury. be easily injured, such as some varieties of rhododen- dron, azalea, camellia, daphne, and holly, select a loca- After a particularly severe winter, many plants may show tion on the north, northeast, or eastern side of a building substantial injury. Damage symptoms include discolored, or other barrier where they will be protected from burned evergreen needles or leaves, dead branch tips and prevailing winds and intense winter sun. These exposures branches, heaved root systems, and broken branches. At will also delay spring growth, thus preventing late spring winter’s end, remove only those branches that are broken frost injury to new flower growth. or so brown that they are obviously dead. Do not remove branches when scraping the outer bark reveals a green layer underneath. The extent of winter damage can best be Avoid Low Spots and Roof Overhangs determined after new growth starts in the spring. At that Avoid low spots that create frost pockets and sites that time, prune all dead twigs or branches back to within one are likely to experience rapid fluctuations in temperature. quarter of an inch above a live bud, or to the branch collar Since heavy snow and ice can cause a lot of damage to of the nearest live branch. branches and trunks, it is important that plants be placed away from house eaves and other areas where snow or ice If discoloration on narrow-leafed evergreen needles is not is likely to collect and fall or slide onto the plants. too severe, they may regain their green color or new foliage may be produced on the undamaged stem. Broad-leaved Promote Healthy Plants evergreens showing leaf damage will usually produce new leaves if branches and vegetative leaf buds have not Plants that are diseased or deficient in nutrients are more been too severely injured. Damaged leaves may drop or susceptible to winter injury than strong, healthy plants. be removed. Prune to remove badly damaged or broken branches, to shape the plant, and to stimulate new growth. Treating Winter Injury An application of fertilizer to the soil around winter-dam- Many plants have protective mechanisms that should aged plants, accompanied by adequate watering, will usu- not be confused with winter damage. Some will shed ally induce new growth to compensate for winter injuries. leaves (nandina, privet); some will position their leaves flat against their stems (fatsia); some will roll their leaves Special care should be given to plants injured by winter’s downward or the margins inward (rhododendron); while cold. The dry months of June, July, and August can be others will have wilted-looking leaves all winter (vibur- particularly damaging, as the plants are weak and often num). In addition, the red, purple, bronze, and brown unable to survive the stress of drought. Be sure to water adequately.

www.ext.vt.edu 3 Rodent Damage the nutrients, water, and oxygen available to the plants. Although the salt is applied throughout the winter, most Mice may cause serious damage to trees or shrubs. They salt damage occurs in late winter and early spring when chew off the bark at ground level or below and can plants are beginning active growth. Growing portions of completely girdle a tree, causing it to die. Most of this the plant, such as shoot tips and young leaves are affected damage takes place during winter. Keep mulch pulled the most. One of the symptoms of salt damage is mar- away from the base of the tree, and examine it frequently ginal scorch, a dried burnt effect on leaf edges. If you for the presence of mice. have plants near a possible source of excessive salt, bring In many home and commercial plantings, placing poi- a soil sample to your county extension office and request son bait in their runways controls mice. These poisons a soluble salts test to determine if you have a problem. and complete directions on how to use them may be In sandy soil, soluble salt levels of >1000 PPM indicate obtained from many spray material dealers. potential trouble; clay-loam soils can handle levels up to 2000 PPM as they have much higher water-holding Mice may also be controlled by trapping. This can be capacities which dilute the salt. successful where only a few trees are involved. Rabbits can also be responsible for the loss of young The battle against salt damage continues year round. trees each year. Where rabbits are a common problem, a During the winter, the goal is to prevent salt from satisfactory method of preventing damage is the use of a reaching the plants, and to wash it off the plants that mechanical guard. it does reach. Do not pile snow containing salt around plants or trees or put it where runoff will flow over plant Cut a 36” wide roll of galvanized screen or “hardware root zones. Ask the road maintenance people if there is cloth” with a 1/4” mesh lengthwise, forming two 18” anything they can do to direct salty runoff away from strips. By cutting these strips into pieces 14” long, guards your property. Where runoff is unavoidable, flush the 14 or 18” are obtained. area around the plants in early spring by applying 2” of Roll or bend the strip around the trunk of the tree so water over a 2-3 hour period and repeating this 3 days that the long side is up and down the trunk and the later. This will leach much of the salt from the soil. If salt edges overlap. Twist a small wire loosely about the center spray from the road surface is a problem, use copious to prevent the strip from unrolling. Push the lower edges amounts of water to rinse the foliage and branches of well into the ground. This metal guard will last indefi- any affected plants when salt spray is heavy and again in nitely and can be left in place all year. early spring. Tree wraps can also be used in a similar manner, but During the summer, work to improve planting condi- must be removed in the early spring to prevent damage tions. Incorporate large quantities of organic materials to the tree. into salt damaged soil to enhance its texture and to increase its water and nutrient holding capacity. Plants Other methods of rabbit control have been successful. that are already stressed by salt will do much better if Ordinary whitewash has given good results in some no other stresses are added to them, so be sure that you instances. Some commercial fruit tree growers use a properly fertilize, water, and otherwise care for them. repellent wash recommended by the USDA, containing equal parts of fish oil, concentrated lime sulfur, and When selecting species for a new roadside planting, water. Also, rabbit repellents under various trade names minimize the potential for salt damage by planting salt are available. All these materials may be applied with a tolerant species such as white oak, honey locust, Scotch paintbrush to the trunk of the tree from the ground up pine, red oak, junipers, roses, or asparagus. Avoid salt into the scaffold limbs. sensitive plants such as red pine, white pine, black wal- nut, red maple, and sugar maple. A low wall or a hedge Road Salt Damage to Garden and of salt tolerant evergreens can deflect salt spray from Landscape Plants sensitive plants nearby. Road salt damage to garden and landscape plants is a Remember the damage that salt can cause when removing problem for many gardeners. Runoff from the road ice from home walks and driveways. Instead of tossing a contains dissolved salts that not only directly injure handful of rock salt on slick surfaces, stick with sand or the plants but also can change the structure of the soil, sawdust to improve traction on slippery sidewalks. causing it to become compacted, thereby restricting

www.ext.vt.edu 4