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Simulations of the Sea Ice Thermal Microwave Emissivity
Simulations of the sea ice thermal microwave emissivity Rasmus Tonboe, Danish Meteorological Institute A short introduction to sea ice for microwave radiometry New ice First-year ice First-year ice Ridges/ deformed ice Multiyear ice Melt-ponds Refrozen meltponds Emission modelling why and where? • Estimation of uncertainties in sea ice concentration, sea ice thickness, snow surface temperature… • For simplification of forward models to reduce the computational cost or to reduce the number of free parameters. • Understanding limitations and ambiguities for example between salinity, thickness and ice concentration in thin ice thickness estimation using SMOS. • For planning of field campaigns which parameters to sample. • For use in parameter retrieval or data assimilation for example in snow cover retrival. Forward emission and scattering models • Empirical models: the gradient ratio snow thickness algorithm, ice concentration algorithms. • Semi-empirical models: the OSISAF near 50GHz emissivity model • Sofisticated physical models: for example MEMLS with multiple layers, multiple reflections, volume and surface scattering interaction. These models are valid in the range roughly 1-100 GHz and some of these principles can also be used at higher frequencies (>100GHz). However, for ICI frequencies (183- 664GHz) the emission processes are from a shallow layer at the snow surface and the models for permittivity and scattering have not been tested in this range. The snow thickness algorithm -an empirical regression model The line slope and offset -
Unity2-Hit Title Pgv L1.02
U N I T Y® Condensed Version Vocabulary Sorts Prentke Romich Company • 1022 Heyl Road • Wooster, Ohio 44691 Unity CondensedVersion Vocabulary Sorts (12376L1.02) Prentke Romich Company • 1022 Heyl Road • Wooster, Ohio 44691 Unity CondensedVersion Vocabulary Sorts (12376L1.02) AlphaTalker is a trademark for a product manufactured by the Prentke Romich Company. DeltaTalker is a trademark for a product manufactured by the Prentke Romich Company. Liberator is a trademark for a product manufactured by the Prentke Romich Company. Unity is a registered trademark in the USA of Semantic Compaction Systems. Unity Condensed Version is a product manufactured by the Prentke Romich Company. November, 1997 December, 1997 UNITY Condensed Version Vocabulary Sorts © 1997 Semantic Compaction Systems, Inc. 1000 Killarney Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15234 1-412-885-8541 Acknowledgments We would like to personally acknowledge and thank all the people who have assisted and shared their expertise in making Unity Condensed Version a reality for those with communicative disabilities. These people include in alphabetical order: All the beta testers including the students, families, and support staff from the United Kingdom and the United States of America; Charlene Hartzler; Dave Hershberger; Regional Consultants from Prentke Romich Company; Linda Valot; Gail Van Tatenhove; Cherie Weaver; Diane Zimmerly; and many others unnamed. Unity Condensed Version Vocabulary for Overlay One Message Icon 1 Icon 2 Rationale and CONJ AND is the most frequently used CONJunction. animal ZEBRA ZEBRAs are ANIMALs. ask TV To question (TV) is to ASK. bad THMBS DN You put THUMBS DOWN if things are BAD. be QUEENBEE A QUEENBEE (BE) is pictured in the icon. -
Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016
Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, 2016 POLAR CIRCUS AVALANCHE RESPONSE, FEBRUARY 5-11, 2015 Stephen Holeczi* and Grant Statham Parks Canada Visitor Safety, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada ABSTRACT: On the evening of February 5, 2015, two Canadian Military Search and Rescue Technicians (SAR Tech) on an official training exercise were descending after an ascent of Polar Circus, a 700m water ice climb located in Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies. In deteriorating weather, one member of the team was swept away by an avalanche, un-roped, above an ice feature known as “The Pencil”. His partner was left to descend alone and initiate a search. The climbers were not carrying avalanche safety equipment and the partner could not find any surface clues on his descent. Six days later, his body was recovered by Parks Canada SAR staff. This paper will focus on how searchers conducted their risk assessments, an analysis of the exposure time to rescuers, and will advocate to encourage climbers to wear avalanche safety gear. KEYWORDS: avalanche, mitigation, risk, exposure 1.0 Introduction dark. Visitor Safety Specialists (VSS) in Banff were notified by phone at 23:30. Polar Circus is a popular waterfall ice climb in the Canadian Rockies. It climbs at a moderate grade Feb. 6: An initial helicopter recce that morning by and sees almost daily ascents during the winter. (VSS) from Banff could not locate any surface Many consider it an “alpine climb” since it clues and the avalanche victim was deemed to be traverses large alpine slopes and is subject to deceased. -
UNIVERSITY of CALGARY Estimating Extreme Snow
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Estimating Extreme Snow Avalanche Runout for the Columbia Mountains and Fernie Area of British Columbia, Canada by: Katherine S. Johnston A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2011 ©Katherine S. Johnston 2011 ABSTRACT Extreme snow avalanche runout is typically estimated using a combination of historical and vegetation records as well as statistical and dynamic models. The two classes of statistical models (α – β and runout ratio) are based on estimating runout distance past the β-point, which is generally defined as the point where the avalanche slope incline first decreases to 10°. The parameters for these models vary from mountain range to mountain range. In Canada, α – β and runout ratio parameters have been published for the Rocky and Purcell Mountains and for the British Columbia Coastal mountains. Despite active development, no suitable tall avalanche path model parameters have been published for the Columbia Mountains or for the Lizard Range area around Fernie, BC. Using a dataset of 70 avalanche paths, statistical model parameters have been derived for these regions. In addition, the correlation between extreme and average snowfall values and avalanche runout is explored. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Bruce Jamieson for giving me the opportunity to work on this project, and for coordinating the financial support for this project. His thoughtful advice, numerous reviews, and inspirational leadership have helped make this a fantastic experience. My thanks to Alan Jones for providing numerous hours of guidance, mentoring, and thoughtful discussion throughout this project, and for facilitating data acquisition from outside sources. -
In This Issue Forest Service National Avalanche Center Skiing Steep, Open, and Un-Groomed Terrain Means That from the President
VOLUME 28, NO. 1 • OCTOBER 2009 December 17, 2008 Toledo Bowl Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah Photo by Bruce Tremper There we were! I was up with Liam Fitzgerald and the boys looking at a human-triggered avalanche in Season the nearby bowl when we got a call that someone triggered this slide. Liam and I went over to have a look. We talked with the folks who triggered it. The tracks tell the story. Roundup Four people skied the straight south facing slope, then the fifth decided to put a track in where it wraps around a little east facing. He collapsed the slope and it 2008/09 pulled out the slide above and to the side, and he scooted off and was not caught. It was the first avalanche of the big avalanche cycle. The notorious depth hoar with a rain crust on top with more facets above the crust was slowly being overloaded by new snow. The south-facing slopes were very stable, but as soon as you wrapped around to the east, you were in a different world. It’s a common scenario in depth hoar climates where people get a quick education in the importance of aspect. These folks lived to tell the tale and I got a great educational photo in the process. In This Issue Forest Service National Avalanche Center skiing steep, open, and un-groomed terrain means that From the President. 2 The Forest Service National Avalanche Center (FSNAC) there are 8.5-million skier visits to inbounds avalanche From the Editor . 2 thanks and congratulates all of you in the snow-safety terrain. -
Final Report Fhwa-Wy-09/05F Snow Supporting
FINAL REPORT FHWA-WY-09/05F State of Wyoming U.S. Department of Transportation Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration SNOW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES FOR AVALANCHE HAZARD REDUCTION, 151 AVALANCHE, HIGHWAY US 89/191, JACKSON, WYOMING By: InterAlpine Associates 83 El Camino Tesoros Sedona, Arizona 86336 April 2009 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Wyoming Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government and the State of Wyoming do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the document. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Technical Report Documentation Page Report No. Government Accession No. Recipients Catalog No. FHWA-WY-09/05F Report Date Title and Subtitle April 2009 Snow Supporting Structures for Avalanche Hazard Reduction, 151 Avalanche, US 89/191, Jackson, Wyoming Performing Organization Code Author(s): Rand Decker; Joshua Hewes; Scotts Merry; Perry Wood Performing Organization Report No. -
Steph Scott ©2014 Adapting Snow White Today
Steph Scott ©2014 Adapting Snow White Today: Narrative and Gender Analysis in the Television Show Once Upon a Time Abstract: This paper examines the narrative in the first season of the ABC television show Once Upon a Time (2011-Present) and the fairytale Snow White (1857) with a particular focus on female gender representation. The reappearance of fairytales in popular media provides a unique opportunity to examine how values between two very different time periods have changed. Utilizing a narrative approach allows the research to show the merits and limitations across adapting from an old text to a television serial. Once Upon a Time offers a progressive rendition of the character Snow White by challenging both the traditional narrative and the television serial narrative. Snow White’s relationships with other characters are also expanded upon in the televised tale and surround her heroic acts, rather than her beauty, which changes the values presented in the television series. Methodology: In Once Upon a Time, throughout its narrative progression the traditional narrative is challenged. The first season’s episodes “Snow Falls,” “Heart is a Lonely Hunter,” “7:15AM,” “Heart of Darkness,” “The Stable Boy,” “An Apple Red as Blood,” and “A Land Without Magic” are given particular attention in this analysis because they pertain to Snow White’s fairytale. Robert Stam (2005) describes adaptation narrative analysis as considering “the ways in which adaptations add, eliminate, or condense characters” (p.34). With textual analysis of the first season of Once Upon a Time, these factors can be analyzed through Snow White’s relationships with other characters. -
A Comprehensive Technology Assessment for Highway Avalanche Hazard Management: ‘Choosing the Right Tool for the Job’
FINAL REPORT WYDOT WY-18/03F A Comprehensive Technology Assessment for Highway Avalanche Hazard Management: ‘Choosing the Right Tool for the Job’ Rand Decker, Ph.D., Principal Investigator 83 El Camino Tesoros, Sedona, Arizona 86336 (928) 202-8156 [email protected] Disclaimer Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) in the interest of information exchange. WYDOT assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. WYDOT does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Quality Assurance Statement WYDOT provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. WYDOT periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Quality Assurance Statement WYDOT provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. WYDOT periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Copyright No copyrighted material, except that which falls under the “fair use” clause, may be incorporated into a report without permission from the copyright owner, if the copyright owner requires such. Prior use of the material in a WYDOT or governmental publication does not necessarily constitute permission to use it in a later publication. -
Avalanche Protection and Control in the Himalayas
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Defence Science Journal Def Sci J, Vol 35, No 2, April 1985, pp 255-266 Avalanche Protection and Control in the Himalayas N. MOHANRAO Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment, Manali Abstract. The problems of snow avalanches, their prediction and control in the Himalayas have assumed great relevance and importance not only for the Army but also for the progress of the Himalayan States of Jammu & Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, whose upper reaches remain snowbound for nearly six months in a year. The paper discusses br~eflythe gravity of the problem and presents a broad outline of a case-study of avalanche control for Badrinath Temple and Township in Uttar Pradesh undertaken by the Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), Manali. This and many other studies undertaken by the SASE illustrate the contribution of Defellce Science to the solution of this major problem affecting communications, tourism and hill development, as a spin-off from Defence Research. The Pirpanjals and the Great Himalayas, besides other ranges, experience heavy snow during the winter months particularly from January to March. The total snowfall is as much as 1500 cm in some years in the Western Himalayas. Storms lasting for several days bringing down at times more than 200 cm of snow in one spell lasting from 3 to 7 days are not uncommon. The problem is further accentuated when high intensities of 8 to 10 cm/hr prevail. The result is a heavy avalanche activity affecting Army posts and movements, communications, villages and winter tourism. -
11Th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, PCI
11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI-2006) Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006 Abstracts _______________________________________________ Edited by Frank Wilhelms and Werner F. Kuhs Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch. 549 (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Frank Wilhelms, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Werner F. Kuhs, Universität Göttingen, GZG, Abt. Kristallographie Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany Preface The 11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice (PCI- 2006) took place in Bremerhaven, Germany, 23-28 July 2006. It was jointly organized by the University of Göttingen and the Alfred-Wegener-Institute (AWI), the main German institution for polar research. The attendance was higher than ever with 157 scientists from 20 nations highlighting the ever increasing interest in the various frozen forms of water. As the preceding conferences PCI-2006 was organized under the auspices of an International Scientific Committee. This committee was led for many years by John W. Glen and is chaired since 2002 by Stephen H. Kirby. Professor John W. Glen was honoured during PCI-2006 for his seminal contributions to the field of ice physics and his four decades of dedicated leadership of the International Conferences on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice. The members of the International Scientific Committee preparing PCI-2006 were J.Paul Devlin, John W. Glen, Takeo Hondoh, Stephen H. Kirby, Werner F. Kuhs, Norikazu Maeno, Victor F. Petrenko, Patricia L.M. Plummer, and John S. Tse; the final program was the responsibility of Werner F. Kuhs. The oral presentations were given in the premises of the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (DSM) a few meters away from the Alfred-Wegener-Institute. -
COLD MOUNTAIN" By
"COLD MOUNTAIN" by Anthony Minghella Based On The Novel "Cold Mountain" by Charles Frazier EXT. COLD MOUNTAIN TOWN, NORTH CAROLINA. DAY ON A BLACK SCREEN: Credits. A RAUCOUS VOICE (SWIMMER�S) CHANTING IN THE CHEROKEE LANGUAGE. A RANGE OF MOUNTAINS SLOWLY EMERGES: shrouded in a blue mist like a Chinese water color. Below them, close to a small town, YOUNG MEN, armed with vicious sticks and stripped to the waist, come charging in a muscular, steaming pack. Their opponents, also swinging sticks, attach the pack. A ball, barely round, made of leather, emerges, smacked forwards by INMAN, who hurtles after it and collides with a stick swung by SWIMMER, a young and lithe American Indian. Inman falls, clutching his nose. The ball bobbles on the ground in front of him. He grabs it and gets to his feet, the blood pouring from his nose. His team form a phalanx around him and he continues to charge. A PRISTINE CABRIOLET pulled by an impressive horse, comes down towards the town. It has to pass across the temporary field of play, parting the teams. Some of the contestants grab their shirts to restore propriety as the Cabriolet and its two exotic passengers passes by. The driver is a man in his early fifties, dressed in the severe garb of a minister, MONROE. And next to him, a self- conscious girl in the spotless elaborate, architectural skirts of the period, is his daughter, ADA. Inman, using his shirt to staunch his battered nose, looks at Ada, astonished by her. An angel in this wild place. -
The Design of Avalanche Protection Dams .Pdf
The design of avalanche protection dams. Recent practical and theoretical developments 1-DRAFT some sections still remain to be written, the document shows the intended section structure and contains draft introductory sections, sections about the design of deflecting and catching dams, and braking mounds, sections about impact pressures on walls, masts and other narrow constructions, appendixes about overrun of avalanches at Ryggfonn, loading of obstacles and a subsection about Iceland in an Appendix about laws and regulations July 25, 2006 1 Photographs on the front page: Top left: Mounds and catching dam in Neskaupstaður, eastern Iceland, photograph: Tómas Jóhannesson. Top right: A deflecting dam at Gudvangen, near Voss in western Norway, af- ter a successful deflection of an avalanche, photograph: ? ???. Bottom left: A catching dam, deflecting dam, and concrete wedges at Taconnaz, near Chamonix, France, photograph Christopher J. Keylock. Bottom right: A catching dam and a wedge at Galtür in the Paznaun valley, Tirol, Austria, photograph: ? ???. Contents 1 Introduction 9 2 Consultation with local authorities and decision makers 12 3 Overview of traditional design principles for avalanche dams 13 4 Avalanche dynamics 16 5 Deflecting and catching dams 18 5.1 Introduction . 18 5.2 Summary of the dam design procedure . 18 5.3 Dam geometry . 20 5.4 The dynamics of flow against deflecting and catching dams . 22 5.5 Supercritical overflow . 25 5.6 Upstream shock . 26 5.7 Loss of momentum in the impact with a dam . 31 5.8 Combined criteria . 32 5.9 Snow drift . 34 5.10 Comparison of proposed criteria with observations of natural avalanches that have hit dams or other obstacles .