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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4 [1776]

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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4 [1776] The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 [1776] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 Edition Used: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J.B. Bury with an Introduction by W.E.H. Lecky (New York: Fred de Fau and Co., 1906), in 12 vols. Vol. 4. Author: Edward Gibbon Editor: John Bagnell Bury Introduction: William Edward Hartpole Lecky About This Title: The fourth volume of a 12 volume set of Gibbon’s magesterial history of the end of the Roman Empire, one of the greatest works of history written during the Enlightenment. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 Table Of Contents The Works of Edward Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter Xxii Chapter Xxiii Chapter Xxiv Chapter Xxv Chapter Xxvi Appendix Additional Notes By the Editor 1.: Legend of the Finding of the True Cross — ( P. 76 ) 2.: St. George — ( P. 98 ) 3.: Churches of Constantine At Jerusalem — ( P. 75 ) 4.: The Tigris and Euphrates — ( P. 127 ) 5.: Authorities — ( C. Xxv . Sqq. ) 6.: Picts and Scots — ( P. 226, 227 ) 7.: The Death of Count Theodosius — ( P. 236 ) 8.: Mellobaudes — ( P. 236, 257 ) 9.: List of Kings of Persia, From Sapor II. To Kobad — ( P. 242 ) 10.: The Origin of the Huns — ( C. Xxvi .) 11.: The Sarmatian War of 378 — ( P. 324 , N. 112 ) 12.: Chronology of the Pacification of the Goths, 379, 380 — ( P. 329 Sqq. ) PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 A Roman Feast. From a drawing by Jan Styka. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 [Back to Table of Contents] THE WORKS OF EDWARD GIBBON HISTORY OF ROME VOLUME IV new york FRED DeFAU & COMPANY publishers LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A Roman Feast . Frontispiece From a drawing by Jan Styka. Julian the Apostate . page 20 From a bust in the Capitoline Museum. Map of Mesopotamia . 126 Jovian with a Hunting-party . 174 From a bas-relief on the Tomb of Jovian. Battle between Romans and Gauls . 212 From a bas-relief. Arch of Constantine, Rome . 290 From a photograph. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 [Back to Table of Contents] THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE CHAPTER XXII Julian is declared Emperor by the Legions of Gaul — His March and Success — The Death of Constantius — Civil Administration of Julian While the Romans languished under the ignominious tyranny of eunuchs and bishops, the praises of Julian were repeated with transport in every part of the empire, except in the palace of Constantius. The Barbarians of Germany had felt, and still dreaded, the arms of the young Cæsar; his soldiers were the companions of his victory; the grateful provincials enjoyed the blessings of his reign; but the favourites who had opposed his elevation were offended by his virtues; and they justly considered the friend of the people as the enemy of the court. As long as the fame of Julian was doubtful, the buffoons of the palace, who were skilled in the language of satire, tried the efficacy of those arts which they had so often practised with success. They easily discovered that his simplicity was not exempt from affectation: the ridiculous epithets of an hairy savage, of an ape invested with the purple, were applied to the dress and person of the philosophic warrior; and his modest despatches were stigmatised as the vain and elaborate fictions of a loquacious Greek, a speculative soldier, who had studied the art of war amidst the groves of the academy.1 The voice of malicious folly was at length silenced by the shouts of victory; the conqueror of the Franks and Alemanni could no longer be painted as an object of contempt; and the monarch himself was meanly ambitious of stealing from his lieutenant the honourable reward of his labours. In the letters crowned with laurel, which, according to ancient custom, were addressed to the provinces, the name of Julian was omitted. “Constantius had made his dispositions in person; he had signalised his valour in the foremost ranks; his military conduct had secured the victory; and the captive king of the Barbarians was presented to him on the field of battle,” from which he was at that time distant about forty days’ journey.2 So extravagant a fable was incapable, however, of deceiving the public credulity, or even of satisfying the pride of the emperor himself. Secretly conscious that the applause and favour of the Romans accompanied the rising fortunes of Julian, his discontented mind was prepared to receive the subtle poison of those artful sycophants who coloured their mischievous designs with the fairest appearances of truth and candour.3 Instead of depreciating the merits of Julian, they acknowledged, and even exaggerated, his popular fame, superior talents, and important services. But they darkly insinuated that the virtues of the Cæsar might instantly be converted into the most dangerous crimes, if the inconstant multitude should prefer their inclinations to their duty; or if the general of a victorious army should be tempted from his allegiance by the hopes of revenge and independent greatness. The personal fears of Constantius were interpreted by his council as a laudable anxiety for the public safety; whilst in private, and perhaps in his own breast, he disguised, under the less odious appellation of fear, the sentiments of hatred and envy, which he had secretly conceived for the inimitable virtues of Julian. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 7 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1371 Online Library of Liberty: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 The apparent tranquillity of Gaul and the imminent danger of the Eastern provinces offered a specious pretence for the design which was artfully concerted by the Imperial ministers. They resolved to disarm the Cæsar; to recall those faithful troops who guarded his person and dignity; and to employ in a distant war against the Persian monarch the hardy veterans who had vanquished, on the banks of the Rhine, the fiercest nations of Germany. While Julian used the laborious hours of his winter quarters at Paris in the administration of power, which, in his hands, was the exercise of virtue, he was surprised by the hasty arrival of a tribune and a notary, with positive orders from the emperor, which they were directed to execute, and he was commanded not to oppose. Constantius signified his pleasure, that four entire legions, the Celtæ, and Petulants, the Heruli, and the Batavians,4 should be separated from the standard of Julian, under which they had acquired their fame and discipline; that in each of the remaining bands three hundred of the bravest youths should be selected;5 and that this numerous detachment, the strength of the Gallic army, should instantly begin their march, and exert their utmost diligence to arrive, before the opening of the campaign, on the frontiers of Persia.6 The Cæsar foresaw, and lamented, the consequences of this fatal mandate.
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