DOCSLIB.ORG

A Reconsideration of Three-Item Analysis, the Use of Implied Weights in Cladistics, and a Practical Application in Gentianaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Reconsideration of Three-Item Analysis, the Use of Implied Weights in Cladistics, and a Practical Application in Gentianaceae K.U.Leuven Faculteit der Wetenschappen Instituut voor Plantkunde Laboratorium voor Systematiek A reconsideration of three-item analysis, the use of implied weights in cladistics, and a practical application in Gentianaceae Jan De Laet Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen Promotor: Prof. Dr. E. Smets This pdf version has subtle differences in page layout (but not content) compared to the original hardcopy K.U.Leuven Faculteit der Wetenschappen Instituut voor Plantkunde Laboratorium voor Systematiek A reconsideration of three-item analysis, the use of implied weights in cladistics, and a practical application in Gentianaceae Jan De Laet Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen 27 mei 1997 Leden van de jury: Promotor, Prof. Dr. E. Smets K.U.Leuven Prof. Dr. F. Symons K.U.Leuven Prof. Dr. J. Van Assche K.U.Leuven Prof. Dr. E. Robbrecht Nationale Plantentuin van België, U.I.A. Dr. J. S. Farris Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm There is a lesson in all this. We do not know in advance what are the right questions to ask, and we often do not find out until we are close to an answer. (Weinberg 1997: 215) Vooraf ... ... wil ik een woordje van dank richten aan Prof. Dr. E. Smets, promotor van dit proefschrift, voor zijn steun en begeleiding, vooral tijdens de laatste maanden. Met grote snelheid las hij de geschreven stukken door en gaf hij waar nodig zijn advies. aan alle labcollega’s van vroeger en nu voor de toffe werksfeer en samenwerking; in het bijzonder aan Peter voor het maken van figuren 1.1 en 1.5. aan Jos voor de steeds bereidwillige hulp bij het bibliotheekwerk (en het wisselen van vijffrankstukken voor de koffiemachine...). aan alle studenten die de voorbije jaren mijn pad gekruist hebben; ik hoop dat ze zoveel van mij geleerd hebben als ik van hen. aan Sandra, broers en zussen en alle vrienden die me de voorbije maanden een welgemeend duwtje in de rug gegeven hebben; de laatste loodjes wogen inderdaad zwaar. Tenslotte wil ik mijn ouders vermelden. Zonder hen zou dit werk er niet gekomen zijn, en dat is meer dan een triviale biologische vaststelling. Jan vii Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. xiii 1. Inleiding tot het cladisme .......................................................................................... 1 2. Three-item analysis ................................................................................................ 27 3. Homoplasy-based weighting schemes in parsimony analysis ................................ 69 4. A commentary on the circumscription and evolution of the order Gentianales, with special emphasis on the position of the Rubiaceae ....................................... 101 5. Phylogeny of temperate Gentianaceae: a morphological approach ...................... 111 6. Indecisive data and missing entries ...................................................................... 131 References ............................................................................................................... 141 Appendix A. ViTA, a program for parsimony analysis using implied weights ............. 157 Appendix B. With hyperbolic weighting functions, maximization of fit and minimization of weighted homoplasy are equivalent ................................................. 185 Appendix C. Derivation of S and G for minimal indecisive data sets ......................... 191 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................ 197 viii 1. Inleiding tot het cladisme .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Basisprincipes ..................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Cladisme in een breder kader: het homologieconcept ....................................... 14 1.4 Polariseren en ordenen van kenmerken ............................................................ 18 1.4.1 Buitengroepvergelijking ............................................................................... 19 1.4.2 Het ontogenetisch criterium ......................................................................... 20 1.4.3 Polariseren versus ordenen ......................................................................... 21 1.5 De cladistische classificatie ............................................................................... 23 1.6 Samenvatting..................................................................................................... 25 2. Three-item analysis ................................................................................................ 27 2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 27 2.2. Three-item analysis .......................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Theory ........................................................................................................ 28 2.2.2. Example ..................................................................................................... 30 2.3. The problem of irreversibility ............................................................................. 32 2.3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 32 2.3.2. Solution ...................................................................................................... 33 2.3.3. Examples ................................................................................................... 35 2.4. Algorithms ........................................................................................................ 37 2.4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 37 2.4.2. Calculating the number of accommodated four-item statements ................ 39 2.4.3. Calculating the number of unaccommodated four-item statements ............ 41 2.4.4. An example ................................................................................................ 42 2.5. The problem of dependency ............................................................................. 45 2.5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 45 2.5.2. Fractional weighting.................................................................................... 47 2.5.3. Calculating the number of independent accommodated four-item statements ................................................................................................. 52 2.6. The problem of mutual exclusiveness ............................................................... 58 2.6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 58 2.6.2. Calculating the number of independent compatible taxon pairs for fixed inner node state assignments ....................................................... 60 2.6.3. Dependency revisited ................................................................................. 64 2.6.4. Removing the relational constraint: back to the standard approach ............ 66 2.7. Summary and conclusion ................................................................................. 67 ix 3. Homoplasy-based weighting schemes .................................................................... 69 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 69 3.2 Successive weighting ........................................................................................ 72 3.2.1 Weighting function ....................................................................................... 73 3.2.2 Initial set of weights ..................................................................................... 74 3.2.3 Differential weighting of state transformations in multistate characters ....... 75 3.2.3.1 Ordered characters ........................................................................... 75 3.2.3.2 Unordered characters........................................................................ 75 3.2.4 Multiple most parsimonious trees ................................................................ 77 3.3 Implied weights .................................................................................................. 78 3.3.1 Self-consistency .......................................................................................... 78 3.3.2 Character fit as a concave decreasing function of the homoplasy ............... 79 3.3.3 Maximizing total fit ....................................................................................... 80 3.3.4 Choice of a convex decreasing function ...................................................... 81 3.4 Using implied weights as weights during parsimony analysis ............................ 83 3.4.1 Maximizing fit versus minimizing weighted homoplasy ................................ 84 3.4.2 Justifying concave weighting functions ........................................................ 85 3.4.3 A special property of hyperbolic weighting functions...................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chec List What Survived from the PLANAFLORO Project
    Check List 10(1): 33–45, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution What survived from the PLANAFLORO Project: PECIES S Angiosperms of Rondônia State, Brazil OF 1* 2 ISTS L Samuel1 UniCarleialversity of Konstanz, and Narcísio Department C.of Biology, Bigio M842, PLZ 78457, Konstanz, Germany. [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus José Ribeiro Filho, BR 364, Km 9.5, CEP 76801-059. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Rondônia Natural Resources Management Project (PLANAFLORO) was a strategic program developed in partnership between the Brazilian Government and The World Bank in 1992, with the purpose of stimulating the sustainable development and protection of the Amazon in the state of Rondônia. More than a decade after the PLANAFORO program concluded, the aim of the present work is to recover and share the information from the long-abandoned plant collections made during the project’s ecological-economic zoning phase. Most of the material analyzed was sterile, but the fertile voucher specimens recovered are listed here. The material examined represents 378 species in 234 genera and 76 families of angiosperms. Some 8 genera, 68 species, 3 subspecies and 1 variety are new records for Rondônia State. It is our intention that this information will stimulate future studies and contribute to a better understanding and more effective conservation of the plant diversity in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil. Introduction The PLANAFLORO Project funded botanical expeditions In early 1990, Brazilian Amazon was facing remarkably in different areas of the state to inventory arboreal plants high rates of forest conversion (Laurance et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn Willow in Rocky Mountain Region the Black Hills National
    United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Assessment Forest Service for the Autumn Willow in Rocky Mountain Region the Black Hills National Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Forest Custer, South Dakota Wyoming April 2003 J.Hope Hornbeck, Carolyn Hull Sieg, and Deanna J. Reyher Species Assessment of Autumn willow in the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming J. Hope Hornbeck, Carolyn Hull Sieg and Deanna J. Reyher J. Hope Hornbeck is a Botanist with the Black Hills National Forest in Custer, South Dakota. She completed a B.S. in Environmental Biology (botany emphasis) at The University of Montana and a M.S. in Plant Biology (plant community ecology emphasis) at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Carolyn Hull Sieg is a Research Plant Ecologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. She completed a B.S. in Wildlife Biology and M.S. in Range Science from Colorado State University and a Ph.D. in Range and Wildlife Management (fire ecology) at Texas Tech University. Deanna J. Reyher is Ecologist/Soil Scientist with the Black Hills National Forest in Custer, South Dakota. She completed a B.S. degree in Agronomy (soil science and crop production emphasis) from the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Autumn willow, Salix serissima (Bailey) Fern., is an obligate wetland shrub that occurs in fens and bogs in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Disjunct populations of autumn willow occur in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Only two populations occur on Black Hills National Forest lands: a large population at McIntosh Fen and a small population on Middle Boxelder Creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Sipaneopsis (Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): a Unique Flowering Process in the Family Rubiaceae and Its Taxonomic Significance
    Phytotaxa 302 (1): 040–048 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.1.3 Sipaneopsis (Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): A unique flowering process in the family Rubiaceae and its taxonomic significance PIERO G. DELPRETE1* 1Herbier de Guyane, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR AMAP, Boite Postale 90165, 97323 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana, France. *Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The process of anthesis of Sipaneopsis is unique within the Rubiaceae, and is here described and illustrated in detail for the first time. During the initial stage of anthesis the flowers are small, with the corolla lobes already open and erect before tube elongation, and the corolla lobe basal appendages are appressed against each other, forming a convex structure at the corolla mouth obstructing the entrance of visitors and pollinators. At the final stage of anthesis, the corolla lobes reflex and become perpendicular to the tube, and their basal appendages become erect, not touching each other, allowing visitors and pollinators to access the corolla tube and the nectar disk. Neobertiera and Sipaneopsis are unique within the tribe Sipaneeae in having indehiscent dry fruits and recent molecular phylogenies positioned them as sister taxa. Sipaneopsis is distinguished from Neobertiera in having flowers consistently homostylous (vs. distylous or rarely tristylous in Neobertiera), stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla tube (vs. at variable positions), and five triangular appendages at the base of each corolla lobe (vs. corolla lobes thickened at base, without appendages).
    [Show full text]
  • A Taxonomic Revision of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in South India, with One New Species and Seven Lectotypifications
    Phytotaxa 195 (1): 031–052 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.195.1.2 A taxonomic revision of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in South India, with one new species and seven lectotypifications SANTHOSH NAMPY ¹, P.M. SHAHINA ¹*, T. HASEENA ¹ & H.S. ASHWINI ² 1 Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala – 673 635, India 2 Department of Botany, Kuvempu University, Karnataka – 577 451, India * Author for correspondence; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genus Swertia in South India is revisited based on field and herbarium studies. A brief history of the genus, detailed de- scriptions, photo plates, nomenclature, distribution and key to the identification of south Indian species are provided. Seven names viz., Swertia beddomei, S. trichotoma, S. affinis, S. lawii, S. minor, Ophelia elegans and O. umbellata are lectotypi- fied. A new species, Swertia raveendrae, endemic to South India is also described here. The new species is similar to S. lawii but differs by its cordate-orbicular leaves, dense paniculate cymes, small (0.3–1 cm long), ovate-elliptic bracts and the calyx not exceeding the corolla in bud. Key words: Swertia raveendrae, new species, endemic Introduction Swertia Linnaeus (1753: 226), the largest genus of the subtribe Swertiinae (Grisebach) Reichenbach (1837: 210), is represented by 137 species worldwide (Struwe et al. 2002, Chen et al. 2008, Ho & Liu 2010). The genus is principally Asiatic with highest species diversity in the Sino-Himalayan region. Rotate corolla and presence of corolline nectariferous glands distinguishes Swertia from related genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): a Unique Flowering Process in the Family Rubiaceae and Its Taxonomic Significance Piero G
    Sipaneopsis (Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): A unique flowering process in the family Rubiaceae and its taxonomic significance Piero G. Delprete To cite this version: Piero G. Delprete. Sipaneopsis (Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): A unique flowering process in the fam- ily Rubiaceae and its taxonomic significance. Phytotaxa, Magnolia Press 2017, 302 (1), pp.40–48. 10.11646/phytotaxa.302.1.3. hal-02140915 HAL Id: hal-02140915 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02140915 Submitted on 18 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Phytotaxa 302 (1): 040–048 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.1.3 Sipaneopsis (Sipaneeae, Ixoroideae): A unique flowering process in the family Rubiaceae and its taxonomic significance PIERO G. DELPRETE1* 1Herbier de Guyane, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR AMAP, Boite Postale 90165, 97323 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana, France. *Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The process of anthesis of Sipaneopsis is unique within the Rubiaceae, and is here described and illustrated in detail for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Fitzroy, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Gentianaceae) from Xinjiang, China
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 130:Gentianella 59–73 (2019) macrosperma, a new species of Gentianella from Xinjiang, China 59 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.130.35476 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Gentianella macrosperma, a new species of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) from Xinjiang, China Hai-Feng Cao1, Ji-Dong Ya2, Qiao-Rong Zhang2, Xiao-Jian Hu2, Zhi-Rong Zhang2, Xin-Hua Liu3, Yong-Cheng Zhang4, Ai-Ting Zhang5, Wen-Bin Yu6,7 1 Shanghai Museum of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, Chi- na 2 Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China 3 Ili Botanical Garden, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinyuan, Xinjiang, 835815, China 4 Forestry Bureau of Xinyuan County, Xinyuan, Xinjiang, 835800, China 5 Xinjiang Agricultural Broadcasting and Television School, Xinyuan, Xinjiang, 835800, China 6 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China 7 Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China Corresponding author: Ji-Dong Ya ([email protected]) Academic editor: Cai Jie | Received 15 April 2019 | Accepted 8 August 2019 | Published 29 August 2019 Citation: Cao H-F, Ya J-D, Zhang Q-R, Hu X-J, Zhang Z-R, Liu X-H, Zhang Y-C, Zhang A-T, Yu W-B (2019) Gentianella macrosperma, a new species of Gentianella (Gentianaceae) from Xinjiang, China. In: Cai J, Yu W-B, Zhang T, Li D-Z (Eds) Revealing of the plant diversity in China’s biodiversity hotspots.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastome Phylogenomic Study of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae
    Zhang et al. BMC Plant Biology (2020) 20:340 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02518-w RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Plastome phylogenomic study of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae): widespread gene tree discordance and its association with evolutionary rate heterogeneity of plastid genes Xu Zhang1,2,3*† , Yanxia Sun1,2†, Jacob B. Landis4,5, Zhenyu Lv6, Jun Shen1,3, Huajie Zhang1,2, Nan Lin1,3, Lijuan Li1,3, Jiao Sun1,3, Tao Deng6, Hang Sun6* and Hengchang Wang1,2* Abstract Background: Plastome-scale data have been prevalent in reconstructing the plant Tree of Life. However, phylogenomic studies currently based on plastomes rely primarily on maximum likelihood inference of concatenated alignments of plastid genes, and thus phylogenetic discordance produced by individual plastid genes has generally been ignored. Moreover, structural and functional characteristics of plastomes indicate that plastid genes may not evolve as a single locus and are experiencing different evolutionary forces, yet the genetic characteristics of plastid genes within a lineage remain poorly studied. Results: We sequenced and annotated 10 plastome sequences of Gentianeae. Phylogenomic analyses yielded robust relationships among genera within Gentianeae. We detected great variation of gene tree topologies and revealed that more than half of the genes, including one (atpB) of the three widely used plastid markers (rbcL, atpB and matK) in phylogenetic inference of Gentianeae, are likely contributing to phylogenetic ambiguity of Gentianeae. Estimation of nucleotide substitution rates showed extensive rate heterogeneity among different plastid genes and among different functional groups of genes. Comparative analysis suggested that the ribosomal protein (RPL and RPS) genes and the RNA polymerase (RPO) genes have higher substitution rates and genetic variations among plastid genes in Gentianeae.
    [Show full text]
  • (Rubiaceae), a Uniquely Distylous, Cleistogamous Species Eric (Eric Hunter) Jones
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Floral Morphology and Development in Houstonia Procumbens (Rubiaceae), a Uniquely Distylous, Cleistogamous Species Eric (Eric Hunter) Jones Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FLORAL MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSTONIA PROCUMBENS (RUBIACEAE), A UNIQUELY DISTYLOUS, CLEISTOGAMOUS SPECIES By ERIC JONES A dissertation submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Eric Jones defended this dissertation on June 11, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Austin Mast Professor Directing Dissertation Matthew Day University Representative Hank W. Bass Committee Member Wu-Min Deng Committee Member Alice A. Winn Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I hereby dedicate this work and the effort it represents to my parents Leroy E. Jones and Helen M. Jones for their love and support throughout my entire life. I have had the pleasure of working with my father as a collaborator on this project and his support and help have been invaluable in that regard. Unfortunately my mother did not live to see me accomplish this goal and I can only hope that somehow she knows how grateful I am for all she’s done. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the members of my committee for their guidance and support, in particular Austin Mast for his patience and dedication to my success in this endeavor, Hank W.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Tricolpate (Eudicot) Phylogenetic Relationships1
    American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1627±1644. 2004. A SURVEY OF TRICOLPATE (EUDICOT) PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS1 WALTER S. JUDD2,4 AND RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD3 2Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA; and 3Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA The phylogenetic structure of the tricolpate clade (or eudicots) is presented through a survey of their major subclades, each of which is brie¯y characterized. The tricolpate clade was ®rst recognized in 1989 and has received extensive phylogenetic study. Its major subclades, recognized at ordinal and familial ranks, are now apparent. Ordinal and many other suprafamilial clades are brie¯y diag- nosed, i.e., the putative phenotypic synapomorphies for each major clade of tricolpates are listed, and the support for the monophyly of each clade is assessed, mainly through citation of the pertinent molecular phylogenetic literature. The classi®cation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG II) expresses the current state of our knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among tricolpates, and many of the major tricolpate clades can be diagnosed morphologically. Key words: angiosperms; eudicots; tricolpates. Angiosperms traditionally have been divided into two pri- 1992a; Chase et al., 1993; Doyle et al., 1994; Soltis et al., mary groups based on the presence of a single cotyledon 1997, 2000, 2003; KaÈllersjoÈ et al., 1998; Nandi et al., 1998; (monocotyledons, monocots) or two cotyledons (dicotyledons, Hoot et al., 1999; Savolainen et al., 2000a, b; Hilu et al., 2003; dicots). A series of additional diagnostic traits made this di- Zanis et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004). This clade was ®rst called vision useful and has accounted for the long recognition of the tricolpates (Donoghue and Doyle, 1989), but the name these groups in ¯owering plant classi®cations.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Centuries of Plant Exploration in New Brunswick
    [page left intentionally blank] Nature’s Bounty Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea L. Nature’s Bounty: Four Centuries of Plant Exploration in New Brunswick C. Mary Young UNB Libraries University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB C. Mary Young: Note on the Author Copyright © 2015 C. Mary Young All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system, without prior written consent of the copyright holder is an infringement of copyright law and the rights of the rights holder. First published 2015 by UNB Libraries University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB Canada The electronic version of this text has been made freely available for non-commercial use. ISBN: 978-0-9811126-1-9 (Electronic Version) Young, C. Mary. Nature’s Bounty: Four Centuries of Plant Exploration in New Brunswick http://naturesbounty.lib.unb.ca Plant Illustrations and Maps by C. Mary Young Cover design by Monica Fitzpatrick Abstract Four centuries ago, European explorers intent on reaching the riches of the Far East sailed westward, encountering North America. Arriving on “Canadian” shores, they were appalled by the dismal and forbidding forests. They knew nothing of the local plants; which ones were useful as a food source or had medicinal value and which were poisonous? While native people willingly shared their knowledge, the Maliseet and Mi’kmaq names were difficult for European tongues. They then sent plant samples to European plant enthusiasts who identified them according to European botanical ideas and systems of plant naming.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
    Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Volume 133 No. 3 September 2013 FORTHCOMING MEETINGS See also BOC website: http://www.boc-online.org BOC MEETINGS are open to all, not just BOC members, and are free. Evening meetings are held in an upstairs room at The Barley Mow, 104, Horseferry Road, Westminster, London SW1P 2EE. The nearest Tube stations are Victoria and St James’s Park; and the 507 bus, which runs from Victoria to Waterloo, stops nearby. For maps, see http://www.markettaverns.co.uk/the_barley_mow. html or ask the Chairman for directions. The cash bar will open at 6.00 pm and those who wish to eat after the meeting can place an order. The talk will start at 6.30 pm and, with questions, will last about one hour. It would be very helpful if those who are intending to come would notify the Chairman no later than the day before the meeting and preferably earlier. 24 September 2013—6.30 pm—Dr Roger Saford—Recent advances in the knowledge of Malagasy region birds Abstract: The Malagasy region comprises Madagascar, the Seychelles, the Comoros and the Mascarenes (Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues), six more isolated islands or small archipelagos, and associated sea areas. It contains one of the most extraordinary and distinctive concentrations of biological diversity in the world. The last 20 years have seen a very large increase in the level of knowledge of, and interest in, the birds of the region. This talk will draw on research carried out during the preparation of the first thorough handbook to the region’s birds—487 species—to be compiled since the late 19th century.
    [Show full text]