Cedarville University DigitalCommons@Cedarville

Introduction to Public Health Posters School of Pharmacy

Fall 2016 Human Trafficking Erin Dickman Cedarville University, [email protected]

Alaina Spears Cedarville University, [email protected]

Jessica Burval Cedarville University, [email protected]

Caleb Hasty Cedarville University, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/public_health_posters Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons, and the Public Health Commons

Recommended Citation Dickman, Erin; Spears, Alaina; Burval, Jessica; and Hasty, Caleb, "Human Trafficking" (2016). Introduction to Public Health Posters. 9. http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/public_health_posters/9

This Poster is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Cedarville, a service of the Centennial Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Introduction to Public Health Posters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Cedarville. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Human Trafficking Erin Dickman, Alaina Spears, Jessica Burval, and Caleb Hasty Cedarville University School of Pharmacy

Indicators of Health Impacted Overview of Human Trafficking Determinants of Health Access to Care Costs of Trafficking What is it? • Hidden nature of trafficking restricts victims’ access to healthcare services while Health Costs of Human Trafficking Social Factors they are in trafficking situations. Personal health costs: Income • Victims are believed to hesitate seeking care due to fear of discriminatory What human trafficking is: The recruitment, transfer, or harboring of persons, • Physical injuries/burns, Anxiety/PTSD, Unsafe abortions, Substance abuse, Environmental treatment, being reported to immigration officials, and of being able to afford HIV/AIDS, Depression/suicide, Sexual violence, Malnutrition, Lack of • Runaway and homeless youth, victims of domestic violence, sexual assault through the use or threat of force, coercion, or deception, for the purpose of health care. immunizations, Tuberculosis • Culture exploitation, including sexual exploitation and forced labor. It is a modern • Victims also choose not to seek healthcare services due to long wait times or • Some cultures place a lower value on women in families, society, and policy. restricted hours of operation at health facilities. Community: Ethnicity form of slavery where people profit from the control and exploitation of • Reluctance or inability to disclose their situation limits the response of local • Evidence that trafficking leads to more trafficking • Marginalization, lack of rights/ citizenship status, and proximity to borders make trafficking others. healthcare systems. • Increased HIV among individuals leads to increased HIV in community easier and more socially acceptable among ethnic minorities. • Health system’s inability to identify them as victims of trafficking often leads to • If family members are trafficked, more likely that others will be too • Domestic violence failure in realizing the full extent of their health and mental health needs. • Healthcare facilities are not equipped to spot or help trafficking victims • Major risk factor because women/children are desperate to be rescued Recruitment: identifying and attracting victims • Easier to put trust in traffickers. • Victims come from low socio-economic backgrounds Prevention Financial Costs of Human Trafficking • It is extremely difficult to study a highly secretive illegal trade like human Personal: Biological Factors • A lot of women end up in trafficking because they don’t have opportunities trafficking. The lack of knowledge and information regarding how this trade • Little to no profit from their trafficker Age/gender for education or work in their home country so they migrate to other operates has severely limited research, consequently making it difficult to • Any family members left behind suffer due to a lack of provider • Vulnerability varies greatly by gender and specific age groups. implement effective prevention measures. countries and get taken during the process. • Other family members are trafficked due to lack of finances • The majority of girls are trafficked after puberty. • Mortality rates Community: Demand for virgins • Victims are deceived through promises of a home, job, or marriage into a • An estimated 30,000 victims of sex trafficking die each year from abuse, disease, • Stigma associated with trafficking leads to lack of job for any who may escape • Fear of HIV/AIDs drives up demand better country torture, and neglect. Eighty percent of those sold into sexual slavery are under • Large amounts of trafficking within a community lead to poorer communities 24, and some are as young as six years old. and even more trafficking Individual Behavior Choices • For those who do the trafficking – gain financially, and often their reason for • Gang participation, and risk-taking Travel/transit: moving of trafficked persons to another country or another Severe health ramifications of trafficking getting into trafficking in the first place is due to financial need part of the country Many survivors contract infectious Policy diseases including sexually transmitted Spiritual Cost of Human Trafficking Policy enforcement diseases. Personal: • There is little enforcement of the existing laws that have the potential to discourage and punish Exploitation: Women and girls are vulnerable to • Spiritual and emotional damage traffickers. reproductive and other health problems • Loss of hope Education • Organ harvesting 20.9 million due to lack of reproductive healthcare. • Illiteracy and low levels of education are common of trafficking victims. • Broken spirit • Sexual exploitation • No birth control • Depression Border insecurity • Forced labor/slavery • Frequent rape • In case of escape, hope of restoring hope, coming to terms with what has • Open borders, relaxed enforcement, lack of passport requirements, and corruption of border • Abortions happened to them patrol agents. • No routine mammograms and Pap- Community: Lack of citizenship victims globally smears • No citizenship means no rights, no access to services, education, protection, and often jobs. Distribution of women in trafficking • Families and community members questioning the situation • Many survivors develop mental health People for whom there is no proof of existence are easy to traffic. • Women and girls make up 55 percent of the total number of estimated • Anger at God or damage to faith due to the issue conditions, such as anxiety, panic • Some would strengthen their faith and work to end trafficking Conflict and displacement: Create vulnerabilities and drive other facilitating determinants like victims, 55 percent of the victims of forced labor, and 98 percent of the disorder, and depression/shame. poverty and migration. victims of sexual exploitation. • PTSD • War Human trafficking is now • Eating disorders • Natural disasters the THIRD most lucrative criminal enterprise in the world, after weapons and Public Health Impact narcotics It is estimated that 28 % to 50 % of trafficked individuals access health services during captivity for a variety of problems, including: • Sexual assault Reducing Human Trafficking • Physical injury · Awareness: The most important thing that anyone can do to • Infection help fight against human trafficking is to be aware of it: how much Human Trafficking Impact on Pharmacy human trafficking is occurring today, what a victim could look like, • Exacerbations of chronic conditions and how to help out a specific individual. Even though human trafficking does not directly impact • Complications of substance · Identification: There are certain ways that we can identify pharmacy, pharmacists and other health care providers abuse/overdose issues Reference List victims; if they constantly look beaten and bruised, if they have are often the only professionals that trafficked victims • Pregnancy testing difficulty speaking English, lack of identification, a fear of • Contraceptive care 1. Golbya, R., Sian Hsiang-Te, T., & Zacharias, A. (2015). An Introduction to Health Professionals' Role in Addressing Human Trafficking. authorities, etc. will come in contact with, due to the many health issues UBC Medical Journal, 6(2), 28-30. • Other reproductive issues 2. Diana-Gabriela, R. (2012). SOCIAL ISSUES IN DEBATING OVER HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND FACTORS THAT FACILITATE ITS GROWTH. · Reporting: If you suspect that someone is being trafficked, a trafficked victim can develop. Some victims have access to medical facilities Research & Science Today, 1(4), 72-86. contact the National Human Trafficking Resource Center either via · Knowing the Signs of a Trafficked Victim: If 3. Guide to Critical Analysis. (2015). Points of View: Human Trafficking, 1. toll free phone, text, or even email. pharmacists can recognize the different signs of a for routine testing for sexually transmitted 4. Van der Wilt, H. (2014). Trafficking in Human Beings, Enslavement, Crimes Against Humanity: Unravelling the Concepts. Chinese Journal Of International Law, 13(2), 297-334. · Spread The Word: One of the most effective ways to spread trafficked victim, they can possibly have the chance to infections (STIs), contraceptive care, and awareness of human trafficking is simply by word of mouth. general health care. 5. Tsin Yen, K. (2015). Human Trafficking: Overview. Points Of View: Human Trafficking, 1. ask certain questions to the victim or the victim’s 6. Health And Human Rights [Health Hum Rights] 2013 Dec 12; Vol. 15 (2), pp. 138-59. Date of Electronic Publication: 2013 Dec 12. Perhaps the most popular means of this is through the End It ‘guardian’ that might give the pharmacist clarity on 7. Journal Of Urban Health: Bulletin Of The New York Academy Of Medicine [J Urban Health] 2013 Dec; Vol. 90 (6), pp. 1194-204. Movement, where people wear red X’s on their hand in public in 8. Macias Konstantopoulos, W., Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, T. P., & ... Burke, T. F. (2013). An international efforts to draw attention to human trafficking. whether or not the individual is a victim. comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: achieving a more effective health sector · Contact the National Human Trafficking Resource response. Journal Of Urban Health: Bulletin Of The New York Academy Of Medicine, 90(6), 1194-1204. 9. Steele, S. (2013). Human trafficking, labor brokering, and mining in southern Africa: responding to a decentralized and hidden Center with any information on the potential victim and public health disaster. International Journal Of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 43(4), 665-680. they will be able to put the pharmacist in contact with 10. Dunne, J. L. (2012). Hijacked: how efforts to redefine the international definition of human trafficking threaten its purpose. the correct people. Willamette Law Review, 48(3), 403-426. 11. Perry, K. M., & McEwing, L. (2013). How do social determinants affect human trafficking in Southeast Asia, and what can we do about it? A systematic review. Health And Human Rights, 15(2), 138-159. 12. Dovydaitis, T. (2010). Human Trafficking: The Role Of The Health Care Provider. Retrieved November 3, 2015. 13. Robinson, K. (2013, April 8). The "End It" Movement: Are These Truths Self-evident? Retrieved November 3, 2015. Acknowledgments