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Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE

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Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE APPROVED ReVISION w C1 26NOV08…. Front Cover Page Summary of Changes CHANGE 1 dated 5 December to TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.06 dated 15 September 2008 • The Change 1 supersedes TRADOC G2 handbook No.1.06 dated 15 September 2008 and is published Change 1 as a complete handbook document. • The handbook title is changed to Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE. • Chapter titles change as listed in the Table of Contents • Hostage-taking receives additional attention throughout the handbook in conjunction with kidnapping. • Definitions used to describe the difference between kidnapping and hostage- taking are from US Code Title 18. • Chapter 1 addresses several conditions that may exist for US soldiers or civilians when detained by a hostile government or in terrorist captivity. • Table 1-2 adds a note to acknowledge that the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK)(North Korea) was removed from the US Department of State’s State Sponsors of Terrorism (SST) list in October 2008 by the US Government. • Chapter 4 provides two major vignettes on hostage-taking that involved US soldiers in the conduct of military missions. • Appendix C adds two references as background Code of Conduct information. ii TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.06 C1 5Dec08 15 September 2008 TRADOC G2 Handbook TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity No. 1.06 15 September 2008 US Army TRADOC G2 Ft Leavenworth, KS. with Change 1 dated 5 December 2008 Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping Terror in the COE Contents Page Contents ..................................................................................................................i Preface................................................................................................................iii Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 Purpose ............................................................................................................... 2 Terrorism – Scope the Issue................................................................................ 3 Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking – Know the Threat.......................................... 3 Understanding the OE and the COE.................................................................... 4 Summary ............................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1: HOSTAGE-TAKING AND KIDNAPPING.........................................1-1 Hostage-Taking and Kidnapping in Contemporary Times....................................1-1 Section I. Define the Terms ..............................................................................1-1 Section II. Describe the Context......................................................................1-13 Kidnapping Terror Two Decades Ago .............................................................1-17 Kidnapping Terror One Decade Ago...............................................................1-21 Contemporary Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking Terror ..................................1-26 Summary ........................................................................................................1-32 CHAPTER 2: TERRORIST MOTIVATIONS AND BEHAVIORS ............................2-1 Terrorist Motivations and Behaviors.....................................................................2-1 Section I: Goals and intent................................................................................2-1 Section II: Motivation........................................................................................2-6 Section III: Behavior........................................................................................2-13 Summary ........................................................................................................2-19 Distribution Restriction: Approved for Public release; Distribution Unlimited i CHAPTER 3: TERRORIST MODELS AND AFFILIATIONS...................................3-1 Terrorist Models and Affiliations ...........................................................................3-1 Section I: Organizational Commitment ..............................................................3-3 Section II: Organizational Structure...................................................................3-5 Section III: Organizational Categories .............................................................3-10 Summary.........................................................................................................3-14 CHAPTER 4: HOSTAGE-TAKING CASE VIGNETTES .........................................4-1 Hostage Case Vignettes.......................................................................................4-1 Case Study Elements: A Model.........................................................................4-2 Case Methodology ............................................................................................4-4 Case Study: Kumanovo (1999) .........................................................................4-5 Case Study: Karbala (2007) ............................................................................4-29 CHAPTER 5: COMBATING TERRORISM TODAY................................................5-1 Combating Terrorism Today.................................................................................5-1 Rationales for Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking ................................................5-3 Action Modeling for Kidnapping or Hostage-Taking ..........................................5-6 Kidnapping and Hostage-Taking Outcomes....................................................5-14 Summary.........................................................................................................5-19 Appendix A ........................................................................................................... A-1 Geneva Convention – Prisoners of War (Extract)........................................... A-1 Appendix B ........................................................................................................... B-1 UN International Convention Against Taking of Hostages............................ B-1 Appendix C ........................................................................................................... C-1 Code of Conduct ............................................................................................... C-1 Obligations and Responsibilities....................................................................... C-2 The Code of Conduct ....................................................................................... C-4 References.............................................................................................................1 ii TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.06 C1 5Dec08 15 September 2008 Preface PREFACE Hostage-taking and Kidnapping Terror in the Contemporary Operational Environment is a supplemental handbook to the US Army Training and Doctrine Command capstone handbook guide on terrorism, TRADOC G2 Handbook No. 1, A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Understanding terrorism and actions such as kidnapping or hostage-taking spans foreign and domestic threats in a complex and uncertain array of threats in the contemporary operational environment (COE). Purpose. This unclassified informational handbook supports operational missions, institutional training, and professional military education for US military forces in the War on Terrorism (WOT). This document promotes an improved understanding of terrorism objectives, motivation, and behaviors in the conduct of kidnapping or hostage-taking. Compiled from open source materials, this terrorism handbook promotes a “threat” perspective as well as enemy situational awareness of US actions to combat terrorism. Handbook Use. This handbook exists primarily for US military members in operational units and installation-institutional activities. Other groups of interest include Department of Army Civilians (DAC) and DA contractors. Additional groups of interest include interdepartmental, interagency, intergovernmental, civilian contractor, or nongovernmental, private volunteer and humanitarian relief organizations, and the general citizenry. Study of historical and contemporary terrorist incidents improves training awareness, mission exercise, and operational readiness. Selected references present citations for detailed study of specific terrorism topics. Unless stated otherwise, nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to a specific gender. Proponent Statement. Headquarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) G2 is the proponent for this publication. Both the capstone guide and supplemental handbook are prepared under the direction of the TRADOC G2, TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA). This handbook will be updated to maintain a current and relevant resource based on user requirements. Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 directly to Director, US Army TRADOC Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA), ATTN: ATIN-T, Threats Terrorism Team, 700 Scott Avenue, Bldg 53, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027-1323. This handbook is available at https://dcsint-threats.leavenworth.army.mil and requires an Army Knowledge Online (AKO) login password for website access. 15 September 2008 TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.06 C1 5Dec08 iii This Page Intentionally Blank iv TRADOC G2 Handbook No.1.06 C1 5Dec08 15 September 2008 Introduction Introduction America is at war and should expect to remain fully engaged for the
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