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Unforgetting the Legacies of Bishops George Foster Pierce and Lucius Henry Holsey in Hancock County, Georgia, USA

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Unforgetting the Legacies of Bishops George Foster Pierce and Lucius Henry Holsey in Hancock County, Georgia, USA genealogy Article Religion, Segregation, and Voting Rights: Unforgetting the Legacies of Bishops George Foster Pierce and Lucius Henry Holsey in Hancock County, Georgia, USA Leo Braselton Gorman Independent Researcher, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I explore the history and public memory of two important bishops in the Methodist churches in Georgia. Through an examination of the lives of my ancestor, Bishop George Foster Pierce, and his Black contemporary, Bishop Lucius Holsey, I seek to illustrate how the forces of settler colonialism, White supremacy, and emergent American capitalism converged with religious paternalism to shape their material lives and moral perspectives. Through family documents, letters, sermons, memorials, newspaper articles, and in-depth interviews, I situate their histories in the ongoing struggle for racial justice in Hancock County. Keywords: slavery; paternalism; racial justice; settler colonialism; critical genealogies; Reconstruc- tion; Pierce; Holsey; Georgia; Methodist; Methodist Episcopal Church; Colored Methodist Church; Hancock; voter suppression I learned it is possible to be a Christian and a White southerner simultaneously; to be a gentlewoman and an arrogant callous creature in the same moment; to Citation: Gorman, Leo Braselton. pray at night and ride a Jim Crow car the next morning and to feel comfortable on 2021. Religion, Segregation, and doing both. I learned to believe in freedom, to glow when the word democracy Voting Rights: Unforgetting the was used, and to practice slavery from morning to night. I learned it the way all Legacies of Bishops George Foster of my southern people learn it: by closing door after door until one’s mind and Pierce and Lucius Henry Holsey in heart and conscience are blocked off from each other and from reality. Hancock County, Georgia, USA. Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream (Smith 1949) Genealogy 5: 64. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/genealogy5030064 1. Introduction In November 1862, Bishop George Foster Pierce hosted a wedding at his cotton Received: 10 February 2021 plantation, Sunshine, just outside of Sparta, Georgia. (In United States popular culture, the Accepted: 24 June 2021 Published: 12 July 2021 word “plantation” has historically evoked a nostalgic past of beautiful antebellum homes and an idyllic southern country charm. The term also obscures the brutal reality of chattel Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral slavery that thrived in the U.S. South for centuries. Simultaneously, it can be useful in with regard to jurisdictional claims in describing the kind of agricultural commodity-based economy that persevered because published maps and institutional affil- of enslaved labor in the antebellum U.S. South. In The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery iations. and the Making of American Capitalism (Baptist 2016), Edward Baptist challenges historians to reconsider plantations as forced labor camps, in a direct reckoning of how enslavers forced Indigenous, African and African-descended people to labor in agriculture, domestic work and various business enterprises under dehumanizing conditions of bondage. Other scholars, such as Antoinette Jackson(2012), who have conducted ethnographic studies Copyright: © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. with the living communities connected to plantations, emphasize that they hold important This article is an open access article memories beyond labor.) During those times in Hancock County, it was not the typical distributed under the terms and wedding that a prominent White southern planter might have presided over, or financed. conditions of the Creative Commons In the heart of antebellum Middle Georgia cotton country, this ceremony was different. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Two enslaved Black people, Harriet A. Turner and Lucius Holsey, were getting married. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Turner was a fifteen-year-old house servant, formally enslaved by Pierce himself, who he 4.0/). had “given” to his eldest child, Ella Caroline Pierce, my great-great-great grandmother, Genealogy 2021, 5, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy5030064 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy Genealogy 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 32 Genealogy 2021, 5, 64 2 of 31 married. Turner was a fifteen-year-old house servant, formally enslaved by Pierce himself, who he had “given” to his eldest child, Ella Caroline Pierce, my great-great-great grand- motheras a wedding, as a wedding present present two years two earlier years earlier (Eskew (Eskew 1992, p.1992, 642). p. At642). the At time, the time, Holsey Holsey was wasa twenty-year-old a twenty-year- aspiringold aspiring preacher preacher who who had begunhad begun to study to study Methodist Methodist theology theology with withBishop Bishop Pierce. Pierce. He He was was enslaved enslaved on on the the adjacent adjacent plantation, plantation, Rockby Rockby (which(which includedincluded agricuagriculturalltural production and a school). In In his his 1899 1899 autobiography, autobiography, Holsey recalled the day: The Bishop’s wife and daughters provided for the occasion a splendid repast of The Bishop’s wife and daughters provided for the occasion a splendid repast of good things to eat. The The table, richly spread, with turkey, ham, cake and many other things, extended nearly thethe whole length of the spacious dining hall. “The house girls” girls” and and the the “house “house boys” boys” and and the themost most prominent prominent persons persons of color of colorwere wereinvited invited to the to wedding the wedding of the of the colored colored “swells “swells”.”. The The ladies ladies composing composing the Bishop’s family, family, dressed dressed my my bride bride in in the the gayest gayest and and most most artistic artistic style, style, with with red flowersred flowers and andscarlet scarlet sashes sashes predominating predominating in the in thebrilliant brilliant trail trail. (Holsey (Holsey 1899, 1899 pp., 11pp.–12). 11–12) At the same moment, Confederate soldiers, including Pierce’s son, accompanied by At the same moment, Confederate soldiers, including Pierce’s son, accompanied by his enslaved “body servant”servant” (so-called(so-called “body servants” were often enslaved Black boys and young young men men who who accompanied accompanied their their mas mastersters or masters’ or masters’ sons sons who who enlisted enlisted in the in Con- the federateConfederate Army) Army),, were were deployed deployed to the to thefront front lines lines in Virginia in Virginia to preserve to preserve the the institution institution of slavery.of slavery. Growing Growing up, up,I had I hadnever never heard heard of Pierce of Pierce or Hol orsey Holsey before. before. However, However, in the spring in the ofspring 2018, of I 2018,discovered I discovered the acc theount account of the of wedding the wedding in a innineteenth a nineteenth century century biography biography of Pierceof Pierce that that my my mother, mother, Nancy Nancy Braselton Braselton Gorman, Gorman, had had left left out out in in her childhood living room in Braselton, Georgia. Pierce, Pierce, I I learned, was my maternal great great-great-great-great--great-great-great- grandfather. The Pierce familyfamily werewere not not a a well-known well-known part part of of my my family family genealogy. genealogy. My My own own experi- ex- periencesences in Georgia in Georgia centered centered on the on town the town of Braselton, of Braselton, named named after my after maternal my maternal grandfather’s grand- father’srelatives. relatives. During During the 1980s the and1980s early and1990s, early 1990s, my mother my mother took mytook two my youngertwo younger siblings, sib- lings,Michelle Michelle and Brian, and andBrian, me and on theme “Crescent”,on the “Crescent Amtrack’s”, Amtrack’s overnight overnight train, down train, from down our fromhome our in Washington home in Washington D.C. to visit D.C. her to parents visit her in parents this small in ruralthis small town. rural Many town. of the Many places, of thestreet places, names street and names people and bear people the Braselton bear the Braselton name, including name, including me. The me. Braselton The Braselton family familypublic history,public h andistory well-recorded, and well-recorded genealogy, genealogy felt ever-present,, felt ever tending-present, to tending overshadow to over- my shadowgrandmother’s my grandmother’s lineage. lineage. Nan WilsonWilson Bell, Bell, affectionally affectionally known known to herto her grandchildren grandchildren as Nana, as Nana, grew upgrew in Sparta,up in Sparta,Hancock Hancock County, County, Georgia Georgia during during the 1910s the and1910s 1920s and with1920s her with parents her parent and olders and sister.older sister.Her mother, Her mother, Florence Florence Wilson Wilson Bell, known Bell, known as “Mamie”, as “Mamie was”, dearly was dearly beloved beloved by both by Nana both Nanaand my and mom. my mom. She was She Georgewas George Foster Foster Pierce’s Pierce’s great-granddaughter. great-granddaughter. Nana Nana married married my mygrandfather, grandfather, Harrison Harrison “Brassie” “Brassie” Braselton, Braselton, in Sparta in Sparta in 1937 in and1937 moved and moved to Braselton to Braselton where whereshe lived she until lived her until death her indeath 1998; in see 1998 Figure; see 1Figure. 1. Figure 1 1.. LeoLeo Braselton Braselton Gorman’s Gorman’s maternal maternal grandmother, grandmother, Nan Nan Wilson Wilson
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