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Your Name Here “KING JAMES:” JAMES EDWARD DICKEY (1864-1928), EMORY COLLEGE PRESIDENT AND METHODIST BISHOP by THOMAS HAROLD JACKSON, JR. (Under the Direction of Libby V. Morris and Thomas G. Dyer) ABSTRACT James Edward Dickey was the twelfth president of Emory College and the last to serve at its Oxford, Georgia campus before it was consolidated into Emory University. As were many of his predecessors, Dickey was an Emory alumnus and Methodist minister who came to the presidency with a background of teaching and preaching. A systematic administrator with a gift for fundraising, he served as president from 1902 to 1915, longer than any of his predecessors, and oversaw construction of a new science building, dormitory, gymnasium and a sanctuary for the campus church. An old-style southern orator noted for his eloquence and grandiose delivery, he preached conservative values leading to Christian salvation. Serving as pastor of prominent Georgia Methodist churches before and after his presidency, he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in 1922, serving until his death in 1928. As such, he campaigned vigorously against a proposal to unify the southern and northern branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Key influences and factors in his life and career were his mentor and long-time colleague Warren A. Candler, also an Emory president and Methodist bishop; the transition of the Old South of his birth and its “Lost Cause” rhetoric to the New South of his maturity, as outlined by Atticus G. Haygood and Henry W. Grady; the pervasive influence of race in the life of the church, college and society of Dickey’s time; the Methodist Church and its commitment to higher education through the Wesleyan philosophy of melding knowledge with vital piety; and the coming of the Progressive Era and its resulting impact on higher education in general, and on Emory in particular, as it transformed from a small liberal arts college to a great research university. INDEX WORDS: James Edward Dickey; Emory College; Methodist Episcopal Church, South; Warren A. Candler; Methodist unification; Andrew Sledd. “KING JAMES:” JAMES EDWARD DICKEY (1864-1928), EMORY COLLEGE PRESIDENT AND METHODIST BISHOP by THOMAS HAROLD JACKSON, JR. A.B., The University of Georgia, 1973 M.P.A., The University of Georgia, 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Thomas Harold Jackson, Jr. All Rights Reserved “KING JAMES:” JAMES EDWARD DICKEY (1864-1928), EMORY COLLEGE PRESIDENT AND METHODIST BISHOP by THOMAS HAROLD JACKSON, JR. Major Professors: Libby V. Morris Thomas G. Dyer Committee: Christopher C. Morphew J. Douglas Toma Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2008 iv DEDICATION To my wife, Sharon B. Jackson, whose steadfast encouragement and support enabled me to persevere in bringing this project to completion. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nearly three decades after I completed my undergraduate degree at the University of Georgia, Professor Thomas G. Dyer encouraged me to pursue graduate work. Taking his advice to heart, I first completed a master’s degree in public administration, and then was fortunate to be admitted into the doctoral program in higher education with Dr. Dyer as my major professor. Although he officially retired from the university when I was midstream through my program, he continued to guide my work through to its completion. I am forever grateful for his initial encouragement to begin the pursuit, and for his dedication to seeing me through. Upon Dr. Dyer’s retirement, Professor Libby V. Morris took up the role as my major professor, and I am grateful for her supportive guidance. She, along with my doctoral committee members Christopher C. Morphew and J. Douglas Toma, helped a college administrator well into his career achieve a significant goal – not only that of a doctoral degree, but of gaining breadth and depth of understanding of this academic enterprise which has been such an integral part of my life. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v PROLOGUE ....................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 CHILDHOOD THROUGH COLLEGE YEARS 1864-1891........................................4 2 THE FACULTY AND THE PULPIT 1891-1902.......................................................66 3 AN IMMEDIATE CRISIS FOR THE NEW PRESIDENT: THE CASE OF ANDREW SLEDD .....................................................................126 4 EMORY COLLEGE PRESIDENT (PART ONE) 1902-1909..................................184 5 EMORY COLLEGE PRESIDENT (PART TWO) 1909-1915.................................257 6 THE PULPIT TO THE EPISCOPACY 1915-1928 ..................................................320 PRIMARY SOURCES ................................................................................................................398 SECONDARY SOURCES ..........................................................................................................401 1 PROLOGUE James Edward Dickey, president of Emory College in Oxford, Georgia from 1902 to 1915, and later a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is representative of a sizable class of presidents of church-related colleges of his period, particularly those across the South. An ordained clergyman, he viewed his role as an educator to be symbiotic with his role as a minister – the two were inseparable parts of a whole. As a Methodist, he espoused the philosophy of the denomination’s founder, John Wesley, that knowledge and vital piety – learning and holiness – should be combined. The reader who approaches this work from a strictly higher education perspective may be perplexed to find the narrative seemingly wandering off into the business and polity of the church, the two are so interwoven in the lives and minds of Dickey and his colleagues. For them, education of the heart and the mind became a seamless enterprise under the Methodist system of higher education. The college was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the church, producing graduating classes of young men who were bound for the ministry themselves in large proportions, or otherwise to be leaders in church and society. Dickey was a son of the South, born just months before General William Tecumseh Sherman’s March to the Sea swept through his Georgia hometown. Maturing to adulthood during the terrible backwash of the Civil War, he came to revere southern heroes such as Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis. Yet, as it did to many of his southern counterparts in higher education, this regional pride ultimately led him to become a champion of the New South as described by Atticus G. Haygood and Henry W. Grady. Scion of the artistocratic Few family, among whose members stood a signer of the United States Constitution, Revolutionary War officers, Georgia legislators and owners of large 2 plantations, Dickey possessed an innate sense of leadership and an aristocratic air. Yet in his early life he bore financial hardships brought about by the premature death of his father, and as Emory president he – like many counterparts – struggled for years with balancing institutional revenues against expenditures in hand-to-mouth fashion. Living in the South of his day meant dealing with the harshness of racial separation – a hard, brutal atmosphere that is difficult to comprehend from the context of today. In his time, lynchings, degradation and suppression of African-Americans across the South permeated day- to-day life. Key issues in Dickey’s career – the removal of a faculty member for penning a nationally-published essay on lynching, and arguments over accommodating Black members in the reunification of the southern and northern branches of the Methodist church – were founded in these racial attitudes of the period. Dickey and his counterparts stood astride a time of major evolution in many of their institutions. The Emory College at which he arrived as a student in 1887 was a typically small, conservative church-affiliated college that had been wedded for decades to the classical curriculum of Greek and Latin. At the time of his death following long service as president and on the board of trustees, it had evolved into Emory University and stood well on its way to becoming the national research institution it is today. The means of this transition is marked at times by the brilliant foresight of the New South leadership circle in which Dickey stood, at others by fortuitous happenstance – such as the loss of Vanderbilt University by the Methodist church, an apparent calamity at the outset that resulted in the founding of both Emory and Southern Methodist universities. At yet other times, as happens in all our lives, matters advanced as the result of making day-to-day decisions through “satisficing” (as coined by Herman Simon) to the best solution available to meet the needs of the moment. 3 Key to an understanding of Dickey’s motivation is an appreciation of his profound sense of duty growing out of his religious devotion to the teachings of Jesus Christ, expressed through the organization of the Methodist church. The influence of and Dickey’s devotion to his mentor, Emory president and later Methodist bishop Warren A. Candler, can hardly be overestimated.
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