T1 EARLY GEORGIA irst published in 1944, this is a detailed survey of twenty-four o distinguished periodicals published in antebellum Georgia. Flanders shows that literary activity was generally confined to middle Georgia F CO MAGAZINES and often concentrated on themes of religion and morality, early American life, and European adventures. An extensive bibliography and three appendices give a comprehensive list of magazines published during the time, including dates, places of publication, and names of editors and publishers. More than nine hundred footnotes further elaborate on the analysis of backgrounds, local historical events, and information on contributors. "Indeed, it would be difficult to conjure up a query on Georgia's literary magazines that is not answered in Flanders's excellent study. Early Georgia Magazines is a job well done. For his accomplishment, Flanders deserves the admiration of all students of the Old South." South Atlantic Bulletin "Packed with details, lists of representative contents and distributors, and careful details of publication . the work is definitive in its field." American Literature "Has successfully captured much of the richness of human existence . [Flanders's] book becomes in part the story of Georgia life, with now a bit of humor and now pathos as one sees the thorny path trod by the early editors and contributors." Social Forces Bertram Holland Flanders (1892-1979) is also the author of A New Frontier in Education: The Story of the Atlanta Division, University of Georgia. The University of Georgia Press Athens, Georgia 30602 www.ugapress.org O ISBN-13: 978-0-8203-3536-0 w ISBN-10: 0-8203-3536-3 90000 O ^ BERTRAM HOLLAND FLANDERS O EARLY GEORGIA MAGAZINES EARLY GEORGIA MAGAZINES Literary Periodicals to 1865 by BERTRAM HOLLAND FLANDERS 1944 THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA PRESS ATHENS Paperback edition, 2010 © 1944 by the University of Georgia Press Athens, Georgia 30602 www.ugapress.org All rights reserved Printed digitally in the United States of America The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition of this book as follows: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LCCN Permalink: http://lccn.loc.gov/44042497 Flanders, Bertram Holland, 1892- Early Georgia magazines; literary periodicals to 1865, by Bertram Holland Flanders, xiv, 289 p. illus. (map) 22 cm. Bibliography: p. [233]-248. Bibliographical references included in "Notes" (p. 251-274) 1. American periodicals—Georgia. I. Title. PN4897.G6 F55 051 44-42497 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-8203-3536-0 ISBN-10: 0-8203-3536-3 TO MY WIFE LILLIAN STUCKEY FLANDERS Preface MY PURPOSE in this work is to show the extent to which literary periodicals were published in Georgia before 1865, to point out the types of literature included therein, and to indicate the editors and contributors involved. It is also my purpose to show the centers of literary activity in the state as indicated by the interest in the production of pe­ riodical literature. In this way we may be able to learn what was the contribution of Georgia magazines to literary culture in Georgia. My plan, first of all, is to discuss each literary periodical in detail as far as extant files permit. I have adopted the plan of dividing these publications into chronological periods, which are the result of chance rather than of any particular unity binding the members of a group together. One periodical seems to have been followed by others within the space of a few years, but all sank out of sight after a short existence. Then, after an interval of several years, the process was repeated, always with the same result. Since there appears to be little unity within any given group, no attempt has been made to draw any conclusions relative to the publications appearing in any period. Only general conclusions involving the entire list seem valid in the face of so many and so varied efforts to es­ tablish periodical literature in the state. In more than a score of instances, periodicals were published for which no files have been located. Sometimes the prospectus was issued for a mag­ azine which is never referred to thereafter as having appeared. In both instances the periodicals have been included in the introductory section to the group in which each belongs chron­ ologically. In only one important instance does a periodical Preface vii run beyond the assigned limit: the Countryman (Turnwold), in the "Third Period: 1859-65." But since it expired in the early part of 1866, its complete history does no violence to the title of this work. With one exception the history of a Georgia periodical stops, as far as this discussion is concerned, when it is removed from the state, for with the removal passes its sig­ nificance to Georgia cultural history. The Orion, this excep­ tion, survived removal only six months; hence its entire history is covered. In each case, however, the subsequent history of the magazine is sketched as far as it can be ascertained. The non-literary magazines of the state though not treated in this discussion, indicate, too, the interests of Georgians. During the period in question there were begun in the state ten agricultural, fifteen medical, and twenty-four religious magazines, besides others devoted to temperance, education, politics, business and industry, and Masonic interests. The religious periodicals were, in the main, the longest-lived, inas^ much as they had a constituency to support them upon whom the editor could depend, even in financial depressions. Ex­ amples of these are the Baptist Christian Index, begun in Philadelphia in 1821 and removed to Georgia in 1833, and the Methodist Wesleyan Christian Advocate, begun in 1837. Both these periodicals are still in existence. Another long-lived periodical is the current Southern Cultivator, an agricultural journal begun in 1843 and appearing variously in Augusta, Athens, and Atlanta. For readers who are interested in knowing what was being published in these other fields in Georgia, I have added an appendix containing a list of such publications. It has been extremely difficult to locate files of Georgia magazines. In some instances the only ones are in private possession. In some cases they are located in distant or out- of-the-way places, and photostats or microfilms had to be obtained. In finding and gaining access to many files I wish to express my great indebtedness to the late William Kenneth Boyd, of Duke University, who labored untiringly viii Preface to add to the Duke Library what is possibly the most valuable collection of Georgia periodicals before 1865. In some cases he has obtained the only files known to exist. Without his work, as well as his kind advice, great gaps would occur in this history of periodical literature. The identity of the countless number of authors who appended pseudonyms to their contributions to Georgia magazines presents a problem of superhuman proportions. I have succeeded in penetrating the disguises of some writers through diligent study, but most of them still remain a mys­ tery. In a discussion of each Georgia periodical I have in­ cluded a list of pseudonyms and initials (excluding single initials) used by contributors, and in Appendix G have in­ cluded the same pseudonyms as a possible aid to anyone interested in pursuing the subject further. In a discussion of Georgia literary periodicals it is necessary, perhaps, to define the term literary periodical. To include all types of periodicals in the state up to 1865 would make this volume several times as large as it now is, for more than twenty- five important publications in the fields of agriculture, medi­ cine, education, and religion would have to be included. In my use of the word periodical I exclude daily and weekly newspapers, gift books, annuals, official reports, and publica­ tions of societies. A literary periodical is here understood to mean any journal or magazine whose principal interest lies in literature, or which has a special department devoted to lit­ erature, with a special editor in charge. College publications, though referred to, are excluded from this discussion because their productions are academic exercises rather than well- defined attempts to develop periodical literature. In order to avoid the constant repetition of the word periodical, I often use the terms journal, work, and publication as synonyms. In footnotes referring to Georgia periodicals I depart from the usual method of giving the volume number, page or pages, and date in parentheses. Instead I give both volume number and issue number, followed by the date in parentheses. Page Preface ix numbers, if necessary, follow the date, always preceded by p. or pp. For periodicals running only a few months, simply the date of each issue is given. This departure from the usual method of reference is due to the fact that some libraries record files of magazines by the number of both volume and issue, while others record files only by dates. Such a departure facilitates the checking and identification of references. Need­ less to say, the usual method is followed with out-of-the-state periodicals. I wish to express my indebtedness to Prof. Clarence Gohdes, of Duke University, who aided in getting this project under way and who has given much sound advice since that time concerning methods of treating the subject; to Mr. J. P. Breedlove, of the Duke Library, for giving me valuable assist­ ance in procuring the loan of rare material from other li­ braries all over the United States; and to Prof. Ralph Belts Flanders, of New York University, for advice relating to the phase of the subject dealing with Southern history. My deep­ est appreciation goes to Prof. Jay B. Hubell, of Duke Uni­ versity, who has made many valuable suggestions while the work was in progress, and who has in numerous ways assisted in making this an exhaustive treatment of Georgia literary periodicals.