The Traditionally Black Institutions of Higher Education 1860 to 1982
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e radfronafi aBcK Lnstllwtoms o r d~nucanonil AD0 --': ThYj7 Chant A.-I'storic landmarks =dgrowth of the black pop dafion: 1854-1982 Historic landmarks 1854 Lincoln University, Pa., is first black college founded 186 1-18 65 Civil 'War divides the North and South 1862 Morrill Act (Land-Grant College Act) is passed by U.S. Congress 1865-1872 Freedmen's Bureau operates in the former Confederate States 1890 Second Morrill Act provides impetus for establishing black land-grant colleges 1896 U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson legalizes "separate but equal" doctrine 1917-19 19 United States fights in World War I 1929 Stock market crashes; Great Depression begins 1941-1945 United States fights in World War II 1944 U.S. 'Congress passes 6.1. Bill, providing benefits for veterans to attend college 1950 Korean conflict begins 1954 Brown v. Board of Education - U.S. Supreme Court declares that "racially separate schools are inherently unequal" 1956 Civil rights demonstrations begin 1963 Civil rights march on Washington, D.C. 1964 U.S. Congress passes Civil Rights Act 1965 U.S. Congress begins grant programs for needy college students 1970 Adoans suit is filed to desegregate higher education 1972 Congress greatly expands grant programs for needy college students 1973 American combat forces leave Vietnam 1982 Public colleges and universities in most Southern States still involved in desegregation plans or in Adams litigation Population (in millions) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 19640 1980 SOURCES: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The Social an d Economic Statis of the Black Population in the United States: An Historical Viewv 1790 - 1978, p.ll3; data for 1980 obtained from 1980 Census of Population and H ousing; Advance Report PFi-C80-'/-1, p. 4. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office W\ashfington, D.C. 20402 0G c itiona a cr-'k 0 0 #-A 0 1 T-11 0 n3clUtutions ot i ner L ation to U.S. Department of Education William J. Bennett Secretary Off ice of Educational Research and Improvement Chester E. Finn, Jr. Assistant Secretary National Center for Education Statistics Emerson J. Elliott Administrator National Center for Education Statistics "The purpose of the Center shall be to collect and disseminate statistics and other data related to education in the United States and in other nations. The Center shall . collect, collate, and, from time to time, report full and complete statistics on the conditions of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports on specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; . and review and report on education -activities in foreign countries."--Section 406(b) of the General Education Provisions Act, as amended (20 U.S.C. 122le-1). Foreword This report follows a Federal tradition begun in the These data from historical and current Federal early 20th century. Since 1915, the Federal government has government surveys are presented to form a systematic data periodically published comprehensive statistical reports on base on this unique group of colleges and universities. It is the status of the Traditionally Black Institutions of Higher hoped that this report will be useful to the TBI's, to Federal Education, documenting the development of -these agencies in their efforts to carry out the Executive Order on institutions during legal segregation. This report reviews the Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and to others earlier Federal reports, then summarizes Federal data on who are concerned with the future of these institutions. the changes in the Traditionally Black Institutions (TBI's) since 195.4 when legal segregation ended, focusing on the Samuel S. Peng 1970's when major transitions occurred. Finally, the status Acting Assistant Administrator, Division of of the TBI's in the early 1980's is described. Postsecondary and Vocational Education Statistics iul Acknowledgements I am grateful to the many individuals in NCES whose Alan Kirschner United Negro College Fund efforts made this report possible. This report could not have been done without Lucille Hall, who tabulated and checked Joyce Payne National Association of State most of the data presented here. Linda Gilardi and Alice Universities and Land-Grant Kroliczak also assisted in compilation of data and literature Colleges searches. Computer programming support was provided by Sam Barbette and Frank Morgan, and the manuscript was Samuel Meyers National Association for typed by Josie Brown and Rochelle Moore. Editorial Equal Opportunity in Education assistance was provided by Suellen Mauchamer, Gail Usher, and Lance Ferderer. Philip Carr monitored the typesetting The draft chapter on the historical development of the and Mary Margaret Hall proofed copy. Throughout report TBI's was also reviewed by John Fleming, National Afro- preparation, managerial support was provided by Mary American Museum of the Ohio Historical Society, and J. Golladay, Francis Corrigan, Rozlyn Korb, Iris Silverman, Rupert Picott, Association for the Study of Afro-American Marjorie Chandler, and Richard Carlson. Life and History. I also wish to thank the following individuals outside NCES who reviewed the draft manuscript and provided invaluable suggestions: Carol Smith Office for the Liaison for Minorities and Women in Higher Education, U.S. Department of Education Margaret Seagears White House Initiative Office, Lois Moore U.S. Department of Education Ann Hymes Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education iv Contents Page Page World War I and its Aftermath 6 Foreword iii Study of Black Colleges in 1927 6 Enrollment and Degrees 7 iv Acknowledgemients Sources of Revenue 8 Characteristics 9 Vii Faculty Tables Black Colleges in the 1930's 10 Study of Black Colleges in 1942 I1I viii Charts TBI's from World War LI to the Highlights Brown Decision 12 ix Desegregation and the TBI's 14 For Further Reading 15 Executive Summary xi The Institutions xi II. Enrollment and Residence Statistical Overview of the Development I Vii ~Profile of TBI Students of TBI's: 1860 to 1970 xiv in Enrollment 17 Enrollment in TBI's xiv Changes Degree Awards and Curriculum Growth in the 1970's 17 TBI's and the Higher Education of xiv Stabilization or Decline in the 1980's? 19 Changes in Graduate Enrollment 19 Blacks in the South xvii Finance and Federal Funding Enrollment Profile in 1982 20 Employees xviii Size of Student Bodies 21 Facilities xiX Attendance Status 22 Students xix Sex and Racial Composition 22 Region of Origin of Foreign Students 26 I. Statistical Overview of the Residence and Migration of TBI Students 26 Development of the TBI's: Home States of TBI Students 27 1860 to 1970 1110 Degree Awards and Curriculum Early Development of Black Schools in the TBI's Freedmen's Bureau Trends in Degree Awards Since 1954 Denominational Boards 2 29 Awards at the Bachelor's Degree Level 30 Public Education 2 Discipline Divisions and Specialties Northern Philanthropy 3 of Bachelor's Degrees 31 Study of Black Education in 1915 3 33 Elementary and Secondary Education 3 Education Business and Management 33 College-level Education 4 v Engineering, Computer and Information V. Finance and Federal Funding Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics 33 Awards at the Master's Degree Level 34 Changes in Revenues of TBI's from 1971 to 1981 57 Discipline Divisions and Specialties Profile of Revenues in 1981 58 of Master's Degrees 35 Profiles of Expenditures of TBI's in 1981 60 Awards at the Doctoral Level 36 Overview of Federal Funding 60 Discipline Divisions and Specialties Purposes of Federal Funding 62 of Doctor's Degrees 37 Federal Institutional Assistance 63 First-professional Degree Awards 37 Federal Student Financial Assistance 64 Race and Sex of Degree Recipients 37 Trends in Federal Funding 65 Sub-baccalaureate Awards Student Awards and Earnings in 1980-81 65 Type of Program 39 Student Characteristics and Occupational Divisions and Specialties Participation Rates 66 of Sub-baccalaureate Awards in J982 40 VI. Employees and Facilities IV. TI's and The Higher Education Profile of TBI Employees of Blacks in the South Administrators 69 Faculty 69 Desegregation in Elementary and Physical Facilities and Libraries 72 Secondary Schools 41 Buildings 73 Black Enrollment in Higher Education 43 Equipment 73 Demographic Changes Among Black Youth 43 Libraries 73 Students in TBI's Distribution of Black Dormitories 73 and Non-TBI's 44 Other Auxilliary Enterprises 74 Undergraduate Enrollment 44 Graduate Enrollment 46 Appendix 1 First-professional Enrollment 47 Overview of Enrollment Trends 48 A. Definitions of Selected Terms 76 Enrollment Patterns of Black Students B. Sources of Data 82 in TBI's and Non-TBI's in 1982 48 C. Background Information 89 Black Degree Recipients 50 Overview of Degree Awards in 1981 51 Appendix 2 Baccalaureate Degrees 51 Profile of Each Traditionally Post-baccalaureate Degrees 52 Black Institution of Higher Education 91 Representation of Blacks in Non-TBI's 53 After Graduation 55 App-endix 3 Detailed Data on Degrees Awarded by Traditionally Black Institutions 105 vi Tables Page 1.1 - Enrollment in black schools offering secondary-level courses, by control/type: 1915 .. .......... 4 1.2 - Enrollment in black schools offering college-level work:, 1915 .................... 1.3 - Black schools and number of college-level students enrolled, by control/type: 1915 ............. 1.4 - Enrollment and degrees in black colleges, by control/type: 1927 .. ................. 7 1.5 - Sources of revenue, by control of TBI's: 1927........................ 8 1.6 - Enrollment and degrees in black colleges, by control/type: 1936................... 10 1.7 - Veteran enrollment in TBI's and other institutions in the TBI States: 1945 to 1952 ............ 13 1.8 - Enrollment, degrees, and faculty in the black institutions of higher education, by level and control: Academic year 1953-54...............................