October 15 Global Handwashing Day Planner’s Guide July 2016, 5th edition
This guide was prepared by FHI 360 for the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW). The PPPHW’s Steering Committee Members are: Colgate-Palmolive; FHI 360; the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Procter & Gamble; UNICEF; Unilever; USAID; the University at Buffalo; the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) at the World Bank; and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC).
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in this planner’s guide are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the member organizations of the PPPHW. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the authors to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the member organizations of the PPPHW do not guarantee the accuracy of the data in this document and accept no responsibility for any consequences of their use.
Any material in this guide may be used freely with attribution.
Graphic Design: Design Lab 360 Table of Contents SECTION ONE: Introduction Clean Hands Save Lives October 15 is Global Handwashing Day, a global advocacy day dedicated to increasing awareness and understanding about the importance of handwashing with soap as an effective and affordable way to prevent diseases.
Global Handwashing Day is an opportunity to design, test, and replicate creative ways to encourage people to wash their hands with soap at critical times. Since the first Global Handwashing Day in 2008, when over 120 million children around the world washed their hands with soap in more than 70 countries, community and national leaders have used Global Handwashing Day to spread the word about handwashing, built sinks and tippy taps, and have demonstrated the simplicity and value of clean hands. 6 Why handwashing is important About this Planner’s Guide
Every year, 1.7 million children do not live to celebrate This Planner’s Guide is a resource to help individuals, their fifth birthday because of diarrhea and pneumonia.1 groups, and organizations around the world plan their Handwashing with soap is among the most effective Global Handwashing Day activities. In this guide you will and inexpensive ways to prevent diarrheal diseases and find practical tips, tools, facts, and ideas to implement a pneumonia. This simple behavior can save lives, cutting successful Global Handwashing Day celebration. This guide deaths from diarrhea by almost one-half and deaths from also includes suggestions for promoting handwashing acute respiratory infections by nearly one-quarter.2 every day of the year—beyond October 15.
Handwashing with soap is included in the new Sustainable Development Goals Target 6.2 for sanitation and hygiene. It also is important for meeting targets around child survival, nutrition, gender, equity, and education.
About Global Handwashing Day
The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing initiated the first Global Handwashing Day on October 15, 2008, mobilizing 120 million children in 73 countries across five continents to wash their hands with soap. Today it is endorsed and commemorated by a wide array Want to use our logo for a Global of governments, international institutions, civil society Handwashing Day Initiative? organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private companies, and individuals around the globe.
7 Anupam Subhadarshan, Programme Officer – Odisha, Catalysts for Social Action
SECTION TWO: Inform 5 Facts about Handwashing Handwashing with soap is a “do-it-yourself 1 vaccine” that, when practiced properly and regularly, prevents infections and saves lives
Human feces (poo) is the main source of the germs that cause diarrhea, including shigellosis, typhoid, and cholera, all other common endemic gastro-enteric infections, and some respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia.
A single gram of human feces can contain 10 million viruses and one million bacteria. These pathogens originate in human feces and are passed from an infected person to a new one through skin contact, food, and other routes. Handwashing with soap after contact with fecal material—from using the 1 GRAM OF HUMAN toilet or cleaning a child—prevents the transmission of the FECES CAN CONTAIN bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that cause diarrheal diseases. 10 million viruses & 1 million bacteria.
Because handwashing can prevent the transmission of a variety of pathogens, it may be more effective than any single vaccine. Studies have found that children living in households who do not have these.3 Promoted on a wide enough scale, where there is active handwashing promotion and available handwashing with soap can be thought of as a “do-it-yourself soap have half the rates of diarrhea compared to children vaccine” because it is easy, effective, and affordable.
9 Reduction in deaths Diarrheal Disease due to diarrhea4 [%] per intervention type A review of more than 30 studies found that handwashing with soap cuts the incidence of diarrhea by nearly half.4 Handwashing with soap Diarrheal diseases are often described as water-related 44 but more accurately should be known as excreta-related, Point-of-use water treatment as the germs come from fecal matter. These germs make 39 people ill when they enter the mouth via hands that have Sanitation been in contact with feces, contaminated drinking water, 32 unwashed raw food, unwashed utensils, or smears on clothes. Handwashing with soap breaks the cycle. The figure Hygiene education 28 on the right shows the effectiveness of handwashing with soap for reducing deaths due to diarrhea in comparison Water supply 25 to other interventions. Source water 11 treatment Acute respiratory infection 01020304050
Acute respiratory infections like pneumonia are the leading cause of death in children under the age of five. Evidence Intestinal worm and skin suggests that better handwashing practices—washing hands and eye infection with soap after defecation and before eating—could cut the infection rate by 25 percent.2 The full effect might turn Though not as extensive and robust as the evidence out to be even bigger; a recent study in Pakistan found that for diarrheal disease and respiratory infections, studies have handwashing with soap reduced the number of pneumonia- shown that handwashing with soap reduces the incidence related infections in children under the age of five by more of skin diseases, eye infections like trachoma, and intestinal than 50 percent.3 worms, especially ascariasis and trichuriasis.
10 Handwashing is a very cost-effective 2 disease prevention solution
Handwashing promotion is extremely cost-effective when compared with other frequently funded health Interventions interventions. against diarrheal disease A $3.35 investment in handwashing promotion brings [US $ per DALY]5 the same health benefits as an $11 investment in latrine Hygiene promotion construction, a $200 investment in household water supply, 3.35 (including handwashing) and an investment of thousands of dollars in immunizations. Investments in the promotion of handwashing with soap can Latrine promotion 11.15 also maximize the health benefits of investments in water Water sector regulation and advocacy 47 supply and sanitation infrastructure and reduce health risks Hand pump or stand post 94 when families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply services. House connection water supply 223
Latrine construction and promotion < 270 Often cost is not the main barrier to handwashing practice; almost all households in the world already have soap—though Breastfeeding promotion programs 527 to 2,001 it is commonly used for laundry, dishwashing, or bathing. Oral rehydration therapy 132 to 2,570
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are used to measure the Measles immunization 257 to 4,565 burden of disease and the effectiveness of health interventions by Rotavirus immunizations 1,402 to 8,357 combining information on years of life lost and years lived with a disability. So, when we compare the interventions against diarrheal Cholera immunization 1,658 to 8,274 disease, we are comparing the cost per one DALY averted.
11 3 Everyone can prevent disease and improve health with handwashing
Everyone can improve their own health by washing An entire classroom, office, or community with clean hands hands with soap, especially after using the toilet and effectively stops disease in its tracks. before touching food. Everyone, from young to old, can wash their hands and One person’s clean hands prevent disease transmission to develop the habit of washing at critical moments, such as others. A whole family’s clean hands can significantly improve after going to the toilet and before handling food or eating. the family’s health and reduce incidence of common illnesses.
Handwashing and the Sustainable Development Goals
The United Nations agreed to the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. These 17 goals represent political priorities for UN member states over the next 15 years. Goal 6 addresses water, sanitation, and hygiene. Target 6.2 calls upon countries to “achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.” To achieve this target, countries will need to measure the percent of the population with access to safely managed sanitation services including a handwashing station with soap and water. Global Handwashing Day is a good opportunity to remind countries of this target!
12 How do people without access to running water wash their hands?
Tippy Taps are made using cans or plastic bottles that release a small amount of water—just enough for a clean hand wash—each time they are tipped. Bangladesh
Big Idea in Handwashing Prompting Change, One Nudge at a Time
Nudges are cues in settings that prompt behavior change. In Bangladesh, Dr. Robert Dreibelbis and colleagues found in a proof of concept study that nudges led to higher rates of handwashing The University of Oklahoma amongst school-aged children. These nudges included painting arrows leading from the latrines to the handwashing station and painting the handwashing station with yellow handprints.
To learn more about nudges, and this study, look at Dr. Dreibelbis’ presentation from the 2016 Handwashing Think Tank.5 4 Water alone is not enough
Washing hands with water alone, a common practice around the world, is significantly less effective than washing hands with soap. Proper handwashing requires soap and only a small amount of water.
Washing your hands in water won’t always dislodge grease and dirt, and when the grease and dirt stays on your hands, so do the germs. Soap breaks down germ- carrying grease and dirt and facilitates rubbing and friction. With proper use, all soaps are equally effective at rinsing away the germs that cause disease.
How does soap work?
Germ-carrying grease and dirt get stuck to your hands, even when you can’t see them. Soap breaks down grease and dirt so it can be dislodged by the rubbing and friction when you wash your hands, and then rinsed away—along with all the germs. Using soap adds to the time spent washing and removes unpleasant odors.
15 Key Topic in Handwashing Handwashing for All, Everywhere
Over 1 billion people worldwide are living with disabilities. People with disabilities in developing countries oftentimes experience physical barriers in accessing water, sanitation, and hygiene services. This can put them at an increased risk for health-related impacts and cause stigmatization, marginalization, and lower self-esteem. Too frequently, the needs of individuals with disabilities and the elderly are overlooked during the design and implementation of sanitation and hygiene programs. To ensure that WASH services are accessible for all, it is important to consider the needs of these populations. Projects should listen to all stakeholders to identify their needs, wants, and potential barriers to using sanitation and hygiene facilities. Incorporating their perspective will also help increase ownership. Conducting a needs assessment can also help determine why existing WaterAid Australia infrastructure might be unused by a specific group.6,7
Consider adopting a “small doable action” approach. Small doable actions are feasible and effective improvements to infrastructure and programming that help projects move closer to the ideal. For instance, small doable actions for providing accessible handwashing stations include installing ramps, support poles, and clearing paths of rocks and holes.
Read more about inclusive WASH and a guide for making sustainable sanitation inclusive for persons living with disabilities. 5 Critical moments for handwashing are after using the toilet or cleaning a child and before handling food
Hands are the principal carriers of disease-causing germs.
Hands should be washed with soap after using the toilet, after cleaning a child’s bottom (or any other contact with human excreta, including that of babies and children), and before any contact with food, such as before eating or before preparing food. Children and adults should also wash their hands after playing or working outside, touching animals and their dwellings.
Sustainability For handwashing to have an impact it has to be practiced regularly and properly. Sustainability is a big challenge in handwashing because it means that handwashing stations must be functional, include soap, and be used habitually. A major theme at the 2016 Handwashing Think Tank was sustainable program delivery. Political leadership, creating a social norm around handwashing, and using emotional drivers (such as a desire to nurture) can help lead to sustainability in handwashing behavior. Global Handwashing Day is just one day, but its impact should be felt year-round, so be sure that your promotion of handwashing doesn’t stop after October 15. For additional sustainability tools, please see the resource list in Annex 8 (pg. 68).
17 SECTION THREE: Take Action How to lead Global Handwashing Day activities in your community STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Establish objectives Foster and 1 and identify audience support a global and local culture of handwashing Global Handwashing Day is designed to: with soap 1 y Foster and support a global and local culture y of handwashing with soap
Launched by y Shine a spotlight on the state of handwashing the Global Public- y in each country Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW),
y Raise awareness about the benefits of Global Handwashing y handwashing with soap. 3 Day is designed to: 2
Consider what you want to achieve with Raise awareness Shine a spotlight your event. For example, you might want about the benefits your audience to: of handwashing on the state of with soap. handwashing in each country. y Become hygiene champions and educate others y about handwashing
19 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
y Take action, such as build a handwashing station y
y Change their behavior, such as use soap when A big idea in handwashing: y handwashing. Handwashing Station Design and Behavioral Drivers Establishing an objective for a defined audience group will help you to plan a targeted, successful event and help as you At the 2016 Handwashing Think Tank, Cheryl Hicks assess the impact of your celebration. The objective of your of the Toilet Board Coalition, Richard Wright of activity may coincide with a larger project objective or it may Unilever, and Geoff Revell of WaterSHED Asia be independent. shared lessons learned about the impact of behavioral drivers on handwashing sustainability Some objectives may be: and scale. All speakers mentioned the importance of listening to consumers and users of the sanitation y Educate teachers and students on proper handwashing or hygiene products they produced. By finding out y behavior so they make handwashing at school a habit what consumers like and don’t like about products, designers are able to make modifications to increase y Government officials prioritize hygiene policies use. Products that are aspirational can also drive y purchase and use, as people want to be seen as y Reinforce existing behavior change campaigns through progressive or modern. y Global Handwashing Day activities and messaging.
20 Key Topic in Handwashing Handwashing in Healthcare Facilities
For hundreds of years we have known that dirty hands impact child mortality. But, for healthcare providers to be able to practice good hand hygiene, they must have access to proper facilities with soap and water. Far too often, this isn’t the case.
In 2015, the World Health Organization and UNICEF published a report that studied the availability of water, sanitation, and hygiene in 66,000 healthcare facilities in 54 countries. According to this report, 35% did not have soap and water for handwashing. This represents a serious risk to both patients and healthcare providers. Take action. Ask your government to ensure that handwashing facilities are available— and used—in all healthcare facilities.8 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Collect information and like social norms, disgust, or the desire to nurture their 2 document the current situation children, rather than concern about their health.
Get background on the current hygiene situation Seek information about what proportion of people in in the region or country where you plan to host your target area wash their hands with soap, without soap, your event. This will help you to better target your or not at all. Find out what proportion of children under messaging so that the event can have as big an the age of five get diarrhea and pneumonia. Check whether impact as possible. schoolchildren have access to handwashing stations (with soap and water) at school or at home. If the information People in different places wash their you need isn’t available, do a survey, such as the 100 Schools hands—or don’t wash their hands—for Survey. This will provide evidence that will make the case all sorts of reasons. for the need to promote handwashing.
If you understand these reasons, you can use them to As a reminder, it is important to draw a distinction design effective Global Handwashing Day messaging between handwashing with water alone—which is and activities. Do some research to find out what people commonly practiced—and handwashing with soap, do now, and why, and what benefits of handwashing with which is comparatively infrequent. soap appeal to them. Often people are driven by things
KEY DEFINITION Social Norm: A behavioral rule that individuals within a group follow and expect others to follow. An example of a social norm is issuing a greeting upon meeting someone, not smoking in someone’s home without permission, or not spitting in public.
22 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
3 Develop tailored Collect facts about your country messages and your community such as: Your key messages will emerge from the 9Hard data on mortality (deaths) and morbidity collected information. 9 (cases of illness) from diarrhea and pneumonia For instance, you may find that 60 percent of people wash 9Findings of any handwashing behavior studies their hands with water—and think that doing so is sufficient— 9 that have been done but only 10 percent wash their hands with soap. Thus, your key messages may center around the idea that water alone is 9Findings of any studies of handwashing and not enough, possibly evoking disgust at all the germs that are 9 sanitation facilities in schools found on hands.
9Real-life stories of good practices in your country You may find that in a specific school, parents built 9 handwashing stations and created a soap fund. If so, 9Photographs of good and bad practices one of your messages might be that parents, working 9 in schools and elsewhere together, can keep their children healthy. Positive “we can do it” sorts of messages are more motivating than a recap 9Pre-taped radio interviews and quotes of the death-and-disease statistics when targeting the 9 general public (though these are important to provide 9Charts and other infographics that newspapers can context, background, and support for your messages). 9 drop into their stories on Global Handwashing Day. Alternatively, using hard data on mortality and morbidity may be most appropriate if the audience is the Minister of Health or another government official. 23 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Mobilize stakeholders 4 (including public and private sector partners)
As a Global Handwashing Day planner, you can partner with government, private companies, and community organizations to spread the word about handwashing.
When multiple organizations work together they are each able to contribute their strengths and expertise toward a common goal. For example, partnerships among national and local governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and soap manufacturers can be extremely effective in promoting handwashing with soap. They combine the health objectives of the public sector, the marketing expertise of the private sector, and often the community knowledge of NGOs to create a more far-reaching and beneficial impact than any of the three could achieve on its own.
Plan International
24 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Plan events Here are examples of different event objectives 5 and activities and corresponding activities. Your own event may have one or more of these objectives, or an entirely Your Global Handwashing Day celebration will different objective! likely include: y One event objective could be to get school children to wash y y Messages about handwashing, such as speeches, their hands before they eat meals. While this audience will y posters, or core take-aways need to know why handwashing is important, frequently handwashing behavior is more influenced by emotional y Activities to engage the audience in promoting drivers. With children, for example, using the emotional y handwashing and reinforce the messages. driver of disgust may help them make handwashing a habit. Activities should emphasize that handwashing is fun.
y If your objective is to make your audience into y handwashing champions, you will need to both educate them about handwashing and provide motivation for them to educate others about handwashing. The first step would be to conduct educational activities that focus on increasing knowledge of why handwashing with soap is important. You will need to convince the audience that handwashing is important enough for them to take action and inform them that they have the resources or knowledge GHEI necessary to take the first step.
25 STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
y If you hope to encourage the government to take It is likely that no matter your audience or objective, your y action on handwashing policy, you may want to conduct event will include aspects of social and behavior change hygiene advocacy as part of your celebration. Advocacy communication. Behavior change is generally thought of as a focuses on spreading a message as widely as possible longer-term objective that builds on advocacy and education and on making that message appealing and memorable efforts. Behavior change initiatives are based on research into with a specific “ask” or desired outcome. It includes the drivers of certain behaviors. Dive into behavior change in activities geared toward influencing public policy and the Promote Handwashing: Projects part of our website. resource allocation for handwashing with soap in schools, in public institutions, and in the health system. Advocacy includes a range of tactics such as influencing and lobbying key decision-makers, and organizing demonstrations, media campaigns, and celebrity events. For more advocacy tools, visit the advocacy portion of our website.
The activities that you include in your event should reinforce the communications messages and should work toward A 2014 systemic review achieving your event objective. For examples of activities found that handwashing with soap was practiced that have been conducted in past Global Handwashing Day only 19 percent of the celebrations, please see Annex 2. time globally.6
Unaware Being Being motivated Attempting a KEY DEFINITION of proper Being aware knowledgeable and ready to new behavior and handwashing and concerned Social and behavior change and able to act change sustaining it behavior 26 Make Handwashing a Habit: It Improves Nutrition
Poor access to WASH increases the risk of severe infectious diseases that can contribute to undernutrition. Each year, undernutrition is the underlying cause of 45 percent of child deaths. But, the effects of undernutrition are even further reaching, as it causes stunting in 165 million children under the age of five and impacts cognitive and physical development.10, 11
WASH can have a big impact on preventing the underlying causes of undernutrition, such as diarrhea. Integrating WASH and nutrition allows projects to tackle undernutrition in a more comprehensive way. Doing so can be both efficient and effective.
Given the potential impact of integration, the Clean, Fed & Nurtured community of practice brings the WASH, nutrition, and early childhood development sectors together to address key questions of how integration can best be done.
Join this community of practice here or find key WASH and © 2013 SPRING Project, Courtesy of Photoshare nutrition resources on the PPPHW website. A little girl in Keonjhar, Odisha State, India plays with a bucket of water and learns to wash her hands as her mother is taught critical handwashing information to keep her family healthy. STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Spread 6 the word
Successfully spreading the word about your Global Handwashing Day event will help raise the profile of handwashing and highlight your organization’s work to improve hygiene.
There are many channels that can be used to share information about your event and the state of hygiene in your region.
You may want to consider engaging journalists, opinion leaders, and social media audiences. With each of these channels consider what your “ask” is: Do you want them to write about your event? To encourage participation? Or something else entirely? The sample press release found in Annex 5 (pg. 57) can help guide your press outreach efforts.
Community opinion leaders can help to publicize your event and use their position of influence to encourage participation.
Engaging with people on social media or blogs can emphasize Rufus C. E. Eshuchi PhD. Communication for Development Specialist the larger issue of poor hygiene. For ideas on sample social WASH Section, UNICEF Zambia Country Office media messages, see this year’s Global Handwashing Day 28 Social Media Toolkit found in Annex 6 (pg. 59). STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to planning Global Handwashing Day activities
Monitor progress 7 and assess impact y For each activity, review the indicators to assess their y Global Handwashing Day is an opportunity impact and the methods to be used to design, test, and replicate creative ways to encourage people to wash their hands with y Group similar monitoring and evaluation (M&E) y soap at critical times. processes together
We can all be more successful if we assess the effectiveness y Identify the M&E researchers and plan for training y of activities through monitoring and evaluation and share and supervising what we learned with others. y Plan M&E steps and processes y Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) will help you understand the impact of your activities and know what is working and y Prepare a detailed budget for M&E y what can be adjusted for future campaigns. y Develop a specific plan and facilities for child-led M&E y For more details on how to monitor and assess the impact of your activities, see the booklet More Than a y Prepare for an analysis of the M&E data y Day: Assessing the impact of Global Handwashing Day activities available on the Global Handwashing Day website y Decide on how you want to present the M&E data results y (www.globalhandwashingday.org). It will help you set realistic goals and devise appropriate indicators and y Email findings to the PPPHW at y methods for monitoring and evaluating these activities. [email protected]
29 Big Idea in Handwashing The Science of Habit
Initiating handwashing behavior is a core component of hygiene promotion programs. But, unlike many other health interventions, handwashing is not a one-off activity. Handwashing with soap needs to be practiced consistently to be effective. All too often, handwashing behavior change is temporary, and relapse occurs. Achieving sustained handwashing behavior change is one of the great challenges that face the sector.
RDRS Bangladesh Habits are actions that are repeated regularly in the same setting with little or no conscious thought, such as routines. Habits make up about half of human behavior on a daily basis, but they aren’t formed automatically. While many WASH interventions target poor or inefficient handwashing behavior through sharing knowledge, appealing to norms, and evoking disgust, these interventions tend to result in changing beliefs about handwashing without altering behavior over the long- term. In the Science of Habit, author Dr. David Neal states that habits can be formed by disrupting behaviors, creating supportive environments for handwashing, providing visual cues or nudges, and more.12
Watch a webinar on Handwashing and the Science of Habit to learn how you can change habits through effective handwashing with soap interventions. SECTION FOUR: FAQs Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions
About Global Handwashing Day
What is this year’s theme? Where can I get advice or suggestions of things I can do for Global Handwashing Day? The theme for Global Handwashing Day is “Make handwashing a habit!” This Planner’s Guide is the main source of information and tools for planning a Global Handwashing Day celebration. For handwashing to be effective it must be practiced The PPPHW’s Global Handwashing Day website also provides consistently at key times, such as after using the toilet or many resources, such as posters. Celebration ideas for various before contact with food. While habits must be developed audiences can be found in Annex 1 on page 38. Activity over time, this theme emphasizes the importance of suggestions are available in this guide in Annex 2 on page 47. handwashing as a ritual behavior for long-term sustainability. Habit formation is currently a hot topic in behavior change What are examples of successful Global Handwashing and the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector. This theme taps Day activities others have done? into that interest and is also a gateway to discussing what the sector knows about how habits are formed. Global Handwashing Day activities from last year may be found on the interactive Global Handwashing Day map This theme can also be modified for specific contexts to at www.globalhandwashingday.org. Other activity examples highlight the impact of handwashing on key areas, such as a are available in this Planner’s Guide in the activity list nutrition or education. For instance, an organization could say (found on page 47). “Make handwashing a habit because it prevents diarrhea!” or “Make handwashing a habit because it impacts nutrition!”
32 Frequently Asked Questions
events are occurring in what regions. After your event, please also upload pictures and a report.
How can I find others near me who are doing Global Handwashing Day activities?
One way to find Global Handwashing Day activities near you is to reach out to similar organizations. This can provide an opportunity to collaborate with like-minded organizations. You can contact the PPPHW at [email protected] to see if we know of others in your area celebrating.
How can I fund the activities I want to do for Global Handwashing Day?
Can I register or promote the Global Handwashing While the PPPHW is unable to provide funding for specific Day activities I am organizing? Global Handwashing Day events due to overwhelming global demand, there are many ways to secure funding for Global Yes! Please let the PPPHW know what activities you are Handwashing Day activities or materials. Collaborating with planning ahead of time by uploading your event to our website, other organizations is one way to reduce the cost of events. http://bit.ly/ghdupload. Doing so will help us to know what
33 Frequently Asked Questions
About Handwashing basin of water or “tippy tap”—cans or plastic bottles that release just enough water for a clean hand wash each What are the statistics about the benefits of time they are tipped—is sufficient. Cover wet hands with handwashing, especially handwashing with soap? soap; scrub all surfaces, including palms, back, between the fingers, and especially under fingernails for about 20 seconds; Handwashing with soap is more effective than handwashing rinse well with running water rather than still water, and with water or rinsing alone. There is a so-called “hygiene dry on a clean cloth or by waving in the air. An easy way to ladder,” where handwashing with water is preferable to not gauge 20 seconds is to find a familiar song, such as “Happy handwashing at all. However, handwashing with soap is ideal. Birthday”, that takes about that long to sing. One study that supports this was conducted by Dr. Stephen Luby and colleagues in Bangladesh.13 Full information about the benefits of handwashing with soap is available on our website, www.globalhandwashing.org.
When should I wash my hands?
The two primary times to wash hands are after contact with feces or using the toilet and before contact with food (preparing food, eating, feeding a child, etc).
What is the correct way to wash hands?
Proper handwashing requires soap and only a small amount of water. Running water from a tap is not necessary; a small
34 Frequently Asked Questions
Handwashing Hardware Do I need clean water for handwashing?
What should I do if I don’t have handwashing Water for handwashing does not have to be as clean as facilities? What equipment do I need to set up drinking water, but it should not be contaminated with fecal a handwashing station? bacteria. Water that has been used for other purposes can be reused for handwashing. Handwashing stations can vary in sophistication and design depending on the context, but they should have Handwashing Behavior water and soap. In schools, for example, construction of a group handwashing station can ensure that many students If people know they should wash their hands, won’t are able to wash their hands at the same time prior to eating they automatically do so? their midday meal. If running water is available, set up at least one sink with a place to store the soap. If no running Handwashing should be a habit, but habits aren’t formed water is available, consider a tippy tap or other simple overnight. People need a motivation to change behavior, and mechanism. For more information on tippy taps visit knowledge is only one component that may nudge someone www.globalhandwashing.org. toward a new behavior. For this reason, it is important to learn from other sectors about what methods work to promote sustainable behavior change. We know from the private sector that emotional drivers, such as nurture or disgust, are powerful motivators. The SuperAmma campaign, for instance, Where should I set up handwashing stations? found that emotional drivers were able to substantially increase handwashing with soap. Watch a webinar on Handwashing stations should be located so they are Handwashing and the Science of Habit here. convenient to use at the critical times, such as after using the toilet or before handling food. 35 Frequently Asked Questions
One way that the PPPHW works to connect practitioners How can you change people’s handwashing behaviors? with the latest knowledge on behavior change is through our Handwashing Behavior Change Think Tanks and through Practitioners in the WASH sector and soap manufacturers are the promote page of our website. learning about what works—and what doesn’t—in changing private, personal behavior and habits. What doesn’t work is How can I ensure people wash their hands habitually? top-down, technology-led solutions or campaigns that hinge on health education messages. What is more effective is using Sustaining handwashing is very important. Unlike other approaches that build on the lessons of social marketing. health interventions, such as vaccines, handwashing must be practiced consistently to work. It needs to become a habit that This approach emphasizes the role of research (a study of the people automatically perform at critical times. This requires interests, attributes, needs, opportunities, and motivations first that people have the supplies necessary to wash their of different people within a community). It is also based on hands (soap and water) and they are reminded or persuaded the recognition that one size does not fit all and on evidence to do so on a regular basis before it becomes a habit. Given showing that promoting a single message is more effective the importance of habit formation to handwashing promotion, than promoting multiple messages. These programs reach we have dedicated a section of our website to this key topic their target audiences using mass media and interpersonal and co-hosted a webinar with the USAID WASHplus project communication with messages that respond to their needs and on this topic. preferences. In short, best results come from treating people as active customers motivated by a diverse range of preferences and motivations, rather than passive project beneficiaries.
36 SECTION FIVE: Annexes Annexes
ANNEX 1: Ideas for Celebrations pg. 38 ANNEX 6: Social Media Toolkit pg. 59 ANNEX 2: Activity List pg. 47 ANNEX 7: Essential Handwashing Facts pg. 64 ANNEX 3: Event Planning Checklist pg. 49 ANNEX 8: Handwashing Resources pg. 68 ANNEX 4: Assessing the Impact of ANNEX 9: Beyond Global Handwashing Day pg. 73 Global Handwashing Day Activities pg. 51 ANNEX 10: Citations pg. 77 ANNEX 5: Sample Press Release pg. 57 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Activities and key messages for Global Handwashing Day will target specific audiences, such as policy makers, journalists, schoolchildren, or the general public. The following provides some suggestions and global examples of Global Handwashing Day activities that you can tailor to your event objectives and audience.
A. Global Handwashing Day for Political Advocacy
Sample Objective: To urge political decision makers to ensure and measure access to handwashing stations in schools and healthcare centers.
Sample Audience: Political decision makers When government leaders and officials responsible for education, infrastructure, health, finance, social affairs are engaged on the issue of hygiene, they can help to create a system that supports public health messaging and action.
Sample Message: y Handwashing with soap is essential to meeting the new Sustainable Development Goal targets for water and sanitation. The time y to act is now. y Treating diarrhea and pneumonia consumes a large proportion of the health budget; handwashing can cut the rates of diarrheal y disease by nearly half, pneumonia by one-quarter. y Handwashing promotion is cost-effective when compared with other frequently funded health interventions. A US$3.35 y investment in handwashing brings the same health benefits as a US$11 investment in latrine construction, a US$200 investment in household water supply and an investment of thousands of dollars in immunization. y Investments in health, education, and improved water supply are imperiled by the lack of handwashing with soap. y
38 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Tips: Consider linking activities to ongoing WASH campaigns that are already working to raise the commitment of political and social leaders to achieving hygiene and sanitation goals, as defined in Goal 6 of the SDGs.
Your specific handwashing messages can follow the same information and communication channels, using traditional and mass media, hygiene promotion in schools, training and building local capacity in communications, and improving networking and research.
B. Global Handwashing Day for Schools
Sample Objective A: To inform education officials, school leadership, and teachers about the importance of good hygiene for successful students.
Sample Audience: Education officials, school leadership, and teachers
Sample Messages: y Diarrhea is responsible for the loss of hundreds of millions of school days every year; handwashing with soap can y reduce diarrheal disease by nearly half. y The handwashing habits you teach in school will last a lifetime. y y You can easily include handwashing with soap in many lessons. y y Making handwashing stations is a good activity for school children and can influence their families. y
39 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Tips: Ready-made handwashing materials and activities help busy teachers and school administrators spread the word about handwashing.
Event Idea: A half- to one-day handwashing learning event or seminar with case studies, videos discussion, and a field visit highlighting some of the best and worst examples of action/inaction, best practices, etc., with a focus on schools.
Sample Objective B: To reinforce the importance of handwashing in school children.
Sample Audience: School children Children are important agents of change in schools, homes, and communities. An efficient way to reach out to this audience is through information campaigns in primary and secondary schools.
Event Ideas: y A half-day kickoff to either the day itself or the week of activities, with public figures, an overview of Global Handwashing Day, y and planned activities and discussion with local experts, authorities, school children and teachers, and media. y Handwashing song competitions where children make up new lyrics to a favorite song y y Playground game competition, for example, create half a game involving handwashing and ask children to find ways to finish it y y Relay races involving handwashing at handwashing stations y y Posters that illustrate key messages about handwashing y y Essay and poetry contests for older children y y Dress-up parade (children can dress up as germs, soaps, hands, etc.) y
40 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
C. Global Handwashing Day for the Media
Sample Objective: To generate “buzz” around Global Handwashing Day and increase community-wide awareness.
Sample Audience: Journalists Journalists are key to sharing your Global Handwashing Day story and messages widely. Providing ready-made information journalists can use will increase the likelihood that they will write about Global Handwashing Day and include the messages that you think are most important. See our sample press release on page 57.
Sample Messages: y Many people do not realize that handwashing with water alone is not sufficient to make them clean. The information y on handwashing benefits and prevalence is an underreported story. y Handwashing with soap could save approximately 230,000 lives per year. y y Key newsmakers (sports stars, business leaders, top politicians, or first ladies, for example) are getting behind Global y Handwashing Day.
Event Idea: An event specifically geared toward the media to launch Global Handwashing Day could include guest speakers, celebrities, officials, or a field visit to a school with good practices and infrastructure to support them.
Example: In Bhutan, a panel discussion on handwashing was held on national television in commemoration of Global Handwashing Day.
41 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
D. Global Handwashing Day for Religious Leaders
Sample Objective: To motivate religious leaders to promote handwashing with soap among their congregation.
Sample Audience: Religious leaders Religious leaders can be greatly influential and effective partners in a handwashing campaign.
Sample Messages: y Many faiths call for washing and cleanliness before prayer or during other religious rituals. Only hands that y have been washed with soap are truly clean. y The health of your congregants, particularly the children, is imperiled by lack of handwashing with soap. y y Approximately 230,000 lives could be saved each year through handwashing with soap. y Event Ideas: y Work together to build a handwashing station outside the place of worship y y Hold an outreach event with local children y y Host an entertainment event promoting cleanliness, better health through handwashing y y Perform fundraising and advocacy to build handwashing stations in local schools or public places, y and supply them with soap and water
42 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
E. Global Handwashing Day for Healthcare Workers
Many healthcare organizations celebrate ‘Save Lives: Clean Your Hands’ Day on May 5th, but they can maintain the momentum by getting involved in Global Handwashing Day too.
Sample Objective: To remind healthcare workers and patients that handwashing with soap can protect their patients from illness and infection.
Sample Audience: Doctors, nurses, midwives and/or patients, and patients’ families Healthcare workers, such as doctors, nurses, and midwives, should practice handwashing with soap diligently to prevent illness among their patients. As a trusted voice in public health, they may also be asked to encourage their patients to wash their hands.
Sample Messages: y Healthcare associated infections can lead to prolonged hospital stay, long term disability, increased resistance to anti-microbial y medication, increased cost of healthcare, increased patient mortality, and distress for patients and their families. y A recent WHO/UNICEF survey of healthcare facilities in 54 low- and middle-income countries found that 35% did not have y water and soap for handwashing. y Failure of health workers to perform adequate hand hygiene is considered the leading cause of healthcare associated infections. y y Healthcare associated infections can be prevented by handwashing with soap at the five critical moments: y »» Before patient contact »» Before sterile task »» After body fluid exposure risk »» After patient contact »» After contact with patient surroundings.
43 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Event Ideas: y Education about the critical moments for handwashing in healthcare settings, and the pros and cons of handwashing methods y y Some of the May 5th event ideas can be adapted for use on Global Handwashing Day such as: y »» Have healthcare workers place their hands on an agar plate and send to the lab for culture; then present the results back to the healthcare workers, to demonstrate how their hands are contaminated, and educate them on the five critical moments for hand hygiene x Contaminate a healthcare area with “glow powder,” then after a day of work, use ultraviolet light to demonstrate the x contamination on health workers’ hands x Observation of handwashing with a contest between teams for handwashing frequency, with performance feedback x Other Potential Audiences
Community and Women’s Groups Community and women’s groups can be essential allies in seeking to change hygiene practices. These groups can be a good partner for understanding current handwashing behaviors, stigmas, and testing campaigns.
Private Sector Employers can have a significant impact on their employees’ handwashing behaviors. A healthy workplace reduces absences and can help keep healthcare costs down. Posters and other materials can be downloaded here.
Academics Academic audiences may respond best to WHO research findings relevant to handwashing with soap, including water supply and sanitation topics. Professors can help to lead public awareness by writing articles for popular media that support Global Handwashing Day.
44 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Schools can hold competitions to design and construct affordable, useable handwashing stations. There could be separate categories for technical high school students, for engineers and engineering firms, for art and design students, for teachers, etc.
Celebrities and Leaders as Handwashing Champions Sports stars, singers, actors, political leaders, corporate leaders, and academics can all act as ambassadors for handwashing behavior change. An image of a much-admired sports star washing his hands with soap can help to motivate children to handwash.
Example: In India, cricket star Sachin Tendulkar led a handwashing campaign that culminated in millions of children across South Asia simultaneously washing their hands.
Additional Activities
Participation in the WASH Media Awards The WASH Media Awards initiative is a media contest soliciting print, electronic, and broadcast media submissions on water supply, sanitation, and hygiene issues from journalists in developing countries. The initiative aims to encourage broader media coverage of those issues. Locally, such a contest might delve further into issues of importance in your country, as well as engage the public more on the issue of handwashing.
Soap Wrapper Prize Have a local soap company insert winning tickets that can be redeemed for a prize on Global Handwashing Day. Build anticipation toward Global Handwashing Day with handwashing questions and answers on the soap wrappers. Prizes should be geared to hygiene hardware for schools.
45 ANNEX 1. Ideas for Celebrations
Stickers Hand-shaped, water-drop-shaped, or soap-bar-shaped stickers could be provided to school children, who could then place them near toilets and handwashing stations, or places where people congregate, like bus stops, reminding people to wash hands with soap.
Text Messages Using text messages/SMS as a way of conveying health messages can be an effective way to reach wider audiences.
Example: The Government of Nepal/Nepal Telecom sent a SMS message, “wash hands with soap and be healthy” to the mobile users of five rural districts of Nepal, on Global Handwashing Day.
46 ANNEX 2. Activity List
Are you looking for an activity to include in your Global Handwashing Day event? Here is a list of activities that have been done in the past. They are listed in two categories—local and national—but can be adapted for either context.
Local Activities y Demonstrations of good handwashing, using Germ Glo y to show how soap removes germs from hands y Public handwashing pledges y Good handwashing demonstration by health official y y y Host a competition for local children or community leader y »» Drawing y Stamp children’s hands with ink to demonstrate how y »» Drama soap is necessary to remove germs »» Soap wrapper design y Coordinate a school WASH club to train peers in good y »» Poster design handwashing behavior »» Song y Host a handwashing parade with signs and chants y »» Poem about the importance of handwashing with soap »» Handwashing station design or decoration y Put on a puppet show demonstrating what happens y y Schoolyard games and activities when someone doesn’t wash their hands (they get sick) y y Make tippy tap handwashing stations and liquid y Soap distribution y y soap dispensers y Demonstration of how to create soapy water. y
47 ANNEX 2. Activity List
National Activities
y Launch events and celebrity events y y Information events for journalists, health professionals, and policymakers y y Guinness World Record attempts y y Television and radio spots y y Text messaging campaigns y y Handwashing flash mob y y Including handwashing messages in popular media, such as soap operas or radio dramas y y WASH media awards contest for journalists cover water, sanitation, and hygiene stories y y Press conference by government official y y Introduction of new initiative to improve access to handwashing stations y y Government declaration of renewed commitment to water, sanitation, and hygiene y y Develop a special handwashing postage stamp y y Take over a large venue such as a stadium or theme park and decorate with handwashing messages. y
48 ANNEX 3. Event Planning Checklist
This activity checklist can help you plan your Global Handwashing Day event. Plan the event P Establish event objectives and target audience. Determine specific action steps to achieve event objectives.
Collect information and document the current situation x Fact finding about the “how” and “how often” (Do people wash their hands? How often are school children sick? x Is handwashing in public places possible?) x Fact finding about the “why” (What makes people want to wash their hands? Why do people not wash their hands?) xx Stories that demonstrate the facts x Develop tailored messages
Identify and reach out to potential partners
Decide what activities will be included in the event
Plan logistics x Time xx Place (and book venue if needed) xx Secure funding x Identify and invite any special guests
49 ANNEX 3. Activity Checklist for Events
Plan the event (Continued) P Identify and develop materials x Posters xx Handwashing commitment cards xx Stickers xx Soap or themed soap wrappers x Identify someone to document event, such as a photographer
Spread the word
Publicize event
Develop social media messages, if appropriate
Develop press release and contact journalists
Tell the PPPHW what you have planned by uploading your event to our website at bitly.com/ghdupload.
Host the event!
Follow up
Monitor progress by using the booklet “More Than a Day: Assessing the impact of Global Handwashing Day activities”
Develop a plan of next steps to work toward sustainability
Post event on www.globalhandwashingday.org
50 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
Assessing and monitoring the impact of Global Handwashing Day helps you gauge and report on the impact of the day and plan better events in the future.
There are many ways to monitor events, projects, and programs. Documenting the events that took place help shine a spotlight on handwashing, but attempting to measure the impact of your events takes you further, by helping to determine if your objectives of awareness raising for handwashing were met. This section will explore how you can document what happened for Global Handwashing Day and how you can measure impact of those activities. Please be sure to share your findings with the PPPHW. This can be done by uploading your event to our interactive map here or emailing us at [email protected].
Documenting Global Handwashing Day celebrations
Documenting Global Handwashing celebrations can help the PPPHW, media, donors, and others know how you celebrated. This information shows those involved the results of their good work, catalyzes others to act, and helps the PPPHW develop an accurate picture at the global level of how the day was commemorated around the world. Here are a few ways that you can document Global Handwashing Day celebrations in your area.
Visual recordings, such as photographs and video, are powerful ways to document your activities, demonstrate the dynamics of the event, and show how audiences were engaged. Additionally, you can use these photographs or videos as advocacy tools to demonstrate to policymakers, funders, and key decision makers that there is broad support for hygiene. 51 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
To make videos especially impactful, consider incorporating data gathered through interviews or monitoring activities to share the voice and perspective of participants.
Measuring the impact of celebrations and messaging through determining reach and recall
It is important to measure how many people heard messages about handwashing on Global Handwashing Day, but for the day to have any impact on handwashing people must also remember, understand, and put key messages into practice. To understand if this happened, you should measure the impact of your celebration and outreach efforts and evaluate your findings to determine what lessons can be learned. Are there areas of improvement for next year? What worked well? The methods below can help answer these questions. y Media Reach y
»» Traditional media tracking: The PPPHW monitors media coverage of Global Handwashing Day at a global level, but given the number of events that occur around the world it can be very difficult to get the whole picture. Tracking local and national media coverage allows you to gauge if your publicity and communications efforts were effective. You should identify publications or journalists who wrote about Global Handwashing Day as potential contacts to approach for future handwashing related press outreach. »» Social media tracking: Use the insights tool on Facebook or Twitter analytics to measure how many people clicked on, shared, or liked your social media posts. If possible, compare the reach on social media with previous years to see if you increased your reach.
52 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
y Surveys y
»» Recall surveys assess whether your target audience remembers key campaign messages (for example, critical times for handwashing). A recall survey can be conducted a week after the event and repeated six weeks or a few months later to help track message recall over time. Recall surveys are generally presented in the form of simple questionnaires that can be answered by phone, e-mail, or in person. They are simple to develop, short, and do not need many resources to undertake. If you celebrated Global Handwashing Day in tandem with long-term WASH programs it might be interesting to explore if correlations exist between higher rates of recall and higher rates of handwashing. »» E-mail surveys are a quick and effective way to evaluable specific activities. To improve the likelihood of response, keep the survey as short and simple as possible. A benefit of e-mail surveys is that they are inexpensive to implement. One of the challenges of this methodology is that it is not always suitable for measuring children’s recall of event messages and can only be effective in a country where Internet access is widespread among the general population.
y Questionnaires and dialogues y
»» Interviews can help clarify the current knowledge people have about handwashing with soap. You should be aware that people tend to report washing their hands more frequently than they actually do wash them. To achieve more meaningful information, your interview questions should focus on people’s knowledge about handwashing and whether there is availability of handwashing resources, such as functional handwashing stations with soap and water in schools. Interviews are a good way to engage children in the monitoring process. Schoolchildren aged 11 and older, for example, can develop questionnaires, test their questionnaires on their peers, and conduct interviews with family and community members. This can both help spread the word about hygiene and engage children in the behavior change process. »» Group discussions are structured conversations led by a facilitator. They should include non-leading questions, ensure that various groups (such as minorities or the vulnerable) are represented, and allow all participants equal opportunity to voice their thoughts. One way discussions can be useful is to gauge social norms. For example, what perceptions exist around people who perform or don’t perform certain behaviors, such as handwashing after using the toilet. 53 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
Chart of activities and corresponding documentation and assessment tools
This table outlines a range of typical Global Handwashing Day activities with proposed assessment methods and indicators. These activities aren’t exhaustive, nor are the methods. Feel free to modify this table to suit your own needs and celebration elements.
Activity Data to be collected Indicators Data collection method
Media event x The extent to which Global x Number of newspapers/radios/ x Media tracking x Handwashing Day activities have x television stations covering the day xx Recall survey been covered in the media and are x Number/percentage of people x remembered by readers or viewers x who can remember the media coverage and its key message(s)
Television/radio public x Frequency of broadcasting x Number of times television or x Media tracking service announcements xx Messages that are remembered by x radio spots are broadcast xx Recall survey x viewers or listeners x Number/percentage of people x x who recall the messages broadcast
Launch events/celebrity x The number and type of participants x Number of participants at the x Recording of events xx Any public commitments made x event x participation/video x x Funding commitments xx Declarations signed x Telephone text x Reach of text messaging campaign x Number of text messages sent out x Recall surveys messaging at key times x x to subscribers xx Mapping of subscribers to x view geographic distribution of the campaign
54 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
Activity Data to be collected Indicators Data collection method
Guinness Book of x The number of children participating x Number of children washing their x Recording of Records attempt at x as well as attendance x hands with soap at one time x participation/video having the most number of children wash their hands with soap at one time
Creative competitions, x The number of children or schools x Number of entries in the x Recording of participation including songs/artwork/ x participating x competition x photos on the theme of handwashing with soap
Handwashing learning x Overall dissemination and x Number of people who x E-mail survey/monitoring events (for teachers, x understanding of the importance of x participated x assessments/interviews health officials, handwashing with soap x Number/percentage of people x Group discussions/role-plays community leaders x Whether children are able to x who can recall messages x and others); School x Video/interview x demonstrate knowledge of the x Number/percentage of children x ‘edutainment’ activities message around handwashing x who can recall the activities with soap (sing the song, describe the artwork, etc.)
School curriculum x Children demonstrate accurate x Number/percentage of children x Group discussions/role- development integrating x knowledge of the message x who can correctly recall key x plays/interview the handwashing with moments for handwashing with soap message soap
55 ANNEX 4. Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities
Activity Data to be collected Indicators Data collection method
Brochures/pamphlets/ x Brochures, pamphlets and x Percentage of respondents who x Survey information notes and x information notes have been read x can recall receiving/reading the x other written materials and messages are remembered by documents the people who received them x Percentage of respondents who x can remember at least one key piece of information
Video x People remember having seen the x Percentage of respondents who x Survey x video and can describe the content x can recall seeing the video x x Percentage of respondents who x can mention one lesson they took away from the video
PowerPoint presentation x People who were present during the x Percentage of respondents x Survey x presentation remember having seen x who can recall the PowerPoint x it and can describe what it was about presentation x Percentage of respondents who x remember at least one of the messages on the PowerPoint
Billboard poster x People remember seeing the poster, x Percentage of respondents who x Survey x can describe it and correctly recall x can recall seeing the poster x the main messages x Percentage of respondents who x can remember at least one of the messages on the poster
School handwashing x Children can describe the materials, x Percentage of children who can x Group discussion with soap materials x how they were used and what the x mention at least two key times for x main messages were handwashing with soap 56 ANNEX 5. Sample Press Release
The text below can be copied and modified to help you draft a press release to publicize your event with local media.
On October 15, [INSERT ORGANIZATION NAMES] will join hundreds of millions of people around the world to celebrate Global Handwashing Day. Handwashing with soap is a simple, effective behavior that can save lives. Yet, despite its benefits, far too often it isn’t practiced. Global Handwashing Day seeks to change this by raising awareness about this important habit.
Handwashing is essential for strong healthcare systems. In a survey of healthcare facilities in 54 countries, the World Health Organization and UNICEF recently found that 35% did not have soap and water for handwashing. This represents a serious risk to both patients and healthcare providers. Handwashing matters for child survival, as 1.7 million children die each year as a result of diarrhea and pneumonia—two illnesses that are entirely preventable. Good hygiene is necessary for good nutrition, particularly for children in the first 1,000 days of life. And, handwashing stations in schools can both help reduce absenteeism and enable girls to managing their menstrual cycles safely and with dignity.
[If appropriate, insert facts about your country here.]
Yet, despite the myriad of benefits associated with handwashing, it far too often isn’t practiced. Facilities aren’t available, they aren’t maintained, or they are used not on a regular basis.
Handwashing with soap is not only affordable and simple, but it is also very effective at reducing the risk of illness and death from these diseases. In fact, simple handwashing with soap at critical times—such as after using the toilet or before eating—can reduce
57 ANNEX 5. Sample Press Release the incidence of diarrhea among children under five by nearly half and respiratory infections by approximately 25 percent. Despite the massive impact good hygiene can have on health, proper handwashing with soap is practiced less than 20 percent of critical times globally.
To celebrate Global Handwashing Day, [Insert information about your celebration including location, organizing bodies, event location, any celebrities or special guests, anticipated number of participants and so forth].
The founders of Global Handwashing Day, the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW) and its partner organizations, encourage everyone to join in this celebration empowering people everywhere to save lives and contribute to healthy, prosperous communities through choosing handwashing with soap, both on Global Handwashing Day and beyond.
58 ANNEX 6. Social Media Toolkit
Social media tools reach millions of private and not-for-profit organizations, governments, communities, and individuals around the world. The Global Handwashing Day social media campaign aims to create a global buzz about handwashing and to inspire increased investment in handwashing efforts globally. That said, you don’t have to be involved in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector to celebrate Global Handwashing Day. Handwashing is important for everyone, everywhere, and we encourage you to tailor the ideas included in this toolkit to suit your organization’s audience and needs.
This annex includes messages for spreading the word about Global Handwashing Day on Twitter, Facebook, and blogs.
The official Global Handwashing Day hashtag is #GlobalHandwashingDay. The Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW) will be tweeting before, during, and after Global Handwashing Day so be sure to follow @HandwashingSoap for the latest updates.
Be sure to follow https://twitter.com/HandwashingSoap for the latest updates and use the #GlobalHandwashingDay hashtag to promote healthy habits.
59 ANNEX 6. Social Media Toolkit
Advocacy Tweets For handwashing to be a habit, people must first have access to the proper resources for handwashing—soap and water. Advocacy messages can help encourage policymakers and government officials to ensure that these resources are available in key locations, such as healthcare facilities and schools.
y (@INSERT POLICYMAKER’S HANDLE HERE) You can help make hygiene a habit by ensuring schools have access to soap & water. y #GlobalHandwashingDay y Good hygiene prevents diarrhea. This is 1 reason govs should encourage their countries to make handwashing a habit. y #GlobalHandwashingDay y (@INSERT POLICYMAKER’S HANDLE HERE) DYK that hygiene facilities in schools help girls attend classes when they start y menstruating? #GlobalHandwashingDay y Healthcare facilities can’t properly serve patients w/o soap &water. 35% don’t have these basic #handhygiene resources. y #GlobalHandwashingDay y When governments invest in #hygiene facilities they are also making a smart investment in a #healthy future. y #GlobalHandwashingDay
Integration Tweets Given the importance of hygiene for achieving goals in other sectors, such as education, health, and nutrition, integration is another priority topic for Global Handwashing Day.
y 242 mil school days are missed/yr bc of diarrhea, which WASH can prevent. Make handwashing a habit this y #GlobalHandwashingDay y The equation is simple: #Water, sanitation & #hygiene facilities help kids stay in school. #GlobalHandwashingDay y
60 ANNEX 6. Social Media Toolkit
y Clean birth attendant hands are the first step to giving newborns a #healthystart. Make #handwashing a habit this y #GlobalHandwashingDay! y A hospital w/o #soap & water?! 35% of healthcare facilities in low&middle income countries lack these resources. @WHO y #GlobalHandwashingDay y A key ingredient in the fight against undernutrition is good handwashing. Make it a habit this #GlobalHandwashingDay! http:// y bit.ly/28JBlx6 y Sanitation and #handwashing go hand-in-hand. Don’t forget to include #hygiene in your sanitation programs! y #GlobalHandwashingDay #CLTS y According to @WHO and @UNICEF, only 65% of hospitals in low & middle income countries have access to soap and water! y #GlobalHandwashingDay
Importance of handwashing globally y Today is #GlobalHandwashingDay and we celebrate handwashing! Why handwashing? Because it can save millions of lives! y y 1.7 mil kids die from diarrhea & pneumonia each year. A good handwashing habit can significant prevent these deaths. y #GlobalHandwashingDay y Today is #GlobalHandwashingDay and I pledge to make handwashing a habit by always washing my hands after using the toilet. y Pls do the same! y Why #GlobalHandwashingDay? B/C 1 trillion germs can live in 1 gram of poop (abt weight of a paper clip)! http://bit.ly/1JUaOrD y
61 ANNEX 6. Social Media Toolkit
Sample Facebook Posts y Handwashing can help fight undernutrition, keep kids healthy and in school, and save lives. But, to achieve these benefits, y handwashing must be practiced at key times—such as before eating and after using the toilet. This Global Handwashing Day we commit to making handwashing a habit. Will you join us? y Promoting handwashing doesn’t just mean making sure people have access to hygiene facilities, such as handwashing stations y with soap and water. These facilities must also be utilized because the benefits of handwashing depend on people washing their hands consistently at key times. Behavior change is essential for making handwashing a habit. Learn more about hygiene behavior change this Global Handwashing Day: http://bit.ly/253fWC1. y Each year, there are 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea. Diarrhea may be a minor inconvenience in some places, but in many y countries it kills. But there is good news! The simple act of handwashing with soap can reduce the risk of diarrheal disease by up to 47%, but only if it’s done consistently. Join me in celebrating Global Handwashing Day by sharing this post! y Each year 242 million school days are missed due to diarrhea. A good handwashing habit can help keep students healthy y and ready to learn. Teach your kids to make handwashing a habit and learn more about Global Handwashing Day at www. globalhandwashingday.org. y Would you give birth in a hospital that didn’t have soap and water? A study conducted by WHO and UNICEF found that 35% of y healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries lack these key resources. Learn more about why access to handwashing resources need to be a political priority at www.globalhandwashing.org.
62 ANNEX 6. Social Media Toolkit
Blogs
Consider writing a blog on the importance of handwashing with soap. These posts should include easy, specific ways for readers to take action.
Possible blog topics could include: y How your organization is helping people and communities to make handwashing a habit. For instance, this could include: y »» Stories of parents advocating for schools to keep soap at handwashing stations »» Lessons learned about how to increase handwashing station sustainability »» Commitments by community or religious leaders to make hygiene a priority in their communities by always practicing good handwashing y Water, sanitation, and hygiene facts and examples of how you promote handwashing behavior change y »» See http://bit.ly/1h3HYKj for information about behavior change y Explanation of the importance of handwashing with soap y »» See http://bit.ly/1TuCIet for information about why handwashing is important y Stories and anecdotes about teaching children to wash their hands with soap. y
In addition to writing a blog for your own website, you may wish to pitch a blog to other organizations. Some organizations or bloggers that would be interested in writing about handwashing include: y Local schools and/or school districts y y Local government agencies, such as the local health department y y Blogs about parenting or children’s health y y Local hospitals or healthcare facilities y
63 ANNEX 7. Essential Handwashing Facts
Handwashing and Health
General
y Hands are the principal carriers of disease-causing germs. It is estimated that if handwashing with soap is widely practiced, y approximately 230,000 deaths could be averted.14 y A single gram of human feces can contain 10 million viruses and one million bacteria. y y Handwashing promotion in the community in low-and middle-income countries was found to prevent about 28% of diarrheal y episodes by increasing handwashing at key moments. Providing soap in interventions seems to increase the size of the effect.15
Handwashing and Diarrheal Disease
y Diarrheal disease is a critical global public health issue. Each year, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea.16 y y Handwashing alone can reduce the risk of diarrheal disease by up to 44%.17 y y Evidence shows that hygiene is as important as water and sanitation in reducing diarrhea.18 y y Lack of access to sanitation and poor hygiene contributes to approximately 88% of childhood deaths caused by y diarrheal diseases.19 y Handwashing with soap is easy, efficacious, and the most cost-effective WASH intervention for reducing diarrhea, y but it is often overlooked.18 y Diarrhea is responsible for children missing 272 million school days each year.20 A recent study suggests that handwashing y with soap at critical times could help reduce school absenteeism 40–50%.21 In an intervention in Kenya, children in schools that
64 ANNEX 7. Essential Handwashing Facts
received a comprehensive school-based WASH intervention, including hygiene promotion, had nearly a 50 % reduction in diarrheal illness.22 y One study found that in patients with AIDS, handwashing with soap reduced the episodes of diarrheal illnesses.23 y Handwashing and Pneumonia
y Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 resulting in 922,000 childhood deaths in 2015— y 15% of all deaths in the age group.24 y Handwashing with soap can reduce the risk of respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, by 16%.25 y Handwashing and Nutrition
y Evidence suggests that access to soap and water can help improve child growth. It is estimated that handwashing with y soap and clean drinking water could reduce the loss of nutrients through diarrhea, and reduce stunting in children under five by up to 15%.26, 27 y Good handwashing can help reduce undernutrition, which contributes to 73% of the diarrheal deaths each year.28 y y The number of times a child’s hands were washed per day and the use of soap were two of seven independent predictors y of stunting in children under five. Each additional handwashing episode per day decreased the likelihood of child stunting by 24%. Never or rarely using soap during a child’s handwashing was associated with a 3.6-times higher risk of stunting.29
Handwashing and Newborns
y Three million neonatal deaths occur each year, and neonatal infections account for approximately 44% of these y deaths.30 Evidence suggests that handwashing with soap can significantly reduce newborn deaths. For example, in one
65 ANNEX 7. Essential Handwashing Facts
study, the mortality rate among neonates exposed to birth attendants and mothers who had good handwashing practices was approximately 40% less than neonates whose birth attendants and mothers had poor handwashing practices.31
Handwashing and Other Outcomes
y Emerging evidence suggests that handwashing may also play a role in preventing soil-transmitted helminth infections, which y infect over 1.5 billion people.32,33 y A study in Pakistan found that handwashing with soap reduced the number of cases of impetigo skin infection by 34%.3 y y It is estimated that 41 million people, mostly women and children, have active trachoma infection, the world’s leading infectious y cause of blindness.34 Evidence shows that facewashing is critical to preventing the spread of this blinding disease.17 y Facewashing is an important hygiene intervention that can be combined with handwashing to enhance health outcomes through y hygiene interventions.17 y Observational data from four cluster-randomized control trials in rural India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, researchers found that birth y attendants’ handwashing was associated with a 49% reduction in the odds of post-partum maternal death.35 y A study in Pakistan found that handwashing promotion could improve child development and well-being.36 y Access to Handwashing Stations
y There are inequities in hygiene access. Poorer households, those located in rural areas, and those with less education have lower y access to functional handwashing stations than wealthier households, those in urban areas, and those with higher education.37 y Children in households with a handwashing station were less likely to be underweight.38 y y A study in Uganda found that when study participants received tippy-taps and handwashing education, handwashing rates y increased by more than 90%.39
66 ANNEX 7. Essential Handwashing Facts
y The absence of WASH facilities, including handwashing stations, in schools and workplace is an equity issue for girls and women, y particularly when they must manage their menstrual cycle.
Handwashing Behavior
Motivators
Emotional motivators are very powerful, so to learn more about this big idea in handwashing, we asked Om Prasad Gautam from WaterAid to discuss this topic at our 2016 Handwashing Think Tank in London. See the presentation and read about other big ideas in handwashing here.
y Motivators for handwashing differ in every community. However, some common motivating factors are to avoid disgust, good y manners, desire for a social status associated with cleanliness, wanting to fit in with the handwashing behavior of peers and role models, wanting to nurture children, and the comfort of having clean hands. y A study in a Kenyan primary school found that more handwashing occurred when there was another person at the handwashing y station than when a student was at the handwashing station alone.40
Frequency of Handwashing Behavior
y Even though handwashing is a cornerstone of public health, actual rates of handwashing around the world are quite low and vary y widely. A recent systemic review found that, on average, handwashing with soap is only practiced 19 percent of the time.9
67 ANNEX 8. Handwashing Resources
These resources may be useful to those interested in implementing a handwashing program. This is not an exhaustive list, so please refer to the PPPHW website at www.globalhandwashing.org for new and additional materials.
Handwashing Program Implementation and Measurement
More than Just a Day Whether in a school, company, or institution, this brochure brings you a list of things you can do to promote handwashing with soap all year round.
PPPHW Handwashing Handbook The Handwashing Handbook provides guidance on designing and implementing handwashing behavior change programs. Although this document was published in 2005, the tools and guidance can still be used today.
UNICEF Handwashing Monitoring & Evaluation Toolkit This guide from UNICEF will walk you through planning and implementing monitoring and evaluation for your handwashing promotion program.
68 ANNEX 8. Handwashing Resources
Practical Guidance for Measuring Handwashing Behavior A common challenge for handwashing programs is measuring handwashing behavior. This document, developed by the Water and Sanitation Program at the World Bank, gives an overview of the different monitoring approaches and include practical monitoring recommendations for high- and low-resource programs.
Assessing the Impact of Global Handwashing Day Activities This booklet will help you set goals for Global Handwashing Day and devise appropriate indicators and methods for monitoring and evaluating activities. This document is available in both English and Spanish.
The Water and Sanitation Program’s Handwashing with Soap Toolkit The Water and Sanitation Program Handwashing with Soap Toolkit presents solutions to help practitioners form handwashing behavior change programs. The toolkit is based on research in Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, and Vietnam.
Behavior Change Theory and Models
PPPHW Handwashing Behavior Change Think Tank presentations, event summaries, and Webinar PPPHW’s Handwashing Behavior Change Think Tank gathers together handwashing experts to take stock of the best, identify the gaps, and articulate the way forward for handwashing behavior change. In 2016, the PPPHW hosted the Handwashing Think Tank event in London. At this event we discussed big ideas in handwashing include emotional motivators, behavioral drivers, and habit formation.
FOAM Developed by the Water and Sanitation Program, FOAM—which stands for Focus on Opportunity, Ability, and Motivation—is based on behavioral determinants that either promote or constrain behavior change.
69 ANNEX 8. Handwashing Resources
IBM-WASH Model This proposed model seeks to provide both a conceptual and practical tool for improving our understanding and evaluation of the multi-level multi-dimensional factors that influence water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in infrastructure-constrained settings.
Evo-Eco Approach to Behavior Change The Evo-Eco is behavior change model is based on evolutionary biology and ecological psychology. It is based on the insight that brains evolved to provide adaptive behavioral responses to rapidly changing or complex environmental conditions. The three components of this model are the environment, the brain, and the body.
WASH in Schools
100 School Survey The questionnaire can be used to take a snapshot of hygiene conditions in schools. Results can help convince decision-makers that children need handwashing stations and good toilets in schools.
UNICEF’s Three Star Approach for WASH in Schools Field Guide This field guide is designed to improve the effectiveness of hygiene behavior change programs. The approach ensures that healthy habits are taught, practiced, and integrated into daily school routines.
Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools Field Guide This Field Guide developed by GIZ Fit for School looks at approaches, common mistakes, and lessons learned from the project’s group handwashing in schools initiative.
70 ANNEX 8. Handwashing Resources
UNICEF WASH in Schools Monitoring Package UNICEF developed this package as a tool to promote and guide WASH in Schools monitoring initiatives at national, sub-national and project levels. The package is intended primarily as a resource for UNICEF officers, but the tools are valuable to anyone working on monitoring WASH and handwashing in schools. There are tools to help set up national-level monitoring, national WASH in Schools surveys, and a sample survey that can be used by students and teachers to monitor WASH in their own schools. The package is also available in English, French, Spanish, and Russian.
WASH in Schools Advocacy Pack This document helps users develop a WASH in Schools advocacy effort, including strategies and messages for advocating to governments and other stakeholders.
WASH for Schoolchildren in Emergencies: A Guidebook for Teachers UNICEF created this guidebook for teachers in emergency situations. The guidebook and accompanying regional flashcards (Africa and Latin America) provide teachers with the tools they need to teach children about water, sanitation, and hygiene. Although it was created for emergency situations, many of the activities and the flash cards could be used in non-emergency situations.
Campaign Examples
SuperAmma The SuperAmma campaign is the culmination of years of behavioral science research to inculcate the habit of handwashing with soap. This communication campaign is based on the Evo-Eco theory of behavior change. The website (www.superamma.org) includes the approach and the materials that worked successfully in Southern India.
71 ANNEX 8. Handwashing Resources
Choose Soap Choose Soap is a complete, ready-to-use handwashing campaign for promoting handwashing in households in low-income settings. It draws on ideas and best practices from different fields including hygiene and health promotion, behavioral sciences, and marketing. The campaign includes activity scripts, a film, and posters, stickers, and other campaign planning materials ready for download.
Other
Governments Take Action Governments around the world are integrating handwashing into policies and programs. Learn how governments around the world are taking action to promote handwashing.
72 ANNEX 9. Beyond Global Handwashing Day
Global Handwashing Day is a once-a-year opportunity to make a big splash in support of handwashing with soap, but the important work of hygiene promotion shouldn’t end after October 15.
If all Global Handwashing Day celebrants advocate for handwashing with soap every day, not just on October 15, we can make significant progress in moving toward the goal of increasing hygiene programs, investment, and behavior.
Below you will find some simple ideas of how you can make handwashing a centerpiece of healthy behaviors around the year. Regardless of your affiliation, we encourage you to stay up-to-date on the latest in handwashing by signing up for our e-newsletter, and following the PPPHW on Twitter and Facebook. For many more resources relating to the promotion of handwashing with soap, see the resources section of the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing website.
If you are a parent y Help your child’s school with Global Handwashing Day activities and other WASH improvements, such as the development y of a group handwashing station y Create or join a Parent-Teacher Association WASH Committee to educate children and advocate for handwashing stations, y soap, and time for handwashing during the school day y Make sure your home has a place near the toilet to wash hands and that soap is available y y Teach all your children proper handwashing with soap at critical times, and be sure to demonstrate this behavior yourself y
73 ANNEX 9. Beyond Global Handwashing Day
If you are a teacher or school leader y Make sure your school has a place near the toilet to wash hands and that water and soap are available to students y y Use visual cues to promote handwashing, such as painting footprints from the latrine to the handwashing station y y Advocate to government agencies to support WASH in schools through providing handwashing facilities and measuring access y to hygiene in schools y Implement UNICEF’s Three Star Approach to WASH in Schools y y Take the PPPHW’s Design, Delivery, Monitoring and Evaluation of Handwashing with Soap Programs Distance Learning Course y y Incorporate hygiene curriculum into lesson plans and ensure that handwashing is a strong component of school WASH clubs y y Be sure to demonstrate good handwashing behavior yourself, as a role model y If you are a community leader y Demonstrate good hygiene practices to help change social norms around handwashing. Call upon all families in the community y to build and maintain a functional handwashing station near the latrine and food preparation areas. y Lead the community in advocacy for increased handwashing with soap and WASH investment and commitments from y government leaders y Work with local government officials, non-governmental organizations, and religious groups to raise funds for the installation and y maintenance of handwashing stations in public places, such as schools or marketplaces
If you are a non-governmental organization y Consider joining the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing y y Consider joining a community of practice or coalition that integrates handwashing with other sectors y y Encourage your staff to enroll in the PPPHW distance learning courses to strengthen your handwashing activities y y Integrate hygiene into other related projects, such as those pertaining to sanitation, child health, and nutrition y
74 ANNEX 9. Beyond Global Handwashing Day
y Work to make your hygiene programs more sustainable by using tools, such as this monitoring & evaluation toolkit, or by y incorporating learnings about habit formation y Advocate for increased handwashing with soap and WASH investment from donors and governments y y Stay up-to-date on the latest from the PPPHW by signing up for our monthly e-newsletter y y Organize the 100 Schools Survey before Global Handwashing Day and use the results to advocate for increased investment in y handwashing with soap and school WASH
If you are a government agency y Ensure that handwashing and other WASH indicators are included in national health, nutrition, sanitation, and education y monitoring systems y Review budgets to ensure that there are dedicated line items to support WASH in schools and handwashing programs in schools y and health facilities y Seek out and increase funding from donors for improving WASH conditions in schools, health facilities, and other government- y run institutions y Review and improve policies and national standards for WASH in schools and other national handwashing with soap programs, y ensuring that handwashing is fully addressed y Create incentives for teachers, school directors, or regional agencies to teach handwashing and make schools “WASH friendly” y through adequate water and sanitation provision y Consider joining the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing y y Stay up-to-date on the latest from the PPPHW by signing up for our monthly e-newsletter y If you are a donor organization y Consider joining the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing y y Review and improve your policies and budget for the WASH sector and handwashing with soap y
75 ANNEX 9. Beyond Global Handwashing Day
y Increase funding for handwashing programs, especially for schools and health facilities y y Increase funding for handwashing research y y Host conferences or meetings to discuss and promote hygiene y If you are a private company y Consider joining the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing y y Incorporate handwashing promotion messages into your company’s external and internal messaging. y y Make handwashing, WASH, and WASH in Schools a priority focus for your Corporate Social Responsibility programs y y Ensure that your country offices promote handwashing with soap. Ensure also that handwashing stations and soap are available y in the workplace. y Sponsor the 100 School Survey y y Collaborate to make a partnering plan for handwashing with soap promotion, starting with good formative research on current y handwashing with soap practice y Contribute financially or organize matching grants for WASH programs, especially focused on schools. y
76 ANNEX 10. Citations
1. UNICEF. (2013). Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed Progress Report. New York: UNICEF. 2. Curtis, V. & Cairncross, S. (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(5), 275-281. 3. Luby, S. P. et al. (2005). Effect of handwashing on child health: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 366(9481), 225-233. 4. Fewtrell, L. et al. (2005). Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta- analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 42-52. 5. Dreibelbis, R., et al. (2015). Behavior Change without Behavior Change Communication: Nudging Handwashing among Primary School Students in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(1), 129; DOI:10.3390/ijerph13010129. 6. GIZ. (2013). Making sustainable sanitation inclusive for persons with disabilities. http://www.dcdd.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/giz2011-sustainable- sanitation-and-disability.pdf 7. WaterAid. Inclusive WASH: Disability inclusion matters: water and sanitation. http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/announcements/disability-inclusion- matters-water-and-sanitation 8. WHO & UNICEF. (2015). Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities. Status in low- and middle-income countries and way forward. http://www. who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ 9. Freeman, M. et al. (2014). Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical Medicine and International Health. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12339. 10. WASHplus. (2015). Integrating WASH and Nutrition. http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/wash_nutrition-brief2015.pdf 11. SHARE & UNICEF. (2015). The Impact of Poor Sanitation on Nutrition. http://www.shareresearch.org/file/2635/download?token=0qUTzWgf 12. Neal, D., et al. (2015). The Science of Habit. http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/habits-neal2015.pdf 13. Luby, S. P. et al. (2011). The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: An observational study. PLoS Medicine, 8(6). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001052.
77 ANNEX 10. Citations
14. Curtis & Cairncross (2003). Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet ;3(5):275-81. 15. The Evidence: What did we learn in 2015. (2016). Global Public Private-Partnership for Handwashing, 2016 Handwashing Think Tank, London. 16. World Health Organization. (2013). Diarrheal disease fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/ 17. Stocks et al. (2014). Effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevention of trachoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevention of Trachoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 11(2). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605. 18. Cairncross S. et al. (2010). Water, sanitation and hygiene for diarrhea prevention. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 193-205. 19. Liu L. et al. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2151-2161. 20. Hutton, G. & Haller, L. (2004). Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404.pdf 21. Bowen, A. et al. (2007). A cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing promotion program in Chinese primary schools. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76(6), 1166-1173. 22. Freeman, M. C. et al. (2012). Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 17(3), 380-391 (quoted in Raising even more clean hands, UNICEF). 23. Huang, D. & Zhou, J. (2007). Effect of intensive handwashing in the prevention of diarrhoeal illness among patients with AIDS: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56, 659-63. 24. World Health Organization. (2015). Pneumonia. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/ 25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Hygiene Fast Facts. http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/fast_facts.html 26. Fenn, B. et al. (2012). An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia. Public Health Nutrition, 15(9), 1746-1754. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012001115. 27. Dangour, A. D. et al. (2013). Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children. The Cochrane Library. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2. 28. Role of Nutrition in ending preventable child and maternal deaths: technical guidance brief. (2016). USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global- health/nutrition/role-nutrition-ending-preventable-child-maternal-deaths 29. Demirchyan, A. et al. (2015). Predictors of Stunting among Children Aged 0-59 Months in a Rural Region of Armenia: A Case-Control Study. J PediatrGastroenterolNutr. 78 ANNEX 10. Citations
30. Liu, L., et al. (2015) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. The Lancet. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-6. 31. Rhee, V. et al. (2008). Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in Southern Nepal. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 162(7), 603-608. 32. Bieri, F. A. et al. (2013). Health-education package to prevent worm infections in Chinese schoolchildren. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(17), 1603-1612. 33. World Health Organization. (2014). Soil-transmitted helminth infections fact sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/ 34. The International Trachoma Initiative. (2012). WASH: Water, sanitation, and hygiene. http://trachoma.org/about-trachoma 35. Seward, N. et al. (2015). Using Observational Data to Estimate the Effect of Hand Washing and Clean Delivery Kit Use by Birth Attendants on Maternal Deaths after Home Deliveries in Rural Bangladesh, India and Nepal. PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136152. 36. Bowen, A. et al. (2012). Association between intensive handwashing promotion and child development in Karachi, Pakistan: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 166(11), 1037-1044. 37. Kumar, S. (2013). Handwashing behavior in 20 countries: Analysis of proxy measures of handwashing in Multiple Indicator Cluster surveys (MICS) and Demographic Health Surveys (DHS), 2009-2011, UNC Water and Health Conference, Chapel Hill, NC. 38. Degarege, D. et al. (2015). Undernutrition and associated risk factors among school age children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. DOI. 10.1186/s12889-015-1714-5. 39. USAID & SPRING. (2015). Use of Tippy Taps and Handwashing Practices in Southern Bangladesh: Qualitative Study. https://www.spring-nutrition.org/sites/ default/files/publications/reports/spring_tippy_taps_handwashing_practices_bangladesh.pdf 40. Pickering, A., Blum, A., Breiman, R., Ram, P. K., & Davis, J. (2014). Video surveillance captures student hand hygiene behavior, reactivity to observation, and peer influence in Kenyan primary schools. PLoS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092571.
79 About the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing
Global Handwashing Day was founded by the Global The PPPHW took its first steps in 2001 following the Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap implementation of two large-scale handwashing promotion (PPPHW). The partnership aims to help empower families, programs in Burkina Faso and Central America. The PPPHW schools, and communities in developing countries to prevent secured funding to pilot and learn from handwashing diarrhea and respiratory infections by supporting the universal promotion programs in Ghana, Senegal, and Peru. The results promotion and practice of proper handwashing with soap at from the three pilot programs led to the establishment of critical times. public-private partnerships for handwashing in 12 additional countries: Benin, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, The PPPHW’s Steering Committee Members are: Madagascar, Nepal, Nicaragua, Panama, Tanzania, Uganda Colgate-Palmolive; FHI 360; the London School of Hygiene and Vietnam. Currently, the PPPHW takes a leading role in and Tropical Medicine; Procter & Gamble; UNICEF; Unilever; international hygiene advocacy and knowledge leadership. USAID; the University at Buffalo; the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) at the World Bank; and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). The PPPHW’s global vision is that proper handwashing with soap at critical times will be universally recognized, promoted, and practiced as fundamental to good health. October 15 Global Handwashing Day www.globalhandwashing.org