" 3

Evacuation from N’Djamena by Patricia B. Norland Andy Young at the UN by Seymour M. Finger I3enic_ , Truman’s Secret Diary voumal with introduction by Barton J. Bernstein £ ■ JULY/AUGUST 1980 75 CENTS When you’re going overseas, you have enough to worry about without worrying about your insurance,too.

Moving overseas can be a very traumatic time if you Moving overseas is simplified by the AFSA-sponsored don’t have the proper insurance. The fact is, the government insurance program for AFSA members. Our insurance will be responsible for only $15,000 worth of your belongings. program will take care of most of your worries. If any of your personal valuables such as cameras, jewelry, With our program, you can purchase as much property furs and fine arts are destroyed, damaged or stolen, you insurance as you feel you need at only 750 per $100, and it would receive not the replacement cost of the goods, but only covers you for the replacement cost of household furniture a portion of what you'd have to pay to replace them. and personal effects that are destroyed, damaged or stolen, Claims processes are another headache you shouldn’t with no depreciation. You can also insure your valuable have to worry about. The government claims process is articles on an agreed amount basis, without any limitation. usually lengthy and requires investigation and AFSA coverage is worldwide, whether on business or documentation. pleasure. Should you have a problem, we provide simple, If you limit yourself to the protection provided under the fast, efficient claims service that begins with a simple phone Claims Act, you will not have worldwide comprehensive call or letter, and ends with payment in either U.S. dollars personal liability insurance, complete theft coverage or or local currency. coverage for your personal valuables on an agreed amount With the AFSA plan, you can also get comprehensive basis. Can you afford to travel overseas without this personal liability insurance, complete theft coverage and additional protection? itemized protection for your valuable articles. You have enough to worry about. Let us take care of your insurance.

AFSA Desk, The Flirshorn Company 14 East Highland Avenue Philadelphia, Pa. 19118 (215) CH 2-8200*

Send me your free brochure (with built-in application form) that answers my questions about overseas insurance.

Name Address City/State/Zip

Note: The insurance policies, not this advertisement, will form the contract 'If calling from the Washington between the insured and the insurance company. The policies contain limits, D.C. area (202) 457-0250 exclusions and limitations not listed here. 7880 Sforeign ervice . journal

American Foreign Service Association JULY/AUGUST 1980: Volume 57, No. 7 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 KENNETH W. BLEAKLEY, President ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President FRANK DIMOND, Second Vice President GALEN FOX, Secretary D. LARRY INGRAM, Treasurer A Diplomat’s Viewpoint JONATHAN L. SPERLING, AID Representative JACK PERRY 6 FRED M. SHAVER, ICA Representative MATTHEW P. DALEY, JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, ROBERT H. STERN, Evacuation from N’Djamena State Representatives SPENCER KING AND CHARLES WHITEHOUSE, PATRICIA B. NORLAND 10 Retired Representatives Andy Young at the UN SEYMOUR M. FINGER 17 Journal Editorial Board JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman NEIL A. BOYER Foreign Service Memories and JAMES F. O'CONNOR GEORGE S. DRAGNICH HARRIET P. CULLEY H. KENNETH HILL Diplomatic History WESLEY N. PEDERSEN JAMES L. ROUSH JOHN J. HARTER 26 Truman at Potsdam: His Secret Diary BARTON J. BERNSTEIN 29 Staff ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director SUSAN HOLIK, Counselor CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation

AFSA Scholarship Programs Letters to the Editor 4 DAWN CUTHELL Editorial 9 Association News 23 Journal Bookshelf 35 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Foreign Service People 46 ROBIN P. JENKINS, Editorial Assistant MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction

Advertising Representatives JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, New York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., Cover: Phoenix, by Barrett Stephens London SW1 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives.

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 annually for members foreign affairs, published eleven times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $20,000; $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (11 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, 1967. page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. ®American Foreign Service Association, 1980. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published eleven times a year by the American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $104 office. work and excellent support other interest and American principles. posts have received from OPR/ However, many of us have also Letters STP, the US Despatch Agents and served with and worked for other ELSO/Antwerp. Using the last ten ambassadors—both career and incoming unaccompanied air bag¬ “political”—who could not be so gage and household effect ship¬ characterized. We all have heard OAS Intervention ments and the last three POVs, I stories of incompetence, dangerous calculated it took an average of stubbornness, imprudence, and I AGREE THOROUGHLY with John W. Ford’s comments in the May twelve days for air freight from air¬ impropriety. Journal on my article, “Nicara¬ port to airport, twenty-four days Many of us who have several de¬ gua,” which appeared in the Jour¬ for HHE/POV from port to port. cades of service in the department nal’s February number. The average of six days to clear air and at overseas posts sense a With reference to OAS action freight and ten days to clear House¬ change in the character of the Foreign Service. And many of us during the Cuban missile crisis, hold effects locally cannot be which Mr. Ford offers as an exam¬ blamed on either OPR/STP nor on are not too pleased by what we see. Change in the Foreign Service must ple of OAS usefulness, I say, in my the Despatch Agent; these delays forthcoming book, The Shattered are for the Ivorian officials to pro¬ keep pace with change in American society. However, the Service Continent: Latin America in cess our customs clearance docu¬ ments. must debate and argue—just as Close-Up, from which the article American society does—the was taken: Nor does Mrs. Wisner’s letter Meanwhile the Organization of give OPR/STP credit for establish¬ changes that must take place. The American States itself continued to per¬ ing the ELSO Despatch Agent in Service is not insulated from form useful services. Its members had Antwerp to handle African trans¬ American society. no Russian veto to contend with, as shipments, setting up the new Articles like that by “Winston they had in the United Nations (OAS two-man office at the Paris airport Smith” as well as letters like those support of the United States during the for our air freight transshipments, written by Ambassador Attwood Cuban missile crisis had been impor¬ improving communications to and the one by Ambassador Herz tant to success). posts with the design of the new immediately following it are neither Concerning the possible conse¬ cable format for advice on ship¬ gratuitous nor irresponsible. They quences of unilateral intervention ments and the host of other ideas are merely parts of the debate on by the United States, which Mr. coming out of that office. what constitutes quality and excel¬ Ford warns against, I am opposed Abidjan says the department and lence in the profession of diplo¬ to unilateral United States inter¬ OPR/STP deserve our support and macy. I for one want it to vention, which did not occur in the our thanks. continue—and I hope that the ar¬ recent Nicaragua case, and I am JOSEPH M. KEMPER guments are hot, heavy, and con¬ also opposed to the kind of inter¬ Abidjan stant. vention by Communist Cuba and a VICTOR WOLF, JR. number of active members of the Silver Spring OAS that did occur in that case. Ambassadorial Competence The OAS is understandably The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of its quick to oppose United States I READ WITH interest the letter by readers’ opinions in the form of letters to the intervention. As I suggested in my Ambassador Attwood in the editor. All letters are subject to condensa¬ article, however, it is not a corol¬ March issue, dealing with the tion if necessary. Send to: Letters to the Editor, Foreign Service JOURNAL, 2101 E lary of nonintervention (on the part “Case Study” of a politically ap¬ Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. of the United States) that others pointed ambassador. Your “note” should be permitted to intervene below needs, I believe, some freely. The aspect of the recent further expansion. Nicaragua case that has the most With all due respect to Ambas¬ disturbing implications for collec¬ sador Attwood, the issue is not the tive security and hemispheric perpetuation of what he calls the peace is that some OAS members hoary myth that all chiefs of mis¬ violated their nonintervention sion who are politically appointed pledge with little or no criticism by are incompetent. The issue is other OAS members or by the OAS whether any ambassador, either as a whole. from the career service or from the WILLARD L. BEAULAC “political” side should be compe¬ Washington tent or not. Many in the Foreign Service—both the good officers Giving Credit and the fools and blimps—have served with and worked for ambas¬ I WOULD LIKE to take exception to sadors like G. Mennen Williams the article written by Mrs. Christ¬ and John Sherman Cooper as well ine Wisner and published in your as Richard Davies and Julius April edition. This article, coming Holmes and felt privileged to do so, from the wife of our ambassador at knowing that those men were am¬ one post, fails to mention the hard bassadors truly serving the national 4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 FORD PRESENTS A SPECIAL DIPLOMATIC SERVICE BUY A1980 LINCOLN CONTINENTAL OR MARK VI AND RECEIVE A DIPLOMATIC DISCOUNT

THE CONTINENTAL MARK VI FOR 1980. In both 2- and 4-door The new elegance versions, the Mark remains unmis¬ of Lincoln Continental for 1980 takably luxurious with custom fea- takes special advantage of out¬ standing engineering while enhanc¬ ing traditional luxury and prestige. Lincoln Continental... 4-door excellence that’s almost irresistible. tures, including automatic overdrive, electronic fuel Please send me full information on using my diplomatic injection, and optional electronic in¬ discount to purchase a new strument cluster. The Mark VI for WRITE TO: 1980, it’s unmistakable. DIPLOMATIC SALES: FORD MOTOR COMPANY THE LINCOLN CONTINENTAL 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006/Tel: (202) 785-6047 FOR 1980. Traditional luxury. NAME Sophisticated engineering. ADDRESS

CITY STATE

FORD EXPORT DIVISION COUNTRY ZIP French, and Czech and Swedish. What a rare privilege! You will feel at home almost anywhere, and you may A Diplomat’s Viewpoint watch your children grow into the same feeling. While you may miss your roots, you will find cosmopolitanism a Foreign Service Rewards happy experience. To someone like me, who hardly left Georgia until graduation from college, it is a thrill to feel JACK PERRY at home in London or Stockholm, to see my children The rewards of a diplomatic career are many and large. treat Europe as a familiar neighborhood. We all know the perils and woes of the Foreign Ser¬ If things work out, you may create a family that can vice, but we do not always set down the rewards. Let me never be separated. Lacking a permanent home, the fam¬ try. ily itself, together or apart, becomes “home,” and the If you are an American diplomat, you will have the gift planet is your residence. (This requires much luck, I of the lack of boredom. Variety is the rule, few days are acknowledge.) alike, something different is usually around the bend. You will see your country through new and enlightened When I first entered the Foreign Service, I could not eyes. How beautiful the United States is after that first understand why people thought and talked so much about tour in Moscow! As I read all the press commentary “next assignment.” Now I see that this looking ahead to about America written by Americans who have never something new is at the heart of our profession. Change lived abroad, I realize how impossible it is to know your always lies ahead. There is always some possibility of own culture unless you have experienced others as a you, of life, getting better. Next year you may see basis for comparison. American diplomats learn their Samarkand, or tour Antarctica, or serve in Paris. country’s faults, but they generally become deeper pat¬ You will experience other cultures. I do not mean to riots, because while living abroad they learn with convic¬ visit, or be a tourist, which are lesser things; I mean live tion how to appreciate our country’s great virtues. in, come to understand. This is an extraordinary gift be¬ In the words of that rare man and model diplomat, Chip cause it means the multiplying of your awareness of life. Bohlent you will be a “witness to history.” As he showed If it is worth learning Italian to read Dante, it is surely in his illustrious career, the good diplomat can indeed live worth becoming a diplomat in order to be able to think in history, become a part of his own time, meet and know like an Italian. This is the next thing to seeing ourselves some of the best and most interesting and most powerful as others see us. I like to believe that in my career I have men and women of the era. As a source of intellectual learned somewhat to look through Russian eyes, and pleasure, this is a priceless gift. Picasso Stayed Here* If we wanted to name drop, j our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s | Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements | why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and _____ coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for ^nurifp $lwaq» (Jompann maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of UJashington MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (2021 234-5600 one of Washington’s largest museums. MARYLAND: Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 Feel at home with security... AFSA Group Accident Insurance for Loss of Life, Limb or Sight.

"Make yourself at home.” How often is heard that warm invitation to share the comfort and security of a friend’s home. And though the surroundings may be unfamiliar, they somehow seem less foreign and more secure because your host is there to help protect you. Home is where the security is! Similarly, AFSA Group Accident Insurance for loss of life, limb or eye¬ sight provides that added security to make many of our members feel at home anywhere they happen to be. This AFSA program provides financial protection against accidental loss of life, limb or eyesight 24 hours a day, the year round, anywhere in the world.

You and your family can be covered ACT NOW! Get all the facts about benefits, whether you’re traveling by car, taxi, train, rates and exceptions .on AFSA Group boat, bus, subway and even as passengers Accident Protection for loss of life, limb or on most commercial, private and military eyesight—direct by mail! No agent will call. planes you'd normally travel in. Just complete the coupon below and mail Moreover, protection is provided during today. No obligation. So don’t delay on a business, pleasure and just plain day-to-day plan that can mean added security for you activities at home and abroad. and your family!

AFSA INSURANCE PROGRAM UNDERWRITTEN BY 1666 Connecticut Ave. NW ■ Washington, D.C. 20009

□ YES! Please rush full details on the Group Accident Insurance Plan avail¬ Mutual |T\ able to me as a member of the American Foreign Service Association. I understand no agent will call. s*10maha.\L/ Name People you can count on...

MUTUAL OF OMAHA INSURANCE COMPANY Address HOME OFFICE: OMAHA, NEBRASKA City State ZIP Code FILL OUT AND MAIL TODAY! You will have some opportunity to live at a higher They look after the national interest first, but there is level, with access to beauty and to beautiful things, with opportunity to work both for one’s own country and for openings to good talk, good food, good art, good taste. the common interests of mankind. Idealism lies some¬ Only the high-born in past times could live in the world of where in every American diplomat’s heart, even those good taste that a fortunate diplomat can sample today. I who have become cynical. We are not in the profession am not talking about luxury, or servants, or wealth, or for money (God knows), but for larger rewards. And pro¬ high living, and goodness knows there are violent swings fessionalism does not conflict with a measure of idealism. So you can believe in what you are doing, be challenged to do your best and feel better because of what you do. Which is a large statement. “As a child in Atlanta I played on the Finally, since life’s best satisfactions finally come from same street as Martin Luther King, but people, and your relations with them, as a diplomat you can make friends across all boundaries, across all na¬ never got to meet him—the poorer I. tions. Diplomats deal in power as the basic stuff of inter¬ Imagine what it means to me now to national politics, and are only too familiar with divisions and enmities of all kinds. But in your own personal life transcend all barriers to feel kinship you can learn to cherish men and women as men and and friendship with any man and any women, without putting them into categories. You can rise above categories, above tribes and divisions. When I woman, anywhere.” was growing up in the south, there was a high barrier between races which, thank God, has since fallen: as a child in Atlanta I played on the same street as Martin Luther King, but never got to meet him—the poorer I. up and down. But I believe it true that most diplomats, Imagine what it means to me now to transcend all bar¬ during their careers, have access to the kind of cultivated riers, to feel kinship and friendship with any man and any living that enriches one’s life immeasurably. woman, anywhere. This is one of the greatest boons di¬ You will be challenged to use all your powers and tal¬ plomacy can give you: you can not only feel at home ents to their greatest extent, for a worthwhile cause. Dip¬ anywhere in the world, you can feel yourself truly a citi¬ lomats are paid to keep the peace, and to make relations zen of the world. That is to be civilized in the highest among sovereign nations as harmonious as possible. sense of the word, and ours is a civilized profession.

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 Annual Meeting of the Association Noon, July 16 Loy Henderson Conference Room

MIDTERM REPORT ON THE ASSOCIATION

The past year has been an extraordinarily eventful for an impartial study of pay and finally succeeded in one for the Foreign Service and for your association. A the congressionally mandated Hay Associates Study. formal report to the membership on association ac¬ That study is the basis for the current provisions in the tivities since the new Governing Board took office last Foreign Service Act mandating $34 million dollars in July will be presented at the annual meeting and pub¬ additional compensation for the Service. At the same lished in the next issue of the Journal. We are outlining time, we have fought for an additional $11 million in below some of the primary areas of Governing Board other benefits to apply throughout the Service, includ¬ attention during the past year to serve as a basis, along ing the senior ranks who are caught by the with the association’s survey (to be tabulated in early government-wide pay ceiling. We have won strong July), for our priorities and focus during the second friends both in the foreign affairs agencies and on the year of the current Board’s term. Hill in our continuing effort to thwart OMB’s attempt Hostages: Security for Foreign Service people over¬ to deny equity with the rest'of the US government’s seas and related issues of evacuation and safehaven employees. have become concerns of the highest priority requiring Image of the Foreign Service: Association officers our constant attention. We have had the joy of wel¬ recognized that, however unwelcome the cause, the coming home Ambassador Asencio, the survivors of attention given the Foreign Service due to the attacks attacks on our embassies in Islamabad and Tripoli and on our members and posts could be used to enhance those who were released or escaped from Iran. We public awareness and gain support for our often- have had the sorrow of honoring those who died in criticized and little-appreciated institution. Accord¬ Islamabad and the anguish of the continuing captivity ingly, the president and members of the board have of our colleagues in Iran. The association organized a taken every opportunity to appear on television, radio nationwide letter-writing campaign, several rallies and and in the press to present the case for the Foreign individual events around the world in support of the Service and improve our image. We have also re¬ hostages. We have supported the initiatives of the hos¬ sponded promptly and strongly to reports of public tages’ families. And yet, like other Americans we are attacks and calumnies on the service from a variety of frustrated that none of these efforts has succeeeded sources, including Jody Powell, Robert Strauss and and that, as foreign affairs professionals, we cannot Ronald Reagan. In each case we have received find a way of obtaining the release of our colleagues. clarifications—and impressed on many our unwilling¬ ness to let criticism go without rebuttal. We intend to Foreign Service Act: The bill has now cleared the continue this effort and urge members to use individual Rules Committee and is awaiting imminent action on opportunities to get our message across to the Ameri¬ the House floor and in the Senate Foreign Relations can public. Committee. It is different in over 50 significant sec¬ Relations with Congress: We are too well aware that tions from the legislation presented by the administra¬ in the past the Foreign Service has not done enough to tion one year ago. Members of the Foreign Service, make its interests known on the Hill. Association offi¬ acting through our association, have succeeded in cers are now expanding a network of direct contacts shaping a charter for our institution which meets the with key senators and congressmen. We are leading objectives established during the Days of Decision last the effort of the Alliance for the Foreign Service, and September. The act is not perfect; each of us is likely our goal is to reach every member of Congress on the to find some elements where we would prefer some¬ Foreign Service Act. We have been gratified, if a bit thing different or some changes; but all of us who have surprised, at the responsiveness our efforts have thus labored over it and worked to represent Foreign Ser¬ far engendered. No area of activity shows greater vice interests are convinced that it represents a com¬ promise for the Service in the future than systematic prehensive improvement to the Foreign Service, to development of our congressional relations network Foreign Service life and to our professional effective¬ and we will continue to work at this. ness. Shepherding the act through the remaining con¬ Building the Association: The membership’s over¬ gressional hurdles and the enormous task of negotiat¬ whelming vote in favor of an adjusted dues structure ing implementing regulations are both going to require took effect in March, without resulting in a drop in incredible amounts of time and volunteer effort. membership. Accordingly, for the first time in almost a Compensation: If the Foreign Service succeeds at decade the Governing Board is able to plan on a mod¬ long last in getting pay equity it will be due to the est expansion of services. We have already hired a unprecedented efforts of the Foreign Service Associa¬ new attorney and a Members’ Interests Coordinator. tion. For the last decade the association has pressed

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 9 “From hence, let fierce contending nations know What dire effects from civil discord flow."—Joseph Addison

EVACUATION PROM N'DJAMENA

PATRICIA B. NORLAND

Early on the morning of Friday, not to go to the embassy until the drought and civil war within its March 21, 1980, sometime be¬ situation could be clarified. A boundaries; it is also distinguished fore 4 a.m., a sharp burst of rifle further announcement was pro¬ by the fact that it is one of the fire in the street before the Ameri¬ mised for 7 a.m. and then again at 8 poorest nations in the world. Little can ambassador’s residence in in the morning. The DCM then benefit has yet been realized from N’Djamena, Chad, woke the resi¬ slipped cautiously across the com¬ the considerable oil and uranium dents inside. At a distance, gunfire pound to join the ambassador at the detected beneath its surface. crackled in other sections of the embassy residence. Another feature—one in which sleeping town. The shots were By 8 o’clock, the sound of con¬ Chad is not unique—is the coun¬ more numerous than usual, and tinued firing indicated that, what¬ try’s serious division (geographic, they persisted. As the sky began to ever the problems were, they had ethnic and historical) into two quite lighten, Ambassador Donald Nor¬ not yet been resolved. A number of different cultures. In the dunes and land consulted by telephone with Americans were reporting gunfire dramatic mountains of the sparse DCM James Bullington, at his resi¬ in their areas. The DCM—at the 8 Saharan north, nomadic tribes tend dence next door in the DCM’s a.m. and again at the 9 and 10 a.m. their herds and caravans, able to compound. He also called the Pre¬ check-in—repeated the order to all march for days on a few cups of vote, the force of local soldiers Americans to “stand fast,” finally water and a handful of dates. In the charged with maintaining security promising that a decision on the south, Christian or animist farmers in N’Djamena. The Prevote did not opening of the embassy that day raise cotton, sugar and other crops respond. Finally, the ambassador would be announced by noon. In in the wet agricultural band of the learned from the security officer at this way began, for the American rain forest. History has aggravated the French military base on the diplomatic mission in N’Djamena, the division. For centuries, Islamic edge of town, that all French civil¬ the renewed outbreak of civil war northerners raided the south to ians, because of tension and firing in Chad. supply the remunerative slave in the street, were being urged to As background for the events to trade. As late as 1979, northerners remain indoors until further notice. follow, it should be noted that the living in the south were turned At this juncture, the DCM made country of Chad, in the heartland of upon and massacred in the contact with personnel of the the northern half of Africa, consists thousands by their southern coun¬ American embassy advising them of 500,000 square miles (twice the trymen. size of Texas) of desert, bush and During the European coloniza¬ rain forest stretching 1,200 miles tion of Africa, Chad became part of into the African continent due the French Empire but received its south of Libya. On the east is Su¬ independence from that country in Patricia Norland, a Foreign Service wife dan. A hundred miles across the 1960 at the time of General de since 1952, is the mother of three, two sons Sudanese border is Egypt. Continu¬ Gaulle’s expansive, if not entirely and a daughter. Mrs, Norland graduated ing clockwise around Chad’s bor¬ spontaneous, gesture liberating from Wellesley and has accompanied her ders are the Central African Repub¬ most of the former French col¬ husband on assignments to Morocco, the Ivory Coast, France, The Netherlands, lic, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger. onies. With greater resources and a Guinea and the BLS countries. Copyright Chad has received some public¬ willingness to adopt French culture (C) 1980 Patricia Norland. ity in recent years for the severe and education, the south had bene-

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 fited more than the north from major factions and forces were but a few of whom lived in French ministrations. In 1960, those of Vice President Kamougue N’Djamena, the French presence Franfois Tombalbaye, a south¬ from the south and those of Foreign represented security in a political erner, became president of the Minister Ahmat Acyl, considered situation considered, at the very country at Fort Lamy, now to be sympathetic to Libya. least, unstable. France also tried N’Djamena, the capital of Chad. The provisional coalition gov¬ diplomatically to smooth the path As time passed, the Islamic north erned (perhaps “existed” is the of the untried nation. At the head of grew more than ever convinced better word) uneasily from the time the French mission as of October, that the new government favored of its inception on November 11, 1979, was a cool and courageous the south. In the mid-’60s, a north¬ 1979. In the background were 1100 diplomat, Ambassador Marcel ern liberation movement de¬ French troops installed on a base Beaux. veloped, known as the Front for they occupied near the airport. Benign as the French presence the National Liberation of Chad Long influential (with the ups and had become, it posed a very major (FROLINAT) and gradually downs that come with influence) in problem. At Lagos in Nigeria, gathered strength under such lead¬ the affairs of Chad, the French had where the structure of the new ers as Ibrahim Abatcha and Abba learned to remain detached from Chad government was agreed upon Siddick. Civil war broke out in in August 1979, fellow African 1965. In the late 1960s and early countries had insisted that Africans ’70s, new leaders strengthened the themselves should guarantee movement—Goukouni Oueddai “February fourth, the Chad’s security and stability. A (son of the derdei, the spiritual most recent basic tenet was that the French leader of the Toubous of the north) demilitarization date should leave Chad and be replaced and Hissene Habre, an energetic by a military contingent under northerner educated in France who set for all combattants OAU auspices, drawn from weaned his small army of ragged to divest themselves of Guinea, the Congo and Benin, to warriors on the stones and sand of keep order until the government of the Sahara and is said to have fi¬ their arms, came and Chad itself was strong enough to do nanced them with the ransom paid went. As far as anyone so. Libya, in particular, was anx¬ for the French archeologist, Mme. ious to see French forces with¬ Claustre. could ascertain, not a drawn. This same Libya, at one In 1975, the Chadian armed single weapon was laid time or another, supported all ele¬ forces mounted a coup in ven factions. But it also occupied N’Djamena, overthrowing the un¬ down.” the Aouzou strip, 40,000 square popular Tombalbaye and eventu¬ miles of Chadian territory adjacent ally replacing him with General to Libya, where uranium and other Felix Malloum, another south¬ any particular faction. Their role at minerals are said to be plentiful. As erner. Efforts to reach a reconcilia¬ this time was twofold: to provide a result, Libya was unpopular with tion with the rebellious northerners security for French civilians (fewer most Chadians whose nationalistic were generally unsuccessful, but in than a thousand in all), and to help instincts remained strong despite 1978, Hissene Habre was per¬ stabilize the situation and maintain the civil war. Still Libya was not suaded to join the government and peace during which the new gov¬ without considerable influence in was soon maintaining an ambigu¬ ernment could begin to function. the country and the area. Thus, the ous military presence on the out¬ The more highly trained souther¬ smoldering fires of civil war were skirts of the capital. The coalition ners having fled to the south, fueled by the keen interest and in¬ did not endure. In February, 1979, N’Djamena was now a northern fluence of foreign powers. two major northern factions— city. Its inexperienced leaders N’Djamena, the capital of Chad Goukouni’s coming from the north faced enormous problems—with and principal scene of the confu¬ and Habre’s from the east—drove empty coffers. In seeking to sion, was originally a city of nearly Malloum, the national army, and provide stability in which the new 200,000 inhabitants. Its location on the southern inhabitants from government could take root, the the banks of the Chari River in N’Djamena with tragic loss of life French made available such ser¬ sub-Saharan Africa is almost mid¬ and installed their two armies in vices as official and unofficial air way between north and south. separate sectors of the city. By transportation around a country Travel by car had long been re¬ November 11, 1979, anew interim where road travel was almost im¬ stricted by impassable roads, government had been formed with possible; they also helped to main¬ roadblocks and fighting in the Goukouni as president and Habre tain electric power and water countryside; the chief route of exit as minister of defense. To Gou¬ supplies, assured the operation of had become the ferry that carries kouni’s faction, the Forces Armees the ferry tying N’Djamena to vehicles and people across to Populates (FAP) and Habre’s fac¬ Cameroon across the Chari River neighboring Cameroon, and the tion, the Forces Armees du Nord and kept communications function¬ airport. Thus, locked into place, (FAN) were added nine other ing. It was France also which aided the eleven factions of the new gov¬ factions—a temporary government in re-opening the University of ernment settled into N'Djamena of eleven factions designed to serve Chad and gave irreplaceable finan¬ and the various armies began to in tandem until a permanent gov¬ cial and other support to the make themselves at home. Looting ernment could be elected at the end struggling government. For the had followed the fighting. The of eighteen months. Among the thirty or so Americans in Chad, all combattants (as the armed men in FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 1 1 their battle fatigues were called) Classes resumed at the univer¬ ruary fourth, the most recent de¬ found life in N’Djamena consider¬ sity, to which students were eager militarization date set for all com¬ able more agreeable than in the to return, having already lost a full battants to divest themselves of spartan north. While most French college year after the fighting in their arms, came and went. As far and other European civilians with¬ 1979. Huge trucks bearing oil, as anyone could ascertain, not a drew from N’Ejamena after the flour, and other essentials con¬ single weapon was laid down. The fighting of February 1979, some tinued to cross over to N’Djamena theft of automobiles increased. five hundred remained. They, to¬ on the ferry. Gasoline was sold by Gradually, combattants began to gether with a number of aid and curbside vendors in bottles which knock on European as well as Cha¬ diplomatic missions and foreign glowed ruby-red when sunlight dian doors after dark, demanding merchants, comprised the foreign struck them. Cattle, raising clouds keys to the owner’s car, firing a element in the town and were in no of dust, were driven down teeming shot into the ground for emphasis, sense a target of attack or animos¬ streets to the river where they and departing in the night with the ity from the local population. A swam across to Cameroon. Each car. Also for the first time, a foreign flag on the garden gate con¬ night the soft African dusk settled French military vehicle was taken ferred a miraculous immunity. on mud and thatch homes in the at gunpoint. A large theft of auto However, houses which had been Chadian quartier; the murmur of parts from the CARE-Chad organi¬ left empty were soon occupied by voices and the wood fires would zation convinced that agency it combattants, vehicles were stolen, fade as families went early to sleep. could no longer function under Chadian civilians were held up for Jazzier sounds floated occasionally such conditions. On March 10, it their purses and some were shot on from the dusty gardens of one or closed its operations. Meanwhile, the streets at night by armed men two clubs where the new elite the Prevote seemed to go out of seeking motor bikes or cars. There sometimes gathered. During the business. The security force re¬ was a singularly dangerous element starry night, the silence was often sponded late when called, or not at loose in N’Djamena: almost all the broken by rifle shots or by nervous all. As one western diplomat later combattants (some say as many as dogs whose barking in prolonged remarked with regard to what was 8,000) carried arms—usually Rus¬ chorus would sweep across town. to follow, “You could see it coming sian Kalashnikovs slung across Every morning, just before sunrise, for weeks, even months, but there their backs or cradled in their arms. the voice of the mullah could be was nothing God or man could do These and larger armaments and heard calling the faithful from the to stop it.” ammunition were supplied through turret of the magnificent new On March 14, at Bokoro, about Libya and gave the combattants a mosque that Saudi Arabia had 150 kilometers east of N’Etjamena, sense of security which the civilian presented to the city of serious fighting broke out between population did not share. The N’Djamena. The cooler season of the forces of Defense Minister streets of N'Djamena were empty the year gave way to the heat and Habre and Interior Minister Abba at night. Of the few southerners dry wind of March. Occasional Seid (of pro-Libyan reputation). On who had remained in N’Djamena to dust storms stole over the horizon March 20, Minister Seid publicly work, most had moved their homes and descended on the town like a urged President Goukouni to end to Kousseri across the river in dry and eerie fog. the fighting in the countryside and Cameroon, to which they returned Deprived of its trained staff of accused the French of supporting by ferry or pirogue late each after¬ southerners and without food or the FAN-force of Minister Habre. noon. supplies, the N’Djamena Central Seid also threatened to resign, indi¬ Bursts of gunfire were a daily Hospital was barely functioning but cating that the ruling coalition was and nightly occurrence. Sometimes managed somehow to treat the ac¬ undergoing major stress. Such they were in celebration of a mar¬ cident cases—chiefly gunshot were the events, briefly sum¬ riage or a holiday, with tracer bul¬ wounds—that filled the corridors marized, that preceded the out¬ lets providing fireworks in the night outside surgery each night. The burst of shooting before dawn on sky. Sometimes the shots were ac¬ Prevote, the local military police March 21st. cidental; more often, they meant force drawn rom the four major Since the early hours of that Fri¬ some combattant was settling a government factions, roamed the day morning, the telephone at the quarrel or obtaining money or a ve¬ streets in jeeps, charged with main¬ American embassy residence had hicle from a luckless civilian. taining order. Units of the OAU rung incessantly. As events pro¬ Larger incidents arising from ten¬ peacekeeping force from the Congo ceeded, DCM Bullington, a skilled sions between the armed factions (Brazzaville) arrived in January ham radio operator, came to spend continued to take place—a misun¬ 1980 and were installed in appro¬ much of his time on the second derstood gathering of military vehi¬ priate quarters but, incomplete floor of the residence, communicat¬ cles during a transfer of bank without their Guinea and Benin ing with Americans throughout the funds, fighting between FAN and counterparts, showed hesitation in town and making contacts outside FAC (Front d’Action Commune) at asserting their presence. Mean¬ the country when possible. The Abeche several hundred miles to while, the government struggled on ambassador was to be found for the the east, and later between mem¬ in efforts to house its officials, most part on the phone at his desk bers of FAN in a suburb of provide desks, vehicles and in the downstairs library receiving N’Djamena. Occasionally, fatali¬ salaries for its civil servants, and and making calls, contacting dip¬ ties resulted, but each time the ten¬ persuade its factions to act on the lomatic colleagues, journalists, sions subsided and life seemed to pressing problems of the disrupted French military officials, the imam return to normal. and poverty-stricken country. Feb¬ (N’Djamena’s respected Islamic re- 12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 ligious leader), and government of¬ to spend the rest of the day “stand¬ sions and were escorted to the em¬ ficials including, as time passed, ing fast.” All morning, Colonel bassy residence. Their home later President Goukouni and Hissene Herrick had been alone in the received a direct hit from a mortar Habre. chancery—a location that was be¬ round. Early in the day it was learned coming less and less desirable. It was expected that, in the event that one American, Lt. Colonel About one p.m. the driver Younous of outbreak of hostilities, Ameri¬ James Herrick, the defense attache, volunteered to try to bring him cans and other foreigners would be had failed to receive word to re¬ from the chancery to the embassy evacuated to the air base occupied main at home that morning. Col¬ residence—which he did in the of¬ by the French military north of onel Herrick, whose wife was in ficial car with American flag flying, town. The journey from home to the United States with their family using his Arabic to persuade the base would take place in convoys (since children were not permitted combattants to let him through the led by French military vehicles, a to accompany embassy personnel road blocks. The attache’s car was procedure which required (as in the to Chad), made a practice of going left behind, the only vehicle in front February 1979 fighting) a tempo¬ to his office before 7 a.m. En route of an empty embassy. rary cessation of hostilities. At this morning to the embassy, he Although the gunfire subsided least a brief cease-fire was an es¬ heard firing and saw a French sol¬ sential ingredient of the plan which dier roll out of his jeep into a ditch inmates of the city now began to while the jeep careened down the “When a movement of contemplate with increasing inter¬ road ahead. Herrick hastily pulled the window curtain and est. off the road and lay on the floor of As Friday afternoon, March 21, his car until the firing subsided. He a hissing sound unfolded, it began to dawn on then continued to the office, but indicated a nearby shot, Arnie Squire, AID comptroller, at not before having seen the French his home in the center of town that soldier scramble to his feet un¬ the ambassador and his he was situated near an ammuni¬ harmed. Less fortunate was wife moved to a room tion warehouse. After each burst of another French military noncom rifle fire or round of cannon shot, who, at about the same time on on the other side of the he could hear the footsteps of com¬ another road, was killed by a bullet house.’’ battants running past his house to as he returned to the French base load up on ammunition before re¬ with the morning supply of bread turning to their weapons. He de¬ from the Grands Moulins bakery. from time to time, the fighting was cided to build a bunker by leaning In mid-morning, the ambas¬ by this time officially described as mattresses against an inner closet. sador’s driver, Younous Outman, a “generalized.” Empty streets, On top of the mattresses he placed Chadian long employed at the em¬ road blocks, and the numbers and box springs, then leaves of the di¬ bassy, arrived at the residence, and movements of armed combattants ning room table and finally a coffee volunteered to investigate the situ¬ indicated a major confrontation table. In other parts of town firing ation in the streets near the chan¬ was taking place between the fol¬ became less frequent as night fell cery. He returned to report that lowers of President Goukouni and and some Americans retired early, only armed combattants were those of Defense Minister Habre. It having been awakened before dawn abroad and that road blocks pre¬ could no longer be denied that that morning. In the area behind vented movement about town. The these two northerners, brothers in the “April 13 Camp,” Larry chancery, situated on the same politics and arms, Goukouni, the Springer, acting administrative of¬ road along the Chari River as the unassuming politician, and Habre, ficer, was asleep when, about 11:30 residence but a mile or so further the determined guerrilla leader, had pm., he was awakened by a mortar toward town, stood opposite the now turned on one another—with shell that sprayed his house with Prevote where a dispute between all the ferocity, irony and tragedy dirt. He wondered what he should the president’s forces and those of of a classic civil war. do and how his neighbors were far¬ Defense Minister Habre seemed to During the afternoon of March 21 ing. The Wilsons, nearby, reported have triggered hostilities. Nearby strenuous efforts were made to es¬ they were safe; Larry Jarrett, next stood the house of the competent tablish a ceasefire. The leaders door, advised that he was watching young correspondent for the themselves were reported to have a football game on his VTR. Agence France Presse and his agreed to ask the OAU peace¬ Springer was counselled by the wife. Because of heavy shooting, keeping force to mediate. The DCM and Acting ASO Nigel they had already left their home. Imam of N’Djamena, diplomatic Whitehouse to make a shelter near (Earlier, combattants moving representatives and others in the an upright protecting wall. He de¬ through their yard had silenced a city, worked to halt hostilities— cided, however, to remain under much-loved young dog with a rifle without success. By late afternoon, his bed \vhere he could be nearer shot.) Road blocks had been set up the French authorities recom¬ means of outside communication. at each end of this vulnerable mended evacuation of the gendar¬ Mortars continued firing in this area—in the center of which stood merie area because of shelling. area throughout the night. the American embassy chancery. Kathy and Phil Bauso, the Ameri¬ Although the early part of the By noon it was evident that the can consul and his wife, decided to night passed in relative quiet, at embassy could not open for busi¬ remain where they were. The direc¬ about 2:30 a.m. on Saturday, ness and Americans in their differ¬ tor of CARE, Rudy Ramp, his wife March 22, heavy rifle and machine ent locations around town prepared and daughter, packed a few posses¬ gun fire erupted in the street in

GN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugusl, 1980 1 3 front of the ambassador’s and back blast of the explosions that mattresses with other mattresses DCM's residences and in the gar¬ followed threatened to break the balanced around and above them. dens of neighboring houses. Bullets many windows of the residence. The FAP combattants in the house and tracers crossed the garden on When this gun was withdrawn, a next door remained friendly but the river side, slapping through so-called “Stalin organ” was put in found it necessary to use the Wil¬ branches and leaves. When a its place, from which salvos of sons’ back door area and patio movement of the window curtain rockets were shot off with an eerie from which to fire machine guns at and a hissing sound indicated a roar to seek hit-or-miss targets in their FAN foes. Every window in nearby shot, the ambassador and the town. The guns were emplaced, the Wilsons’ house was hit, and his wife moved to a room on the fired, and removed by mobile bullets entered the house from all other side of the house. The am¬ teams of combattants who then sides. One shot went through the bassador returned shortly on all raced to another part of town to fire refrigerator and its contents, pro¬ fours to be near the telephone and a number of salvos before returning ducing a mixture of ketchup, maple outside communication. The Ramp hourly or oftener to the residence. syrup and beer when the door was family at the residence had moved On the sand flats between the resi¬ opened. Mortar and some rockets into one room and onto mattresses dence and the river, bursts of dust fell nearby; straw mats serving as placed on the foor and were waiting indicated that returning mortars fences throughout the neighbor¬ for the barrage to subside. were seeking these nearby rotating hood in due time went up in flames, Shortly after sunup theDCM and cannon. and bullets flattened the four tires defense attache slipped over to the By the middle of the morning, of the Wilsons’ car in their drive¬ ambassador’s residence. Here the Amie Squire, in the center of town, way. Close to the Wilsons’ garden DCM resumed communications to found that FAP forces had set up a and across the street were the American and Canadian personnel machine gun point about fifty yards houses of Larry Jarrett, econo¬ and to posts abroad. The DCM’s from his house, thus situating Arnie mic/political officer, and Larry calm reports were said to be among and his neighbors between two Springer, acting admin officer. the few, and by far the most infor¬ FAP camps, the other being- the FAN combattants, had set up au¬ mative, in the beleaguered town; ammo warehouse of which he had tomatic rifles and mortars in their they were a reassurance to others become aware the day before. Mor¬ yards and about twenty soldiers as well as to embassy personnel. tar fire and heavy fighting con¬ were sheltered in the garage be¬ Somewhat later, Kitty Allen, the tinued in the street with bullets hit¬ tween the two houses. Some asked ambassador’s secretary, and ting walls and houses. Near the air¬ for water, beer and whiskey, but George Granson (of AID) made port, embassy secretary Mary leaders among them restrained their way to the residence from Stouma remained alone indoors. their fellow combattants from tak¬ their houses in the compound. From her windows she could see ing over the house. Fearing that the George reported heavy rifle fire in occasional stray rounds strike the walls of his house might cave in, the street and bullets in his yard, as empty house next door. In the Larry Springer had hoped in vain well as prolonged firing of machine same general area, Phil and Kathy throughout the day for evacuation. guns—single salvos long enough to Bauso had stayed on friendly terms Unable to get into his kitchen dur¬ melt or bend most gun barrels. A with the FAP forces in their ing the day, he fixed himself a meal large hole had been made in the neighborhood. They were not far that night when the firing subsided metal shutter of the empty house from the gendarmerie from which and returnee) to the shelter in his next to his. Kitty Allen had spent small arms, recoilless rifles and bedroom. an uneasy night alone in her home, mortars were firing. They reported Little was heard from the Ameri¬ having created a shelter for herself that an area of about a hundred and cans in the area behind the chan¬ by leaning a mattress against her fifty yards around the gendarmerie cery. Here, on the edge of the bed. Bullet holes pierced the roof was receiving fire; based on timing crowded Arab quarter, where hu¬ and walls of her house and the of the blasts, it seemed to come manity seemed to have been re¬ sound of footsteps running across from the big arms beside the am¬ placed by the hot and dusty March her roof led her to believe that bassador’s residence. Inside the wind, Chadians took refuge in their combatlants had been maneuver¬ gendarmerie, an ammunition depot labyrinths of stucco walls. ing inside her garden walls. went up in flames, and a heavy At the residence, the DCM, At about 8:30 a.m., the firing mortar shell hit the Ramps’ house working in 110° heat on the second seemed to subside and the defense two doors away. The house resem¬ floor, continued to communicate attache stepped out on the second bled, the Bausos reported, an with the American community and floor balcony of the residence from exploded popcorn skillet. with contacts abroad. The task was which he could see the sand flats One of the most dangerous areas, rendered now more difficult by al¬ along the Chari River and the green it had become apparent, lay be¬ ternate blasts from the recoilless shore of Cameroon beyond. From tween Camp April 13 of Habre’s rifle and the Stalin organ at the here he could also see that, outside FAN forces and the gendarmerie of edge of the garden—firing which the residence garden on the river FAP—a fiercely contested line of shook the residence and rattled its side of the grounds, a recoilless combat which wavered back and many glass doors and windows. At rifle was being brought into place forth across the residences of his ground floor desk in the library, by Hissene Habre’s men to fire in David Wilson, AID director and his the ambassador sought (in vain) the direction of President Gou- wife, Larry Jarrett and Larry further indication that a cease-fire kouni’s home and of the gendar¬ Springer. The Wilsons by now might still take place that day. merie some two miles distant. The were lying flat in an inner hall on Negotiations were even then—and 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, mo in fact, almost continuously—in Vice-President Kamogue had ar¬ Stalin organ fell silent and firing progress, this time between the rived on the southern approaches dropped to the lowest decibel level fighting factions and the French au¬ of the city with an army of southern yet throughout the city. In the rela¬ thorities. But gradually the firing combattants. tive quiet, groups of French and lessened, shadows outside grew Meanwhile the cease-fire on Americans began to move toward longer and cooled the stifling after¬ which all hopes were fixed re¬ the base. noon heat. Water and electricity in mained elusive—postponed from Among the first of the Americans other parts of the town had begun 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. and on into the to leave were those whose location to fail. In the residence, the afternoon hours. The ambassador near President Goukouni’s house dining-room table was moved to an again spoke with President Gou¬ made the French air base more ac¬ inner supporting wall and shielded kouni and with Defense Minister cessible. Those in the airport area by mattresses—under which cush¬ Habre, protesting the devastation were also able to make their way to ions were arranged for sleeping. At of the capital and the danger to its safety before the end of the after¬ length, word was received that inhabitants and urging that the noon. At about 4:30 p.m., the three major obstacles to a cease¬ cease-fire be observed. To the am¬ group of Americans in the center of fire remained: a buffer force was bassador’s protest, N'Djamena’s the town managed to assemble at a not yet agreed upon, a neutral zone religious leader, the imam, replied central house and join a convoy of was not yet defined, and above all. that he had been telling the two French cars headed in the direction of the base. At the ambassador's residence, bed sheets now covered the interior “In front of the embassy the defense glass doors and light fixtures to re¬ attache’s car still stood, its duce the possibility of flying glass. windshield shattered and its body The electric generator began to sputter, causing the ambassador to pock-marked with gun shot. In the make several trips outside to re¬ river port area, a FAN mortar crew start it and raising questions about the possibility of further communi¬ was still firing an occasional round.’’ cation. As the firing fell off, the nine Americans in the residence as¬ sembled at a signal from the am¬ the combattants were ignoring or¬ leaders the same things but “they bassador with their bags and white ders for a temporary halt in the fir¬ won’t listen to me.” flags at the side entrance nearest ing. It was clear that Americans in By Sunday afternoon it had been the waiting cars. Suddenly, George N’Djamena would spend another two and a half days since word had Branson, who had crossed briefly night on “stand fast.” gone out to Americans in to his home on the compound, re¬ After the heavy barrages of the N'Djamena to “stand fast,” and turned in some agitation, gesturing day, Saturday night passed in rela¬ the situation was not improving. everyone back inside the house. It tive quiet. But on the morning of The ambassador and his advisers at appeared that firing was still going Sunday, March 23rd, heavy firing this time concluded that Americans on and a bullet had just passed again resumed in different parts of must now try to reach the haven of within inches of his head. After the city. Hopes that a cease-fire the French-occupied airbase on the brief hesitation, however, the nine might be obtained possibly as early far side of the airport. Without a set out again for the cars in the as 9 a.m. were dashed when the cease-fire, however, the necessary compound where baggage was Stalin organ outside the residence military escort could not enter the quickly stowed into trunks. On the began its firing a few minutes be¬ city. And the French wardens who official car, a hub cap had been fore that very hour. One of its were to round up the convoys were whisked off by a bullet but the tire shells made a direct hit on the reluctant to do so in the absence of had providentially been spared. town’s main butchery, located be¬ such armed protection. It was in¬ The convoy consisted of five hind the house of Arnie Squire and creasingly evident by early after¬ persons in the ambassador’s car near the other Americans in the noon that Americans would have to followed by the car of CARE Di¬ center of town. Everywhere but at get to the base as best they rector Ramp with George Branson the residence (where a generator could—on their own or by joining a in the front seat beside him. Next had been installed), the supply of convoy that might happen to pass came a French neighbor whose ve¬ water and electricity had now their home. Word was sent out to hicle slipped into line as the convoy failed. A rumor came by phone that Americans to pack one bag each left the compound. Bringing up the President Goukouni was introduc¬ and to hang white flags made from rear was the car driven by the DCM ing into the fighting a number of sheets on sticks or poles to display accompanied by the defense at¬ heavy guns (although reportedly on their car as they left their home. tache. still at a distance from N’Djamena) The best moment for departure was The cavalcade moved slowly to fire on Habre’s forces in the city. left to the judgment of each, and all down the empty street in the late The defense attache’s compound were advised to join passing con¬ afternoon light —past buildings rid¬ reported an attempt by FAN to voys if at all possible. dled with bullet holes and smolder¬ take the airport, and Phil Bauso A cease-fire was never pro¬ ing tank trucks, their huge tires flat¬ and several non-western ambas¬ claimed. But toward the middle of tened and sitting in pools of oil. sadors relayed the news that Sunday afternoon, the unpopular Tree branches hung from electric FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust. 1980 15 wires, and the convoy had to zigzag convoy was detained by combat- again. By this time, dusk had to avoid wires lying snake-like in tants and only the intervention of fallen. the cluttered road. It continued on President Goukouni himself In the town, the Wilsons, Jarrett past the American embassy, the cleared the way past the road block and Springer, informed that a res¬ white building now blackened and and onto the base. It was nearly cue party was on its way, crept spattered with bullet holes. dark when their pickup truck rolled with baggage in hand out of their Through a huge cavity in the wall into the parking area, draped with a homes and managed to join forces next to the main entrance, rafters large American flag (actually they in the garage of an abandoned from the second floor were visible. are Canadian citizens) and bearing, house. Murray and Heffeman, with In front of the embassy the defense in addition to the Whitehouses and white flags on the car and lights attache’s car still stood, its their son, the embassy nurse, Mrs. dimmed, approached the area windshield shattered and its body Kessely, and a small puppy. Mr. where the four Americans were pock-marked with gun shot. In the and Mrs. Hodges, the missionaries, waiting by an indirect route, but river port area, a FAN mortar crew had earlier expressed the intention could not find them. The car was was still firing an occasional round. to remain in the city, and several on one street; the Wilsons, Jarrett Further down the street, the others, possibly because they had and Springer were on another. In wooden bleachers near the cathed¬ Chadian families or for other rea¬ the dark it was impossible to make ral were aflame, strips of fire burn¬ sons, had not made an effort to get contact, FAN and FAP forces were ing briskly alone in the afternoon. to the base that day. still engaged, and heavy firing Some shooting could be heard in Meanwhile, among the Ameri¬ made it out of the question for the the distance, but the few combat- cans who wanted very much to four to return to their homes. Pre¬ tants in the street were friendly. leave the city and were unable to cious minutes were lost in this For the most part, however, noth¬ do so were the four persons on the groping in the dark when, by a ing moved in the landscape until, firing line between FAN and FAP stroke of luck, the car approached passing the empty offices of CARE in the chien mort area—the Wil¬ the garage where the four were and rounding a bend, the convoy sons, Larry Jarrett and Larry huddled. Seeing the car lights, came upon a large assembly of Springer. The Wilsons’ car stood in David Wilson ran out to meet it. French and other foreign civilians their driveway on four tires flat¬ Hastily, the four piled into the car and their vehicles of various sorts tened by bullets. Earlier they had which backed into a driveway gathered in front of the French em¬ discussed trying to reach the home where people, bags and three dogs bassy—a welcome sight that meant of the nearest French warden but were reloaded, and the car swung safety was within reach. Pausing the move was judged too risky. hurriedly back into the street. With only briefly to obtain a report about Now darkness was at hand, FAN lights on and white flags flying onward security, the convoy pro¬ forces were retreating before ap¬ (though barely visible), they pro¬ ceeded. covering the final mile and proaching FAP forces, and heavy ceeded through the town, paSt a half and rolling onto the tree-lined firing from the field opposite the three check points, meeting few and soldier-protected roads of the Wilsons’ house made it dangerous troops and encountering fire only French military camp. for all to leave their homes. once. Minutes later, they reached Here, at the base, was a different At the base, at approximately the safety of the air base. world, one of order, cheerfulness 5:30 p.m., the ambassador held There, the night was filled with and relief. French, Americans and aloft keys to the official car and bustle and movements as the other nationalities, bankers, dip¬ asked if anyone who knew the ap¬ French military, in addition to its lomats and businessmen, milled proach to the stranded group would preoccupation with the stricken about in the open areas between volunteer to go back into the city to city, attempted to feed and bed barracks where cars were parked in bring them out. Without hesitation, down for the night the nearly four rows under the trees. Friends met, Tom Murray of AID, a man who hundred civilians evacuated to its embraced and, with strained ex¬ had a close and good relationship care. Rooms were assigned and pressions, recounted their experi¬ with many Chadians in N'Djamena meal passes handed out. Each ences. But in the background, dis¬ and who knew the area in question, evacuee was given the choice of the tant explosions and firing could still volunteered to make the attempt. mode of his or her departure the be heard, and it was soon apparent Someone suggested that “Hefty” next morning—by air in the big that a number of embassy staff Heffeman accompany him in case French Transall transport aircraft, were still trapped in the city. an Arabic speaker was needed to or by car and then over the river by Among these were Lynn and Nigel communicate with the combat- improvised ferry—to Cameroon. Whitehouse whose home was in a tants. Murray and Heffernan de¬ The embassy staff arrived at the of¬ particularly dangerous position in parted in the official embassy car; ficers’ mess for a welcome dinner the line of fire between FAP and in fifteen minutes they were back. (including wine). Then all retired FAN forces. Firing had severely The combattants refused to let for a night’s rest. The two single damaged their living room, shots them pass without an official women of the staff found them¬ having even pierced some of the laisser-passer signed by the selves sharing their room with 32 inner doors of the house. Condi¬ French. Tom, understandably agi¬ others—all men. Possibly the tions in their neighborhood made it tated at the delay, went off in French billeting officer had con¬ dangerous to move but at the last search of the appropriate French fused the Ms. before their names moment, they were able to join a official. He returned twenty min¬ with Mr. In any event, they fell French convoy as it drove past utes later with the pass and to¬ onto their assigned beds in one of their house. Along the way, the gether he and Heffeman set forth (Continued on page 42) 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, his graduation, Young spent the “Ah! when shall all men’s good night at a church conference in Be each man’s rule, and universal peace King’s Mountain, North Carolina and had a white roommate who was Lie like a shaft of light across the land?’’—Alfred, Lord Tennyson on his way to Rhodesia as a missio¬ nary. The thought that a white man was sacrificing material comforts to go to help Africans evidently stirred Young’s social conscious¬ ness; he decided on the ministry. Young studied at Hartford Theological Seminary in Connec¬ Andrew Young ticut, was ordained as a Congrega¬ tional minister in 1955 and served as pastor in several southern towns. In 1957 he and his wife, Jean, whom he had married in at the UN 1954, moved to New York City. He worked for the National Council of Churches and lived comfortably in Queens. But the news photos of blacks sitting in at lunch counters in the south moved him deeply, and SEYMOUR MAXWELL FINGER he decided to go where the action was. The Youngs moved to Atlanta in 1961, where Andy soon became Andrew Young’s appointment as the case, in varying degree, with the top lieutenant to Dr. Martin permanent representative to Austin, Lodge, Stevenson, Gold¬ Luther King, Jr., leader of the the United Nations shattered a berg and Scranton, who collec¬ Southern Christian Leadership number of traditions. He was the tively accounted for about 80 per¬ Conference—spearhead of the first ordained minister, the first cent of the time the United States non-violent civil rights movement. black and the youngest man (44) has been in the UN. Young had After King was murdered in ever named to the job. played a vital role in helping Carter 1968, Young decided that politics This was not the only time win 83 percent of the black vote in was the key to black progress in Young broke a precedent. In 1972 the 1976 election. He had also America. He lost a race for Con¬ he became the first black con¬ helped Carter by serving as a gress in 1970, but was elected in gressman elected from Georgia bridge to northern white liberals. 1972 and reelected in 1974. His since Reconstruction a century ear¬ Carter called him his “best friend backing for Carter in the Florida lier; a majority of his constituents in public life.” primary in 1976 may have been were white. Young grew up in a New Orleans crucial in Carter’s victory over Yet in another sense Young’s neighborhood that was predomi¬ George Wallace. appointment represented a return nantly lower-middle-class white. While many black leaders ad¬ to a US tradition—naming a promi¬ His father was a dentist and his vised Young against taking the UN nent political figure who has influ¬ father’s father, whom Young de¬ job, believing it would be better to ence with the president. Such was scribes as a “bayou entrepreneur,” have him in Washington working had also been prosperous. on behalf of American blacks, He makes no bones about his Young himself had had the UN in Seymour M. Finger joined the Foreign Ser¬ sheltered youth in a black the back of his mind for a long time. vice in 1946 and served at Stuttgart, Paris, bourgeois environment. Young at¬ This was mainly because of Ralph Budapest, Rome and Vientiane before his tended Howard University, the col¬ Bundle's outstanding role as assignment as senior US advisor on eco¬ nomic and social affairs to the United Na¬ lege of America’s black elite, undersecretary general of the UN; tions in 1956. In 1964 he was appointed dep¬ graduating at the age of 19. It was he was the first black man with uty counselor of the US Mission, in 1966, in his last year at Howard, where whom Young had identified as a counselor and in 1961 ambassador and he had gone to prepare for either child. Thus, Young was ready senior advisor to the permanent US repre¬ when Carter, soon after the elec¬ sentative to the UN. Ambassador Finger, medical or dental school, that now retired, is president of the Institute of Young developed a serious social tion, asked him to take the UN po¬ Mediterranean Affairs, director of the Ralph consciousness. He was impressed sition. Bunclte Institute on the UN and professor of by the dedication of a young minis¬ Young talked of redeeming the political science. ter who had come to live in his par¬ United States at the United Na¬ Adapted from a chapter of Your Man at the UN: People, politics and bureaucracy in ents’ home. The minister was get¬ tions and the United Nations in the making foreign policy, by Seymour Maxwell ting up to study and work at five United States, of putting the Finger, to be published by New York Uni¬ a.m. when Young was just coming United States on “the right side of versity Press in August 1980. Copyright (C) home from a night of fun. That the moral issues of the world,” a 1980. Ambassador Finger would like to acknow¬ presented a challenge to Young’s trend favored by the president and ledge the help of Dr. Rosalie Reich in adapt¬ lifestyle and values. Then, while the secretary of state. ing the book chapter. driving home to New Orleans after Although he had no diplomatic FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 17 experience before he came to the rica had finally ended in 1975, in UN, Young was not without inter¬ Kissinger’s alarm over the installa¬ national experience. He had tion of Marxist regimes in Angola traveled to thirty nations in most and Mozambique. Ford, Kissinger parts of the world and had many and Scranton had begun a new pol¬ friends both in and out of their gov¬ icy of supporting the early attain¬ ernments, particularly in Africa ment of self-determination and and the Caribbean. In the House of majority rule in Namibia and Representatives he was active on a Rhodesia. Young threw himself number of foreign policy issies. wholeheartedly into this new More important, even though he American policy and was a major flouted certain aspects of protocol, factor in moving it along in Wash¬ he has some important qualities of ington, in Africa and at the United a diplomat. He is intelligent and Nations. When Carter was wel¬ personable, speaks well, and had comed in Nigeria in March 1978, in influence with the president. These the first visit by an American presi¬ Andy Young, are the things that really count at dent to Africa, it was clearly Young by John Perts the UN, not where the ambassador who had paved the way. At the UN rides in his car. Moreover, UN di¬ conference on apartheid at Lagos plomacy has always been more in¬ in August 1977, Foreign Minister convinced that the civil rights formal and less protocolar than tra¬ Joseph Garba of Nigeria said that movement was in their own inter¬ ditional diplomacy, despite the the Carter administration had done est, that it would avert violence, many stilted public speeches. Also, more than any other to combat and that they had become more foreign diplomats are used to deal¬ South African racial practices and prosperous after the blacks, with ing with non-career American per¬ hailed Young as the “symbol of a increased opportunity, enlarged manent representatives, who have new and constructive United States their markets. While persuasion held the post for 32 of the 34 years policy toward Africa.” Such praise had been used in both places, it since the UN was founded. Some, is striking coming from a Nigerian took a massive non-violent protest however, were upset by Young’s leadership that long barred a visit and a six-month economic boycott indiscretions in dealing with the by Secretary Kissinger. Young had in Birmingham to make the busi¬ media and by his frequent ab¬ described the African community’s ness community aware of its re¬ sences. reception of him as “outstanding” sponsibility. Young acknowledged Young considers himself a politi¬ and “exceptionally warm.” that South Africa was a vastly dif¬ cian rather than a diplomat. Asked Young applies to African prob¬ ferent problem, but still urged that about the difference, he replied: lems many of the principles learned South Africa avoid the human and “A diplomat, in the traditional in the civil rights campaign—in par¬ economic repressions which would sense, is instructed by his govern¬ ticular, non-violent struggle, pa¬ surely lead to widespread violence. ment to maintain the status quo. A tient negotiation and the belief that Instead, it should seek racial justice politician is generating activity, large corporations, if convinced and peace and thus open up to itself hoping to produce change, trying to that it is in their interest, can be a the vast economic potential of the make things happen in a positive potent ally. Thus far, he has won African continent, just as Atlanta way for his country. I find that the few converts among either the had become a city “too busy to State Department trains people not militant black Africans or the die¬ hate,” busy making money, “en¬ to take chances, to do the safe hard white South Africans. Both joying the prosperity of the market things for their careers.” In truth, a sides tend to feel that his analogies system.” good politician will use diplomacy with the US civil rights movement Young’s statement might be con¬ to achieve his goals, as Young has. are too simplistic. But he has sidered as tailored to his business And there have been many career neither lost faith nor relented in his audience, except that he has con¬ Foreign Service officers, of whom efforts. sistently used similar arguments George Kennan is the best known, Young has friends among radi¬ with black African leaders, Marxist who have worked to change policy. cal, socialist and Marxist leaders in as well as non-Marxist, both in Af¬ But no career officer could have Africa, as well as the moderate rica and at the UN. For example, in the influence with the president and ones, but is himself a firm believer his statement at the UN conference the “star” quality with the public in free enterprise. He emphasized for Namibia and Zimbabwe, held that Young had, and these are im¬ his faith in the free market system May 19, 1977, at Maputo in Marxist portant assets in the job at the UN. in speaking to a group of South Af¬ Mozambique, Young argued for Nor would he have had the unau¬ rican businessmen, in Johannes¬ non-violent struggle and negotia¬ thorized meeting with the PLO rep¬ burg, May 21, 1977, noting that in tion and for a constructive role that resentative at the UN which ulti¬ free market countries he saw more multinational corporations might mately led to Young's resignation. social change taking place along play. Young also reminded his Most important is the fact that with more improvement in living Maputo audience that the majority Young represented and was part of conditions than in Marxist coun¬ of the nations of Africa achieved an administration that has con¬ tries. independence through negotiated sciously chosen a more forthcom¬ Young pointed out how banks settlement and that those countries ing approach to the UN and Africa. and corporations in Atlanta and which had obtained independency As noted earlier, US neglect of Af- Birmingham had finally become by negotiation “moved much more 18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, mo rapidly in their development.” As undersecretary for management. Virgin Islands. he had done in Johannesburg, Moose had traveled to Africa with Young’s concern with combating Young held forth the hope of Young in May 1977 and demon¬ the Cold War optic in viewing Afri¬ mutual benefit for blacks and strated that he could get along with can problems may have led him whites in Africa through coopera¬ Young, a key factor. Vance and into his off-the-cuff comment early tion in economic development, as Young also took pains to see that in 1977 that the Cubans were a had happened in Atlanta. their own man, Charles W. (Bill) “stabilizing” factor in Angola. This Young’s work with the African Maynes was installed as assistant was the first instance in which countries in seeking peaceful solu¬ secretary of state for international Vance publicly disagreed with him. tions was widely appreciated, even organization affairs (10). Maynes Evidently embarrassed as Cuban by western ambassadors who had been in the State Department military intervention continued in sometimes found his unorthodox but was secretary of the Carnegie Angola and then spread to style irritating. Many of them felt Endowment during the Nixon-Ford Ethiopia, Young later tried to that he was responsible for forging years. He is highly intelligent, able, clarify, explain and modify his po¬ a link with the Third World coun¬ energetic and a firm supporter of sition, stating that initially the Cu¬ tries; no mean accomplishment, Young. bans were not engaged in fighting and one that would stand the A further indication of the there but were giving technical as¬ United States in good stead in the mutual trust between Young and sistance. But when they used mili¬ future. But some French-speaking Vance was the way Young’s prin¬ tary means, he then condemned African representatives, particu¬ cipal deputies were selected. that military role. larly those from smaller countries, Young did not really know either With respect to the nature of the felt that Young had neglected them. James Leonard or Donald Soviet threat in Africa, Young had On numerous occasions Young McHenry when he appointed them. some sharp differences of opinion cautioned against full economic Vance did, and Young took his with Zbigniew Brzezinski, special sanctions against South Africa, an recommendation. According to assistant to the president for na¬ attitude consistent with his overall McHenry, it was also Vance who tional security affairs—the post belief that enlightened corporate suggested Melissa Wells for the Henry Kissinger held from 1969 to policy could help to bring social post of US representative to the 1973, before becoming secretary of justice in South Africa as it did in economic and social council. The state. Brzezinski had expressed the American south. result was an unusually close work¬ deep concern about Soviet and Young also believes that Ameri¬ ing relationship between Young’s Cuban involvement in Angola and can business should be much more top staff at US UN and the key Ethiopia. Young feared that the US active in black Africa, in both trade people in 10 and the bureau of Af¬ might overreact to the Soviet- and investment. He notes that the rican affairs. Maynes, Moose, and Cuban presence by becoming ac¬ United States now has a balance of McHenry had all known each other tively involved itself, thus bringing payments deficit of $12 billion, for many years, worked together in on Soviet-American confrontation owing primarily to oil purchases the Carnegie Endowment and in Africa and heating up the Cold from Nigeria. He notes further that shared similar outlooks toward the War. Peugeot and Mercedes have de¬ UN and southern Africa. Despite the setbacks in Angola, veloped substantial markets in Vance fully supported Young’s Ethiopia, Iran and Afghanistan, black Africa, whereas American work at the United Nations par¬ Young believes it is the United manufacturers of cars and trucks ticularly with Africa and ther States, not the Soviet Union, which have not exploited the market. parts of he Third World but certain is winning the competition in the Young and Washington key problems were reserved for the Third World. He notes the Soviet secretary, e.g., the Middle East failures in Guinea, Egypt and An important factor in Young’s and relations with Europe, Japan Somalia. He is convinced that influence, besides his special rela¬ and the Soviets. Also, at crucial Third World governments, even tionship with the president, was his points, Vance has been the princi¬ those with Marxist leaders, find rapport with Secretary of State pal US negotiator on African prob- that it is the West that can offer the Vance, lasting almost to the end of Jems, notably in dealing with the trade, technology and capital they Young’s tenure. Vance is a compe¬ British foreign secretary on need, not the Soviet Union. In par¬ tent, solid, modest, indefatigable Rhodesia. This division of labor ticular, he believes, on the basis of and unpretentious man with a great was generally satisfactory to both, his contacts with Angolan repre¬ deal of experience and no yearning until Young got involved in a meet¬ sentatives at the UN, that the cur¬ to compete for the spotlight. A lib¬ ing with the PLO representative in rent Marxist government of Angola eral Democrat, Vance shares July, 1979, leading to his resigna¬ would welcome improved relations Young’s general views on US pol¬ tion shortly thereafter. with the United States, particularly icy goals in Africa and toward the Young pushed for looking at Af¬ economic. (Gulf Oil has had no Third World. Also, more than any rica in African terms, not in terms problem in continuing operations other secretary of state in history, of Soviet-American rivalry, and there.) He also believes that US Vance has a deep interest in the this has been much appreciated by recognition of Angola’s govern¬ UN. When Young had policy dif¬ Third World countries at the UN. ment would speed the departure of ferences with William Schaufele, Also appreciated is the fact that in the Cubans now there. assistant secretary of state for Afri¬ April 1977 the United States for the “Open Diplomacy” can affairs, Schaufele was replaced first time accepted a UN visiting by Richard Moose, then deputy mission to one of its territories, the Young’s outspoken style, which FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 19 he calls “open diplomacy,” caused ers” in the United States—an inci¬ determined to make a clean break problems. In talking with reporters dent we shall discuss later. His lack with the past, to give USUN a new at various times, he called the of discretion with reporters under¬ image, and to underscore that a British, Russians, and Swedes ra¬ mined his standing not only among new approach and a new policy cist, along with former Presidents some segments of the American were the order of the day. He re¬ Nixon and Ford, bringing howls of public but also with some foreign placed all four deputies at the am¬ protest. Young’s definition of rac¬ representatives at the UN. bassadorial level. Moreover, he ism includes not only conscious Consistent with his belief in talk¬ brought in members of his congres¬ acts but also subconscious at¬ ing foreign policy with the Ameri¬ sional staff, filling slots that would titudes of superiority, condescen¬ can people, Young made an unpre¬ otherwise have been available for sion and discrimination that result cedented number of public¬ career officers. Most of the new from insensitivity. He also attri¬ speaking appearances. He also appointees were able; however, butes much of the criticism of the made an unusual number of trips USUN was not the well-organized, UN, with its majority of non-white abroad, on policy missions to Af¬ highly professional mission it had states, to racist attitudes. rica and the Caribbean and to at¬ been for most of its history. The Two months after his appoint¬ tend UN conferences in Lagos (on drastic shakeup and new operating ment there were rumors that apartheid), Guatemala City (eco¬ style upset some veteran western Young’s penchant for off-the-cuff nomic commission for Latin ambassadors, but did not hinder remarks was embarrassing Wash¬ America) and Geneva (economic Young’s popularity with Third ington and that he would not re¬ and social council) all in his first World representatives; in fact, it main long. Those who spread or be¬ year. Moreover, he was in Wash¬ was probably enhanced. lieved the rumors did not know ington frequently for policy discus¬ Young’s deputy for the Security much about Jimmy Carter and sions and attended the Cabinet Council, Donald McHenry, has had Young’s relationship with him. meetings there with conscientious many years of government experi¬ Young’s influence with the presi¬ regularity. As a result Young was ence. I remember McHenry, a dent stemmed primarily from his at USUN only about half the time. black, as one of the most intelligent role in the 1976 elections and his When he was there he concentrated and effective State Department of¬ standing in the black community, on the substance of major issues, ficials I had contact with in dealing but there is also a degree of per¬ particularly in southern Africa. He with colonial issues at the UN. sonal affinity. Both are religious paid little attention to the specific Conversations with experienced men as well as practical politicians. wording of resolutions; for him, it USUN officers and foreign dip¬ Both grew up in a racist, segregated is the “sense of feeling” that lomats at the UN indicate that he is South that was substantially de¬ counts. Nor did he have much time highly respected for his integrity, segregated in their lifetimes. Young for or interest in overseeing the op¬ thoroughness and rigorous analysis was a major leader, as aide to Mar¬ eration of the mission; that was left of issues. McHenry was blunt and tin Luther King, in the civil rights to subordinates. In that sense, ac¬ direct in stating his views, to Euro¬ struggle. Carter was not actively cording to an experienced senior peans, to black Africans, to white involved in the struggle but owes staff officer at USUN, there were South Africans, and even to his his presidency to its successful two missions in New York— chief, Young. outcome, with the huge increase in Andrew Young and the rest of Shortly after his arrival, Young black voters in the south. USUN. Experienced western am¬ made it clear that, in addition to By August 1977 Young’s out¬ bassadors at the UN expressed a several former associates, he in¬ spokenness had been reassessed. similar view in my conversations tended to fill positions with people An editorial in the New York Times with them. One of them referred to too long ignored by the system— of August 8, 1977, entitled “Redis¬ Young as an “absentee landlord” women and members of the minor¬ covering Andrew Young,” re¬ who was rarely around for western ity groups—so that the mission flected the reassessment, and caucuses during the General As¬ would have “ethnic diversity”; for pointed to his assets: “Indeed, sembly. obvious reasons his position was some of his colleagues from other In the effort to do his job consci¬ not appreciated by the existing governments now say he has be¬ entiously and still be the open, ac¬ staff. come the most influential person at cessible man he has always been, Fortunately, Young made some the United Nations, and that his Young tended to drive himself into exceptions. Among the senior staff presence at the head of the Ameri¬ periodic states of exhaustion. He holdovers from Scranton’s period, can delegation has swung more would talk with visitors into the the highest ranking and most in¬ than a few votes, or has prevented small hours of the morning, then be fluential was Ambassador Richard issues from coming to a vote when up at six o’clock to start a busy Petree, the senior adviser, an able the outcome would have been day. At the end of six weeks or so Foreign Service officer with more against the United States. And of this superhuman schedule, than thirty years’ experience. He some say, with little irony or Young would become so exhausted had the principal responsibility for exaggeration, that Andy Young is that he sometimes disappeared for management of the political affairs currently the most influential per¬ a few days to rest, incommunicado. staff. He also gave substantive son in Africa as well.” In an ideally constructed mis¬ backstopping to Young. The eco¬ Eleven months later, in July sion, Young’s free-wheeling would nomic and social staff was run by 1978, Young was again in trouble be complemented by a highly- Ambassador Wells; the legal staff because of indiscretion in talking to organized, experienced staff. Such consists of two veterans, Herbert a reporter about “political prison- was not Young’s objective. He was Reis and Robert Rosenstock, who 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 have worked together for many sanctions committee from 1968 als as well. Ironically, because of years. Apparently no one was pull¬ through the summer of 1971 and market factors, the percentage of ing it all together, as was done was generally in the position of urg¬ US chrome imports of Soviet origin under most of Young’s predeces¬ ing, on instructions, that sanctions increased from 45 per cent in 1971, sors. Young himself preferred to enforcement be tightened. This po¬ the year before the amendment be¬ concentrate on policy-making and sition was popular with the Afri¬ came effective, to 60 per cent in communicating with the American cans and the British but not with 1972 and 54 per cent in 1973. people as well as foreign delega¬ some of our western European al¬ If the economic effects of the tions, rather than the management lies, whose enforcement of the Byrd amendment were dubious, its of USUN. sanctions was half-hearted. Even political impact was disastrous. It when the United States govern¬ put the United States in the com¬ Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and ment in November 1970 permitted pany of South Africa, colonial Por¬ Namibia Union Carbide to import 150,000 tugal and non-member Switzerland We have already described tons of Rhodesian chromite which as the only acknowledged violators Young’s views on southern Africa it had allegedly paid for before of the UN sanctions. It undercut and apartheid and his advocacy of mandatory sanctions became the authority of the UN and gave negotiated, peaceful settlements. effective—a dubious case—the Af¬ heart to the Smith regime. Now it might be well to look specif¬ rican reaction was relatively sub¬ Unfortunately the Nixon admin¬ ically in two areas where he was dued. Evidently the earlier active istration showed little interest in involved in negotiations looking American advocacy of strict en¬ either Africa or the United Na¬ toward independence under major¬ forcement of sanctions had left a tions. Although the administra¬ ity rule, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and tion’s official position was against Namibia. the Byrd amendment, neither For five years after lan Smith “Young’s cultivation of Nixon nor Secretary Rogers was announced on November 11, 1965, active in trying to persuade con¬ that Rhodesia would henceforth be good relations with the gressmen to oppose it. The White independent, the United States had leaders of these African House was unwilling even to go on a relatively comfortable position. It record against the amendment in was based on emphasizing British states during the the fall of 1971. When the show¬ responsibility for dealing with the preceding two and a down vote approached, Senator white settler regime and supporting half years had also Gale McGee vainly appealed for Britain at the United Nations. On five or six presidential telephone October 29, two weeks before helped significantly.” calls to “marginal” senators to get Smith’s declaration, President the Byrd amendment replaced, but Johnson had sent him a personal to no avail. message stating that a unilateral temporary residue of good will. Repeal finally came early in the declaration of independence (UDI) This residue was destroyed a Carter administration. Young, would be a tragic mistake and mak¬ year later when Congress adopted Vance and Carter gave the matter ing it clear that the United States the (Harry) Byrd amendment. At¬ high priority. Testifying before a would support the British in oppos¬ tached to a military procurement congressional committee hearing ing such an act. After Smith bill as Section 503, the amendment on February 24, 1977, Young nonetheless declared independence read: “Notwithstanding any other stated: “I think we realize that had unilaterally, the United States provision of law, on and after we repealed the Byrd Amendment backed the British policy of “No January I, 1972, the president may on our first, or even second try, we Independence Before Majority not prohibit or regulate the impor¬ probably could have avoided signif¬ Rule” (NIBMAR). When Britain tation into the United States of any icant bloodshed and potential dis¬ urged selective UN Security Coun¬ material determined to be strategic ruption to that entire area.” Young cil sanctions against Smith in De¬ and critical pursuant to the noted that repeal was considered cember 1966, the United States provisions of this Act, if such mate¬ by both the black Africans and Ian gave its full support. In May 1968 rial is the product of a country or Smith as a test of American sincer¬ the United States again backed a area not listed as a Communist- ity and commitment to majority British proposal, this time for com¬ dominated country or area in gen¬ rule in southern Africa. He also ob¬ prehensive sanctions and the estab¬ eral headnote 3(d) of the Tariff served that he would be president lishment of a committee to monitor Schedules of the United States (19 of the Security Council in March compliance. At the same time the U.S.C. 1202) for as long as the im¬ and would feel personally bolstered United States supported the British portation into the United States of if Congress could act by then. In in their refusal to use military force material of the kind which is the fact, it did. Thus Young’s credi¬ against Smith. It was Britain, product of such Communist- bility with African leaders was rather than the US, which took dominated countries or areas is not given a substantial lift at a critical most of the heat at the United Na¬ prohibited by any provision of early period of his service at the tions. The Africans were occasion¬ law.” United Nations. ally irritated with the United Although sponsors of the Economic pressure against States, but never so seriously as to amendment stressed the alleged Rhodesia was increased on May 27, lead them to jeopardize African- danger of becoming increasingly 1977 when the Security Council American relations. I served as US dependent on Soviet chrome, the adopted a resolution expanding the representative on the Rhodesian language covered 71 other materi¬ scope of sanctions against the 3N SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugusi, 1980 2 1 Smith regime. The United States, power in the hands of the white- at implementing the Common¬ having repealed the Byrd Amend¬ dominated army, police and courts. wealth accord. Negotiations were ment, rejoined the group of coun¬ Despite Anglo-American and extremely difficult, and often tries zealously working for strict UN objections, Smith and his three seemed on the brink of failure, but enforcement of the sanctions and black collaborators went ahead by December an agreement based was a cosponsor of the May 27 res¬ with the Salisbury agreement. on that accord was reached. The olution. Elections in March 1979 resulted in agreement was made possible in The Carter administration joined victory for Abel Muzorewa, who part by British skill and toughness; with the British government early became prime minister, with Smith in part, by the strong desire of in 1977 in working toward a plan for in the Cabinet as minister- Muzorewa and the Rhodesian peaceful transition to majority rule. without-portfolio. But white power whites to see an end to the sanc¬ Key participants in the endeavor remained entrenched and the fight¬ tions and fighting. (Young had con¬ were Foreign Secretary David ing between the Muzorewa-Smith tributed to this pressure by his Owen and Ambassador Ivor forces and the Mugabe and Nkomo energetic efforts to repeal the Byrd Richard on the British side and groups continued, even intensified. amendment in 1977 and his inter¬ Vance and Young on the Ameri¬ No other government recognized cessions with Carter in the summer can. The credibility Young estab¬ the new regime of Zimbabwe of 1979 urging the president not to lished with the African states was a Rhodesia and UN sanctions con¬ yield to congressional pressure to significant asset in getting their tinued. remove the sanctions); and in part cooperation, usually tacit, but On August 6 the Commonwealth by the pressure on Nkomo and sometimes openly expressed. On heads of government, meeting in Mugabe by the neighboring African September 1, 1977 the British per¬ Lusaka, Zambia, came to an ac¬ states, notably Zambia, Mozam¬ manent representative sent to the cord aimed at “finding satisfactory bique, Tanzania, and Botswana, president of the UN Security solutions to the remaining prob¬ whose economies were being se¬ Council “proposals for the restora¬ lems of this region.” The accord verely damaged by the long civil tion of legality in Rhodesia and the “recognized . . . that the internal war in Zimbabwe. Young’s cultiva¬ settlement of the Rhodesia prob¬ settlement constitution is defective tion of good relations with the lead¬ lem” (Document S/12393). The in certain important respects”; ac¬ ers of these African states during proposals had been drawn up by cepted Britain’s constitutional re¬ the preceding two and a half years the British government “with the sponsibility to grant legal inde¬ had also helped significantly. full agreement of the government of pendence to Zimbabwe on the basis Elections in February 1980 the United States of America and of majority rule; called for the brought a landslide victory for after consulting all the parties con¬ adoption of “a democratic con¬ Mugabe, an apparent end to the cerned.” The Anglo-American stitution including appropriate civil war and the installation of an consultations had been held with safeguards for minorities” and for independent government in Zim¬ leaders of all the nationalist fac¬ “free and fair elections properly babwe based on majority rule. tions, the neighboring (“Front supervised under British govern¬ Namibia Line”) states and the Smith re¬ ment authority, and with Com¬ gime, both bilaterally and in monwealth observers”; and set as When the UN General Assembly groups. a major objective the “cessation of declared in 1966 that South Africa’s The deteriorating situation in hostilities and an end to sanctions mandate over Southwest Africa Rhodesia and the presentation of as part of the process of implemen¬ (Namibia) Had terminated, Arthur the Anglo-American proposals put tation of a lasting settlement.” Goldberg played a leading role in further pressure on Ian Smith. On Earlier there had been hints that negotiating the resolution, 2145 March 3, 1978, he announced an the new Conservative government, (XXI). In May 1967, however, the agreement with three African lead¬ which came into office in the spring assembly adopted Resolution 2248 ers in Rhodesia to bring about of 1979, might recognize the (S-IV), calling for measures to “majority rule on the basis of uni¬ Muzorewa regime and move to end force South Africa out, and the versal adult suffrage.” The pream¬ British sanctions. But concerned United States became one of 30 ab¬ ble to the agreement acknowledged with possibly vehement reactions stainers. Goldberg argued that ef¬ the impact of sanctions and armed at the Commonwealth conference, forts must be made toward a peace¬ conflict and presented it as a means which might even have led to its ful solution through dialogue. Be¬ of leading to their termination. It breakup, Prime Minister Thatcher cause of this and other differences represented certain significant con¬ moved cautiously. On the eve of of viewpoint, the United States cessions by Ian Smith; e.g., agree¬ the conference, Nigeria nation¬ stayed off the council for Namibia, ment to the principle of universal alized British shares in Nigerian oil as did France and Britain. suffrage and to independence as of production and marketing. Al¬ For almost a decade there was a December 31, 1978, a sharing of though Nigeria said the action was standoff. South Africa refused to power among the participating in protest of British oil sales to recognize the council and ignored groups and a commitment that he South Africa, it was also a clear the resolutions of the General As¬ would eventually step down. But, warning to the Thatcher govern¬ sembly. The 1974 revolution in Por¬ as Young declared in his statement ment not to lift sanctions against tugal, as a result of which an inde¬ to the Security Council on March Zimbabwe Rhodesia. pendent Angola emerged, brought 14, 1978, the Salisbury agreement In September 1979 the British in¬ a new situation to the northern was not adequate to bring about a vited Muzorewa, Mugabe and border of Namibia. South Africa in- peaceful solution. It left the real Nkomo to a London meeting aimed (Continued on page 37) 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 Association News TERRORISM AND FOREIGN SERVICE PRECEPTS 1980

The decade 1970-1979 was un¬ months more than three thousand Following long negotiations with precedented for the level and feroc¬ five hundred of our dependents and management, AFSA signed the ity of attacks on US personnel and employees have been evacuated precepts for this year's promotion installations overseas. Consider the from posts under emergency cir¬ boards on June 9. In what we be¬ following: cumstances. lieve is one of the most significant In this new decade of the ’80s, improvements over previous pre¬ Murder: Fourteen US officials, in¬ we have already had two dead in cepts, boards may now re-examine cluding five ambassadors, were Islamabad, ambassadors held hos¬ the files of employees not initially murdered in this decade—an aver¬ tage in Colombia and El Salvador recommended for promotion age of one death every 260 days. and continuing pressure world¬ should the number first recom¬ Kidnappings: Thirty-eight kidnap¬ wide. mended be lower than the number pings for an average of one every of opportunities available. As in 96 days. 1979, boards will be informed of the NEW TO EDBOARD Serious Injury: Thirty-two person¬ number of promotion opportunities nel wounded for an average of one only after the first screening. serious injury every 114 days. AFSA is particularly concerned Terrorist events: Two hundred and that there not be a repeat of the eight attacks on either our people situation last year, when 158 Staff or our installations in forty-three Corps promotions went unused. countries for an average of one ter¬ There will also no longer be a set rorist event every seventeen and percentage identified for selection one-half days. out. The bottom 10 percent of those In the diplomatic entrance of the eligible for promotion will still be State Department are two marble low-ranked and so notified, but the plaques maintained by the Ameri¬ boards must specifically designate can Foreign Service Association in individual employees for referral to memory of those who have given the Performance Standards Board. their lives in Foreign Service. The Among other major changes, the first plaque begins in 1780 and was James L. Roush is an AID retiree Zone Merit Promotion System for not filled until 1967. The second (’78) who has continued his associ¬ Class 4 and 5 officers will be plaque which continued with 1967 ation with the agency through di¬ abolished after this year’s boards is now two-thirds full. In just thir¬ rect and indirect consulting. Jim meet. Available statistical data teen years we have lost almost as served in USRO/Paris, Ethiopia, suggest that zone merit has not had many people as in the first one Cameroon, Vietnam, Guatemala a major impact on promotion pat¬ hundred and eight years of our (ROCAP) and Chile as well as terns, while it has exacerbated an existence. AID/W (No. Africa, LAC, head of already cumbersome review sys¬ At this moment, 53 of our col¬ PBAR systems effort, evaluator tem. In another move to make leagues remain illegally imprisoned with Operations Appraisal Staff). Boards IV and V more manage¬ in Iran. Over the past twelve He is a graduate of the Army War able, each board will be divided College (’66) and the Federal into two independent panels—one Executive Institute (’71). Besides a to review political and administra¬ continuing interest in development, tive officers, and the other to re¬ POST LANGUAGE TRAINING he is seeking other ways to build a view economic/commercial and Readers of the June issue (page foundation for peace. He is a consular officers. Competition will 26) learned of AFSA/AID efforts to member of the board of the UN As¬ continue to be by functional cate¬ resume AID/W language training sociation of the USA—Capital Di¬ gory, although boards are being di¬ for spouses. vision, Coordinator in No. Virginia rected to give “due credit” to those It has subsequently been an¬ for the Great Decisions program of employees who have expanded nounced by AID management that, the Foreign Policy Association, their career potential through mul¬ in view of the restoration of addi¬ member of the Political Economy tifunctional assignments. Similar tional training funds, AID/W lan¬ study group of The Churches Cen¬ weight is to be assigned to those guage training for spouses and ter for Theology and Public Policy, who have served well at hardship other dependent adults of direct- and founder and Executive Direc¬ posts. Language has also been hire employees will be resumed. tor of the Foundation for a Peaceful added to the precepts which re¬ Our hearty congratulations to Environment Among Communities flects the Department of Com¬ AID/PM and a resounding rasp¬ Everywhere. He has written for the merce’s new export promotion re¬ berry to whoever thought of cutting Journal and is editor of an in-house sponsibilities and notes the impor¬ the post and AID/W language train¬ organ in his condominium in Ar¬ tance of continuing Foreign Service ing program in the first place. lington. assignments in commercial work.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 23 SURVEY RESPONSE AND WASN’T ALI GREAT IN AFRICA? The AFSA survey is well under¬ way and we are getting back ques¬ tionnaires. For this first-ever, truly global survey of the Foreign Ser¬ vice we want a full range of opin¬ ions represented. If, by some chance, you haven’t received a questionnaire please let us know. If you have, please fill it out if you haven’t already done so.

KEN HILL TO ED BOARD

Red Auerbach, president and general manager, Boston Celtics, December 4, 1979: "Foreign service officers go to the Fletcher School, Georgetown, or some such place where they learn which fork to use, what to say, and how to kiss rear ends. "I know what it's all about. Sports can change our im¬ age. I'm not so nearsighted as to believe it's everything. But if we'd flooded some of these countries with athletes in¬ stead of cocktail drinkers, it might have been a different ball game today." -from the Spring/Summer 1980 Bulletin of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Ken Hill is currently assigned to the office of management opera¬ tions in the department. He served previously in the bureaus of human rights and humanitarian affairs, and on the German desk in European affairs. His foreign service was at Jerusalem (1965-66), Frankfurt and Berlin as a consular officer (1966- 70) and Belgrade as political officer (1973-76). A Texan by birth, Ken was raised and educated in California. He has a BA and MA in history from Berkeley. He is also a drop¬ out from a Baptist seminary for which he spent two years on the California desert in the Army. Ken is married to the former Yvonne Trout, who is also from Richmond, California. The Hills have three children. Ken is a member of the AFSA State Standing Committee and chairman of the Open Forum Working Group on Professional Concerns. The joyful return of the six returnees who were harbored by the Canadians JOIN AFSA for three months, from left: Kathleen F. Stafford, Cora Amburn Lijek, Mark (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) J. Lijek and Robert G. Anders. Joseph D. Stafford and Henry Lee Schatz not shown.

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 RETIREMENT: THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS As this issue of the Journal goes on Pension Policy, issued a brief years immediately ahead. You can to press, the future of the semi¬ interim report. This commission rely on being kept fully informed in annual Cost of Living Adjustment was established “to examine the this space as developments affect¬ (COLA) currently applied to re¬ nation’s retirement, survivor, and ing the Foreign Service in this area tirement annuities is still up in the disability systems and develop rec¬ begin to take form. air. The reason for this is not so ommendations for changes that will much a lack of agreement on the address current problems and meet OFFICE OF SECURITY matter as it is a question of legisla¬ identified goals.” Its final report, AFSA has increasingly turned its tive procedures. scheduled to be released in Feb¬ attention to a part of our bargaining The budget committees of both ruary 1981, will be far reaching unit too long neglected—Security the House and the Senate have both in its scope and recom¬ Officers. We have attempted to agreed to cut $500 million in enti¬ mendations. In the interim report correct some of the administrative tlement costs—meaning budget ex¬ the commission expresses “strong inequities for these under- penditures dictated by legislation sentiment to extending Social Se¬ appreciated and frequently over¬ presently on the books—of which curity to all new workers who looked men and women, who too the largest amount would be would otherwise not be covered.” often seem to get zapped with the realized by limiting the COLA to The commission would specifically disadvantages of the Foreign Ser¬ one a year. The rub is that present exempt persons already retired and vice while losing out on the plus retirement legislation calls for two those eligible for immediate retire¬ side. COLAs annually, so this legisla¬ ment from being affected by any We have set up a communica¬ tion would have to be amended if changes, and it emphasizes that tions system with the field offices there is to be only one. Should a bill Social Security, if extended to all which is just beginning to be used. to accomplish this be reported out government employees, should not We have successfully challenged of the House Post Office and Civil replace existing retirement systems SY’s feudal system and unfair per¬ Service Committee and be voted but that existing systems should be sonnel practices that could seri¬ upon as a single issue, many federal modified to take Social Security ously damage individual agents. employee and retirement organiza¬ benefits into account. We now have a security agent on tion representatives think that To sum up, with two political the State Standing Committee. In there would be a fair chance of de¬ conventions and a national election fact, SY AFSA enthusiasts are feating such a bill on the floor. But on the agenda between now and the among the most active, hard¬ if the once-a-year COLA is in¬ end of the year, it is highly unlikely working and responsive Foreign cluded in a total “reconciliation that the 96th Congress will have Service employees to work with. package” bringing all legislative time to consider any retirement is¬ We want the Security Officers to entitlements into line with the sues other than the possible reduc¬ know that we are 100 percent be¬ budget committees’ reductions, the tion in the COLA to one a year. But hind them—and the troglodytes chance of retaining the semi-annual the betting is that it will be a differ¬ that brew up their rather unique COLA would be much less favor¬ ent story when the 97th Congress operating rules without much ref¬ able. convenes in January 1981. Demo¬ erence to how the rest of the At this writing it is not possible graphic and fiscal pressures appear civilized world operates should to predict what will happen and certain to make retirement, disabil¬ take notice. SY is a real “chal¬ when. If, however, the Congress ity, and survivor income policies a lenge,” as we say in the Foreign does act to limit the COLA to one a high-priority national issue in the Service. year as is still likely, the next ad¬ justment in retirement annuities would come in March 1981, and this adjustment would reflect the increase in the CPI(W) from De¬ cember 31, 1979 to December 31, 1980. As has been mentioned fre¬ quently in this space, AFSA is a member of the Fund for Assuring an Independent Retirement, a co¬ alition of 23 federal employee and retiree groups organized to oppose mandatory coverage of all federal employees under Social Security. It is now apparent that Congress will not have the time this year to address this issue, even if legisla¬ tion were introduced to accomplish this—which seems unlikely. In May another retirement study First Lady Rosalyn Carter greeting the six Americans sheltered by the group, the President’s Commission Canadians and the families of the other hostages at the State Department.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 2 5 An interview with David F. Trask, participants in diplomatic events— could and should be used to sup¬ State Department historian plement the documentary record of diplomatic history? A There are problems with oral • history, because it involves people’s memories, often long after the events. Generally, the weaker and the more scattered the documentary record is, the more central oral history becomes as a Jbreign Service supplement to other sources. From the viewpoint of the State Department, I think an oral history program focused on career officers would be particularly useful. Memories Cabinet level officials have been extensively interviewed by the presidential libraries and other oral history projects, such as the one at Columbia University. But what is missing is the very and Diplomatic extensive historical knowledge that country desk officers, ambas¬ sadors, DCMs, and political and economic counsellors acquire in the normal course of their work. History This group has been neglected in all existing oral history projects, al¬ though it is just the group that may well have the most valuable histor¬ ical information in their minds. They have knowledge about the ac¬ tual course of negotiations, and the JOHN J. HARTER mood and tone of things, and the operational context in crisis situa¬ tions, for example, that you nor¬ mally can’t get from the political The historical offices of the at New York State University. His appointees above them. That in¬ armed services have well- published works include The formation would help anyone try¬ developed oral history programs, United States in the Supreme War ing to get a full in-depth picture of but not the Department of State, Council (1961), General Tasker what actually happened, and why it according to the State Department Howard Bliss and the “Sessions of happened. historian. the World,” 1919 (1966), Victory For example, 1 think future his¬ “An oral history program fo¬ Without Peace (1968), World War 1 torians would find it very useful to cused on career LForeign Service] at Home (1970), and Captains and have a record of the information officers would be particularly use¬ Cabinets (1972). He also co-edited and impressions the Iranian desk ful,” Dr. David F. Trask said in an A Bibliography of US-Latin Ameri¬ officer has acquired over the past interview. “This group has been can Relations Since 1810 (1968) two years. That might reveal more neglected in all existing oral history and co-authored Ordeal of World about important currents of history projects, although it is just the Power (1975). than would the recollections of the group that may well have the most As historian he supervises a staff secretary of state about Iran. valuable historical information in of 36, including 29 professional his¬ their minds.” torians, who prepare and publish QWhen and how would you Prior to becoming the depart¬ the American Foreign Relations . like to see oral history inter¬ ment’s historian. Dr. Trask was Series and also undertake policy- views centering on the Foreign chairman of the history department related historical research on sub¬ Service conducted? jects of current interest to John J. Harter, FSO-3, has served in decision-making officials of the de¬ A I would like to see this linked South Africa, Chile, Thailand, and Geneva, partment. > to the transfer process. That and in 10 and ARA. In his present assign¬ Following are edited excerpts is, a routine de-briefing could be ar¬ ment as a writerleditor at USICA he has from the interview: ranged to mine historical informa¬ conducted more than one hundred on-the- TO what degree do you think record interviews, principally on North/ Q tion as an officer moves from one South issues. He was a member of the • oral history—formal on-the- post to another. Alternatively, the AFSA Board in 1960-61. record interviews with surviving department might mount a program 26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 to de-brief every retiring middle connection with North/South rela¬ level or senior Foreign Service of¬ tions. ficer who wished to participate. For example, we are giving in¬ Either way, I think this should be creased attention to the develop¬ voluntary, and not compulsory. ment of the foreign aid program, /'A Do you think Foreign Service the changing structures that have . officers would like to partici¬ administered external assistance, pate in an official oral history pro¬ and our economic and political re¬ ject in the State Department? lationships with the Third World. Trade and the general unsettling of A Yes, I think many of them the international monetary system • really do hope their contribu¬ have also demanded more atten¬ tions and observations will be re¬ tion, particularly since the late corded and remembered. They may 1960s and early 1970s, and, of be more concerned about their own course, energy since 1973. We are role in the history of the country— being asked to document these and in its preservation—than any changes, as we move toward an in¬ other group. tegrated world economy, which some people see as the most fun¬ /^v Do you think the inter¬ damental revolution in the history im • viewees would be more can¬ of mankind. did" if they could be assured that nobody would listen to the tape, at Q Could you give some other least for a few years—that it would • examples of the economic is¬ be sealed and locked up mean¬ sues that you are working on? while? David F. Trask A I expect the setting up of the A That might be true, within • OECD, the Trade Expansion «limits. My own opinion is that Act of 1962, and the forces that led most of that material would be de¬ to the Kennedy Round of Trade sensitized within six years. Most of Negotiations—which were major the so-called “sensitive” material can be applied to a document that developments in international af¬ that is kept restricted for up to was produced just ten minutes ago. fairs in the early 1960s—will re¬ twenty years or more relates either It has not been legally clarified ceive considerable coverage in the to sources and methods of the in¬ whether that applies to machine re¬ volumes of the Foreign Relations telligence community or to subjec¬ cords. series documenting that period. tive comments or impressions of Also, the interactions between people who are still alive and his¬ /'"'v Aside from state, what other North/South preoccupations on the torically active. To illustrate: we * government agencies deal one hand and East/West preoccu¬ had a great deal of difficulty clear¬ with post World War II diplomatic pations on the other hand began to ing our 1949 volume on China, history? be obvious at that time, as reflected which was held up a long time pre¬ in such international crises as the cisely because of “sensitive” ma¬ A There are several historical Congo affair in 1959-61. The dispar¬ terial relating to Chairman Mao and « offices in the federal govern¬ ity in wealth and resources, as be¬ Chou En-lai. When they died, it ment, and altogether some 500 tween the North and the South, has finally became possible to publish people do basically historical work been a constant element in the that volume. in the Washington area. All of the dialogue since then. armed services have very active Incidentally, I think President Q Would the Freedom of In- historical offices, and they all have Kennedy’s support for building the . formation Act be a problem well-developed oral history pro¬ High Dam on the Volta River was here? For example, if it should be¬ grams. The CIA has a historical of¬ an event of critical importance that come publicly known that tapes of fice, and so do the Department of hasn’t yet been fully understood for oral history interviews exist at the Energy and some of the regulatory what it represented. I think our State Department—although in¬ commissions. series should correct and add to the tended to be confidential—could record on such matters as this, scholars seek their release under QHOW about the economic side which have proved to be of funda¬ the Freedom of Information Act? • of foreign relations? mental long-term significance. In fact, I would say that many eco¬ A That could be a problem. A International economic is- nomic developments that took . Every official document, or • sues have recently been at place twenty-odd years ago are at any official information, can be re¬ the very center of our preoccupa¬ the root of major policy problems quested, and, if requested, it tion in my office, reflecting recent that face us today. should be reviewed. That doesn’t shifts in priorities, away from more mean everything will be released, traditional political-military aspects rv Has information relating to but under present circumstances, of foreign policy toward economic • the CIA generally been avail¬ the Freedom of Information Act and social issues, particularly in able to you and your staff? FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 27 A No. We think our Foreign Re- A No, but we’re constantly in president himself dealt with, in all • lations series should be the • search of CIA documenta¬ areas, including foreign policy. We outlet for the over-all process of tion, National Security Council acquire important information re¬ making and implementing US documentation, and Defense De¬ garding what other agencies have foreign policy. Insofar as the CIA partment documentation that re¬ done that impinge on foreign policy and other intelligence agencies par¬ lates to US foreign policy. We’re through the presidential libraries. ticipate in that process, we think it actively exploring this whole range For example, we made a particular should be documented in that of questions with our colleagues at effort to exploit the resources of series. The activities of the in¬ the CIA and other intelligence or¬ the Eisenhower Library in covering telligence community—especially ganizations. We believe that if we the 1953-61 period. We’re just be¬ intelligence policies—appear to cover these matters responsibly ginning to work out our strategy for have been of great and growing im¬ and accurately in our series, we can exploiting the resources of the portance in the foreign policy pro¬ limit the damage that would other¬ Kennedy Library for the 1961-63 cess over the past twenty years or wise result from the publication of period. This all began with the so. It has therefore been increas¬ distorted accounts, unauthorized Truman Library, in Independence, ingly difficult for historians to de¬ although we had some recourse to scribe the over-all foreign policy the Roosevelt Library at Hyde process without covering in¬ Park. telligence questions. “We found that even In a nutshell, research in the We do get clearance on certain presidential libraries is absolutely questions reflected in the Foreign extremely intelligent essential to our work, particularly Relations series, but we often en¬ individuals just don’t since State Department files simply counter problems in obtaining fa¬ do not include all the materials that vorable declassification decisions remember key are relevant to the determination regarding some very significant ma¬ incidents or they don’t and implementation of US foreign terials. Also, we simply have no policy. way of knowing about many de¬ recall them in the right velopments that took place in this order.” QDO NSC files go to the presi- area. In fact, the US government « dential libraries? simply doesn't have well thought- out and Firmly established policies A Only to a degree. A lot of our and procedures regarding how in¬ leaks, fabrications, and other sen¬ . information relating to NSC telligence matters should be dealt sational treatments. We believe, as activity derives from our research with in official historical publica¬ the officially authorized outlet for at the presidential libraries. tions. I think there is an urgent government information relating to need for the government to think past foreign policy, our series is the Which of this information this through, to ensure that our appropriate outlet and context for vJ' • does not go to the presiden- Foreign Relations series will be as this information to be publicly re¬ tiaflibraries? comprehensive and useful to histo¬ leased. rians seeking to assess US foreign Obviously, we’re not talking A Well, the NSC itself presum- policy developments as possible. about releasing information about • ably has its own files, but the subjects that are still sensitive, nature of these has never been QIs the CIA contribution re- such as specific intelligence opera¬ made known. It’s not at all clear * fleeted in State Department tions in the field. The executive what goes on there. tiles? order covering declassification clearly precludes this, and there are QHOW do you know about explicit legal safeguards to protect • NSC files if you do not have A Not all of it, by any means. particular sources and methods. access to them? • The presidential libraries We can accept and work with that. shed light on some of these de¬ But I don't think these limitations A Well, through our examina- velopments. should prevent the publication of • tion of State Department desensitized material that is histor¬ documents—and materials that QSome CIA materials are ically important and does not com¬ come to our attention from the • made available to govern¬ promise sensitive sources and presidential libraries and other ment historians in other agencies to methods. I think it would help sources—we become aware of cer¬ help them pinpoint their own rather than threaten national secu¬ tain NSC activities. But we haven’t researches—to army historians rity to cover this area more fully been able to gain direct access to seeking to develop an authoritative than we have to date. NSC records or to elicit those history of the Vietnam War, for specific documents that would example—even when those materi¬ trace the developments we’re in¬ als cannot be attributed to the CIA terested in. Given the obvious im¬ or otherwise referred to in public area? portance of the NSC in the foreign documents. Does the CIA extend policy process, this is a serious gap this kind of assistance to your of¬ A They seek to collect all the in our work. fice? • materials relating to what the (Continued on page 44) 28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 “The release of atomic energy constitutes a new force too revolutionary to consider in the framework of old ideas.’’ —Harry S. Truman.

TRUMAN AT POTSDAM: HIS SECRET DIARY

BARTON J. BERNSTEIN

On July 7, 1945, accompanied by him to deal with foreign policy. Not cuss the war with Japan and the advisers and armed with brief¬ until he became president in April, shape of the peace. The meetings ing papers, President Harry S. for example, had he even learned of revealed the growing Soviet- Truman departed on the Augusta the secret Yalta agreements or of American differences, and the is¬ for the Potsdam meeting with Pre¬ the significance of the Manhattan sues of Eastern Europe caused mier Joseph Stalin and Prime Project, code name for the A-bomb grave problems. In fact, the powers Minister Winston Churchill. It was project. could not reach any comfortable Truman’s first trip abroad as presi¬ Despite Churchill’s entreaties in settlement on these issues. Stalin dent and, in fact, his first trip the spring for an earlier meeting of refused to accede to Truman’s de¬ across the Atlantic since soldiering the Big Three, Truman had delayed mand for the immediate reorganiza¬ in World War I. “It was a wonder¬ the conference, at least partly be¬ tion of the Balkan governments, ful crossing” on the Augusta, he cause he wanted to know the re¬ the inclusion of significant demo¬ later recalled, citing the fine band-, sults of the A-bomb test. He ar¬ cratic elements, and free elections. the nightly movies, and the many rived at Potsdam on the 15th, but Stalin pointed out that Russia was ceremonies. not until the next evening did he not meddling in Greece, a British The conference was Truman’s receive the brief report that the test sphere of influence, and indicated first meeting with Stalin and Chur¬ at Alamogordo had been success¬ that he wanted a Soviet sphere in chill. It was an opportunity for him ful. “Operated on this morning,” the Balkans. American efforts to to assess them, to test himself, and was the message in code, “diag¬ secure free and democratic elec¬ to be tested by them. Only thirteen nosis not yet complete but results tions in Communist-dominated Po¬ weeks in the presidency when the seem satisfactory and already ex¬ land were sidestepped with a loose conference opened, he was anxious ceed expectations.” According to agreement that elections would be and uncertain. Neither his years as Secretary of War Henry L. Stim- held “as soon as possible.” senator nor his months as vice- son, who carried the message to the Truman periodically insisted president had adequately prepared president, he “kept it [and was] de¬ upon internationalization of Euro¬ lighted with it.” pean waterways and especially the Barton J. Bernstein, associate professor of Between July 17th and August 2, Danube, which, he argued, would history at Stanford University, is the author Truman, Secretary of State James prevent future wars. Stalin, ever of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Reconsidered: The Atomic Bombings of Japan and the Ori¬ F. Byrnes, General George C. fearful of American penetration of gins of the Cold War, 1941-1945 (1975) and Marshall, army chief of staff, and Eastern Europe, retaliated by sug¬ the editor of, among other volumes, Politics other American officials met with gesting internationalization of the and Policies of the Truman Administration. British and Soviet leaders to dis¬ Suez Canal. The result, as so often FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 29 during the conference, was to send other days can be pieced together meeting, Truman was even more the dispute to the newly created from occasional letters to his optimistic. “Stalin is honest,” the Council of Foreign Ministers. mother and to associates in the president wrote. The three powers reached a lim¬ United States. A decidedly minor matter, ited, uneasy agreement on German At times, the diary is quite folksy though undoubtedly surprising in reparations and some other key is¬ in phrasing, as when he wrote view of his memory for facts, is sues. In a package deal proposed about “soft soap” and “chigger that Truman was a poor—indeed, a by Byrnes, the Soviets agreed to bites,” and his not having a “rose wretched—speller. Such words as accept Italy in the UN after a peace complexion.” On a few occasions, lien, lye, cession, and situation be¬ treaty could be arranged; the perhaps in moments of awe, as for came virtually unrecognizable in United States and Great Britain example when discussing a session his versions. He also misspelled the agreed to set the temporary west¬ with Stalin and Churchill on July names of James Forrestal, his sec¬ ern border of Poland at the Oder- 25, Truman referred to himself in retary of the navy, General Brehon Neisse line; and the Soviets settled the third person, in a very formal B. Somervell, commanding general for less than the $10 billion in Ger¬ way, as “the U.S. President.” Oc¬ of the army service forces, and man reparations that Roosevelt had casionally the diary is elliptical, as Lord Louis M. Mountbatten, su¬ loosely promised at Yalta. The final when he mentioned a conversation preme allied commander for agreement on reparations was so about Germany with General Southeast Asia. loose and so dependent upon unde¬ Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme The first day of the diary is full of fined matters (the economic level allied commander for Europe, but Truman’s comments on war- necessary for the German peace¬ did not indicate the details. And ravaged Germany, the homeless time economy) that it provoked bit¬ frequently it revealed his thinking people, the folly and evil of Hitler, ter discord in the next year. about key leaders (Churchill and the errors of the Germans, and, in The American-Soviet discus¬ Stalin) and about matters of central summary, the devastation of war. sions of Soviet entry into the policy (especially the atomic bomb, Briefly he became philosophical, Japanese war avoided sharp dis¬ Soviet entry into the Japanese war, stating that “machines are ahead of agreements. The Soviet leaders and ending that war). morals” and “we are only termites emphasized that intervention Not surprisingly, Truman’s diary on a planet. . . .” awaited a settlement of Sino-Soviet reveals a greater self-conscious¬ In later days, he commented on negotiations, but entry seemed ness and uneasiness than his the dangers of communism but near. According to Truman, Stalin “ghosted” memoirs, published in noted that the “Nazis and Fascists forecast entry by August 15, but a 1955, acknowledge. Predictably, were worse.” What would happen, top Soviet general later told Mar¬ there are discrepancies, both major he mused, if Stalin suddenly died? shall the “last half of August.” and minor, from the published re¬ A successor might wreck the Truman’s Diary collections. Surprisingly, his diary peace. Who could succeed Stalin? the president wondered. The key In 1978, after thirty-three years, discloses that he was a poor spel¬ ler. Significantly, he ruminated on men around Stalin, Truman con¬ Truman’s handwritten secret diary cluded, were inadequate. Foreign for seven of his days at Potsdam— the ravages of war, Hitler, com¬ munism, the perils following Sta¬ Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and July 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, and Assistant Foreign Minister Andrei 30—became available at the Tru¬ lin’s death, and the men around the Soviet leader. Most significantly, Vyshinsky, as well as their associ¬ man library. It had been tucked ate, Assistant Foreign Minister away among the segment of his he emphasized the atomic bomb and it led him to new judgments Ivan Maisky, lacked sincerity or papers opened well after his death. honesty. That diary, unpublished until now, about how and when the war with allows us to examine those critical Japan would end. days through a new lens. Truman’s early diary records his The Atomic Bomb There is an obvious but difficult first meetings with Churchill and Soviet entry into the war, ending set of questions: Why did he keep Stalin. These entries express op¬ that war, and, most of all, the this brief diary? Was it for his own timism, some suspicion, and un¬ A-bomb dominated diary. After his record, possibly to show to friends easy firmness. They also differ first meeting with Stalin, on the and relatives, or maybe for later from the recollections later re¬ 17th, Truman recorded that the publication? There is no clear an¬ ported in his memoirs. In his Soviets would enter the war on Au¬ swer for his Potsdam diary, nor for memoirs, he claimed that he had gust 15. “Fini Japan,” he wrote. the few daily accounts he had made found Churchill “very open and By the next day, after meeting with in the preceding weeks or for the genuine” in their first meeting; but Churchill, Truman shifted, “Be¬ more frequent but still scattered en¬ in his diary for the day, Truman lieve Japs will fold up before Russia tries of later years. And there is the expressed doubts, for he wrote that comes in.” curious matter that the Potsdam Churchill was delivering “hooey” What changed Truman’s judg¬ diary contains entries for only and using “soft soap.” In his ment in one day? Not Japan’s seven days. Were there diary ac¬ memoirs, reporting his first as¬ peace feelers, but the atomic bomb. counts for other days at Potsdam sessment of Stalin, Truman wrote He already knew that Japan was that got lost over the years? It is that he “looked me in the eye when sending out peace feelers asking possible since Truman seems to he spoke and I felt hopeful that we the Soviets to serve as inter¬ have been relatively careless with could reach an agreement . . .” In mediaries in negotiations on rather his papers. His view of some of the his diary for July 17, after their first undefined terms, so that informa-

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 tion did not come as a surprise Japanese.’ ” Truman had told him building of the elaborate weapon. when Churchill discussed it. Judg¬ of a new weapon, not of the atomic The gap between discovery and in¬ ing from the diary, as well as other bomb. vention is, in short, the difference sources, Truman concluded that On July 21, Stimson received a between learning how nature works the A-bomb might produce a very full, quite dramatic report on and harnessing that knowledge in a speedy surrender. “I am sure they the power of the Alamogordo test. device, in this case a bomb. will [fold] when Manhattan [the The weapon probaby exceeded the On the 25th in his diary, Truman A-bomb] appears over their home¬ equivalent of 15,000-20,000 tons of also discussed the targeting of the land,” he wrote on the 18th. TNT, created a crater with a diam¬ bomb. Tokyo and Kyoto were un¬ Earlier that day, Stimson had re¬ eter of 1200 feet, with a bowl 130 acceptable targets, he stressed. ceived a second, somewhat fuller feet in diameter and six feet in Some of Stimson’s advisers had report on the Alamogordo test, depth, evaporated the 100-foot earlier proposed Tokyo, but by which he had taken promptly to the July they had dropped it and were president: It indicated that the recommending Kyoto, Hiroshima, atomic explosion was visible for Niigata, Kokura, and Nagasaki. more than 200 miles and audible for “On the 25th, when Stimson, who had visited Kyoto about 40 miles. The president “was discussing the targets nearly a quarter century before, highly delighted,” Stimson noted in opposed the bombing of this an¬ his own diary. “The president was in his diary, Truman cient shrine city and former capital. evidently very greatly reinforced implied that normal Earlier, when B-29s began the mass over the message from [Washing¬ reasons had led him to bombing of Japanese cities, he had ton] and said he was very glad I had removed Kyoto, an industrial and come to the meeting. . . .” agree with Stimson in religious center, from the list of It is too much to conclude from exempting Kyoto.” targets. In July, Stimson persisted, this slender evidence that Truman insisting that Kyoto not be on the conceived clearly of the A-bomb A-bomb list. His reason was not to and Soviet entry as alternative save lives but, rather, to preserve ways of ending the war, but cer¬ steel tower holding the device, the shrines and thus prevent post¬ tainly the importance of Soviet knocked over a 70-foot steel tower war Japanese enmity against the entry diminished if the A-bomb in reinforced concrete a half mile United States. might make the Japanese fold. Had away and “knocked flat” some Stimson summarized his discus¬ he comfortably believed that one scientific observers 10,000 yards sion with Truman on the 24th that A-bomb would be sufficient to end from the explosion. According to Kyoto should be kept off the the war before August 15, he would Stimson, when he read this report A-bomb list. According to Stim¬ have urged his anti-inflation and to Byrnes and Truman on the 21st, son’s diary, Truman “again reiter¬ reconversion agencies to step up “they were immensely pleased. ated with the utmost emphasis his preparations for peace and he The president was tremendously own concurring belief on that sub¬ would have spared his government pepped up by it and spoke to me of ject, and he was particularly em¬ the confusion of mid-August when it again and again when I saw him. phatic in agreeing with my sugges¬ peace unexpectedly came. He did He said it gave him an entirely new tion that if elimination was' not not speed the preparations for feeling of confidence. ...” done, the bitterness which would peace at home. But he also did not Four days later, on the 25th, be caused by such a wanton act push Stalin to enter the war earlier, Truman summarized this Alamo¬ might make it impossible during the and he took no later actions at gordo report in his diary. In doing long post-war period to reconcile Potsdam to hasten Soviet entry into so, he made only minor errors— the Japanese to us in that area the war. In fact, Truman seemed to one slightly diminishing the power rather than to the Russians. It follow tactics devised to delay of the bomb and the other slightly might thus, I pointed out, be the Soviet entry into the war. exaggerating its power. The 100- means of preventing what our pol¬ In his diary on the 18th, he said foot tower became only 60-feet but icy demanded, namely a sympa¬ that he had “[d]ecided to tell Stalin the entire crater of 1200 feet in thetic Japan to the United States in about it [the A-bomb].” That was diameter became six feet deep. case there should be any aggression the earlier counsel of leading scien¬ Curiously, in view of his em¬ by Russia in Manchuria.” tific advisers and of Stimson and of phasis on the destructive power of On the 25th, when discussing the Byrnes, and Churchill acceded to this new man-made creation, he targets in his diary, Truman implies it. But on July 24, Truman handled wrote of the A-bomb as something that normal reasons, not postw: r the matter in such an oblique way “discovered,” not invented. His diplomatic considerations, had leu that he may have kept Stalin unin¬ choice of words suggests a peculiar him to agree with Stimson in formed. After a meeting of the Big view of the Manhattan Project and exempting Kyoto. The president Three that day, Truman, as he later America’s scientific-technological also recorded that he had directed described it, “casually mentioned achievement: it discovered the se¬ Stimson to use the bomb “on a to Stalin that we had a new weapon cret of nature and unlocked the purely military” target; "military of unusual destructive force. The atom. Such a phrasing minimized objectives and soldiers and sailors Russia Premier showed no interest. America's vast industrial apparatus are the target and not women and All he said was that he was glad to devoted to the project, the efforts children.” hear it and hoped we would make to devise techniques to guarantee a How can we square these state¬ ‘good use of it against the bomb explosion, and the actual ments about “a purely military”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 31 target with the choice of suitable targets, the committee The Edited Diary concluded. Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the Here is the entire transcribed di¬ On May 31, at the Interim Com¬ other cities for the bomb? Admit¬ ary, with occasional additions and tedly, the official presidential mittee meeting, according to the corrections by the editor in brack¬ statement, drafted by others and re¬ minutes, Secretary Stimson “ex¬ ets. leased on August 6 after the first pressed the conclusion, on which A-bombing, described Hiroshima there was general agreement that Berlin, July 16 [19]45 as “an important Japanese army we . . . could not concentrate on a base." But it was also a large city, civilian area; but that we should Today has been an historical and the 70,000-120,000 deaths, and seek to make a profound one. Arrived last night from about the same number of injuries, psychological impression on as Antwerp via the President’s C-54 were mostly among civilians. The many of the inhabitants as possible. and was driven to the movie colony very power of the A-bomb, about At the suggestion of Dr. [James] district in Potsdam. The German which Truman had marveled when Conant [scientific adviser and pres¬ Will Hays [America’s movie czar] he wrote about the disintegration of ident of Harvard] the secretary apparently had what is considered a steel tower and the knocking over agreed that the most desirable the best house. It was fixed up for of another tower a half-mile away, target would be a vital war plant me as President and called the Ber¬ indicated that the weapon’s impact employing a large number of work¬ lin White House. It is a dirty yellow could not be limited to a military ers and closely surrounded by and red. A ruined French base or even to industry. workers’ houses.” On June 21, the chateau—architectural style ruined Interim Committee reaffirmed by German endeavor to cover up Ever since the spring, American [this] position . . . that the weapon the French. They erected a couple planners had intended to drop the be used against Japan ... on a dual of tombstone chimneys on each A-bomb on a Japanese city, partly target, namely, a military installa¬ side of the porch facing the lake so to kill civilians in order to intimi¬ tion or war plant surrounded by or they would cover up the beautiful date the Japanese into surrender. adjacent to homes or other build¬ chateau roof and tower. Make the That was a logical continuation of ings most susceptible to damage.” place look like hell but purely the mass conventional bombing of Between these two meetings of German—just like the Kansas City Japan, as the A-bomb Target the Interim Committee, Secretary Union Station. Committee noted at its meeting of Stimson met with the president and We did not see but two German April 27: . . the 20th Air Force explained that he was fearful that civilians on the several mile drive is operating primarily to laying the air force “might have Japan so from the airport to the yellow waste all the main Japanese cit¬ thoroughly bombed out that the “White House.” ies .. . with the prime purpose in new weapon would not have a fair The house[,] as were all others[,] mind of not leaving one stone lying background to show its strength.” was stripped of everything by the on another.” Stimson himself had been uneasy Russians—not even a tin spoon about the killing of civilians in mass left. The American commanderf,] When this committee, including conventional bombing, but under however being a man of ener[g]y[,j General Leslie Groves and J. the pressures of felt exigency and caught the Russian loot train and Robert Oppenheimer, met in the promises of new technology he recovered enough furniture to mid-May, the members “agreed had moved to endorse the use of make the place livable. Nothing that psychological factors in target atomic weapons against civilians. matches. We have a two-ton Ger¬ selection were of great importance. Why then did Truman conclude man sideboard in the dining room Two aspects of this are (1) obtain¬ that the A-bomb target was “purely and a French or Chippendale table ing the greatest psychological ef¬ military?” Had Stimson, so trou¬ and chair—maybe a mixture of fect against Japan and (2) making bled by the earlier conventional both. There is a birdseye maple the initial use sufficiently spectacu¬ bombing, misinformed the presi¬ wardrobe and an oak chest match¬ lar for the importance of the dent when they talked of A-bomb ing the two-ton sideboard in my weapon to be internationally rec¬ targets? That is unlikely. Had Tru¬ bedroom. It is comfortable enough ognized when publicity on it is re¬ man possibly preferred not to un¬ all round but what a nightmare it leased. In this respect Kyoto has derstand fully? That question can¬ would give an interior decorator. the advantage of the people being not be definitely answered, but it To get down to today, Mr. Chur¬ more highly intelligent and hence may suggest why Truman, after the chill called by phone last night and better able to appreciate the signifi¬ discussions with Stimson and the said he’d like to call—for me to set cance of the weapon. Hiroshima reports of the powerful Alamo¬ the hour. I did—for ll A.M. this has the advantage of such a size gordo test, still wrote in his diary of morning. He was on time to the and with . . . nearby mountains a “purely military” target. Possi¬ dot. His daughter told Gen. [Harry] that a large fraction of the city may bly, in the ways that humans in Vaughan [Truman's military aide] be destroyed.” crisis can accomplish, Truman had he hadn’t been up so early in ten On May 28th the Target Commit¬ subtly deceived himself and thus years! I’d been up for four and one tee agreed that the A-bomb should avoided moral questions about the half hours. be dropped in the center of the city, A-bomb. If so. because most other We had a most pleasant conver¬ when they were considering advisers had already comfortably sation. He is a most charming and a Kyoto, Hiroshima, and Niigata as accepted the mass bombing of civil¬ very clever person—meaning targets. The industrial areas were ians in warfare, no associate later clever in the English not the Ken¬ too small and too dispersed to be challenged him on this matter. tucky sense. He gave me a lot of 32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, hooey about how great my country It is the Golden Rule in that he had some more questions to is and how he loved Roosevelt and reverse—and it is not an uplifting present. I told him to fire away. He how he intended to love me etc. sight. What a pity that the human did and it is dynamite—but I have etc. Well I gave him as cordial a animal is not able to put his moral some dynamite too which I am not reception as I could—being natur¬ thinking into practice! exploding now. He wants to fire ally (1 hope) a polite and agreeable We saw old men, old women, Franco [Spain’s dictator], to which person. young women, children from tots I wouldn’t object and divide up the 1 am sure we can get along if he to teens carrying packs [,] pushing Italian colonies and other man¬ doesn’t try to give me too much carts, pulling carts, evidently dates, some no doubt that the soft soap. You know soft soap is ejected by the conquerors and car¬ British have. Then he got on the made of ash hopper lie [lye] and it rying what they could of their be¬ Chinese situation [and] told us bums to beat hell when it gets into longings to nowhere in particular. what agreements had been reached the eyes. It’s fine for chigger bites I thought of Carthage, Baalbec and what was in abeyance. Most of but not so good for rose complex¬ [Baalbek], Jerusalem, Rome, At- the big points are settled. He’ll be ions. But I haven’t a rose complex¬ in the Jap War on August 15th. Fini ion. Japs when that comes about. We We struck a “blow for liberty” “I am sure they will had lunch[,] talked socially[,] put when he left in Scotch—not the when Manhattan on a real show drinking toasts to right brand for the purpose as the everyone[,] then had pictures made old V.P. Jack Garner can testify. appears over their in the backyard. I can deal with Stalin. He is honest—but smart as The photo men had a field day homeland. I shall hell. when he left. At 3:30 P.M. Mr. Sec inform Stalin about it [of State James F.] Byrnes, Adm. July 18 [19]45 (five star) [William D.[ Leahy and I at opportune time.” left in an open car for Berlin, fol¬ Ate breakfast with nephew lowed by my two aides and various Harry, a sergeant in the Field Artil¬ and sundry secret service and mili¬ lanta, Peking, Babylon, Nineveh; lery. He is a good soldier and a nice tary guards and preceded by a two —Scipio, Rameses II, Titus, Her¬ boy. They took him off Queen star general in a closed car with a mann, Sherman, Genghis Khan, Elizabeth at Glasco [Glasgow Har¬ couple of plain-clothes men to fool Alexander, Darius the Great—but bor] and flew him here. Sending em if they wanted to do any target Hitler only destroyed Stalingrad— him home Friday. Went to lunch practice of consequence on the and Berlin. 1 hope for some sort of with P.M. [Prime Minister Chur¬ Pres. They didn’t. peace—-but I fear that machines are chill] at l:30 [and] walked around We reviewed the Second Ar- ahead of morals by some centuries to British Hqrs. Met at the gate by moured-Divison and tied a citation and when morals catch up perhaps Mr. Churchill. Guard of honor on the guidon of Co. E 17th Ar¬ there'll [be] no reason for any of it. drawn up. Fine body of men Scot¬ moured Engr. Brigade]. Gen Col- I hope not. but we are only ter¬ tish guards. Band played Star lier[,] who seemed to know his mites on a planet and maybe when Spangled Banner. Inspected Guard stuff],] put us in a reconnaissance we bore too deeply into the planet and went in for lunch. P.M. & I ate car built with side seats and no top there’ll [be] a reckoning—who alone. Discussed Manhattan [A- just like a hoodlum wagon minus knows? bomb] (it is a success). Decided to the top or a fire truck with seats tell Stalin about it. Stalin had told P.M. of telegram from Jap Emperor and no hose and we drove slowly July 17 ’45 down a mile and a half of good sol¬ [actually from the Foreign Secre¬ diers and some millions of dollars Just spent a couple of hours with tary] asking for peace. Stalin also of equipment which had amply paid Stalin. Joe Davies [former Ameri¬ read his answer to me. It was satis¬ its way to Berlin. can ambassador to Russia] called factory. Believe Japs will fold be¬ Then we went to Berlin and saw on [Ivan] Maisky [Assistant fore Russia comes in. absolute ruin. Hitler’s folly. He Foreign Minister] and made the I am sure they will when Manhat¬ overreached himself by trying to date last night for noon today. tan [A-bomb] appears over their take in too much territory. He had Promptly a few minutes before homeland. I shall inform Stalin no morals and his people backed twelve I looked up from the desk about it at opportune time. Stalin’s him up. Never did I see a more sor¬ and there stood Stalin in the door¬ luncheon was a most satisfactory rowful sight, nor witness retribu¬ way. I got to my feet and advanced meeting. I invited him to come to tion to the nth degree. to meet him. He put out his hand the U.S. Told him I’d send the Bat¬ The most sorrowful part of the and smiled. I did the same [and] we tleship Missouri for him if he'd situation is the deluded Hitlerian shook. I greeted Molotov and the come. He said he wanted to coop¬ populace. Of course the Russians interpreter and we sat down. After erate with the U.S. in peace as we have kidnapped the able bodied the usual polite remarks we got had cooperated in war but it would and I suppose have made involun¬ down to business. I told Stalin that be harder. Said he was grossly mis¬ tary workmen of them. They have I am no diplomat but usually said understood in U.S. and I was mis¬ understood in Russia. I told him also looted every house left stand¬ yes or no to questions after hearing ing and have sent the loot to Rus¬ all the argument. It pleased him. I that we each could help to remedy sia. But Hitler did the same thing to asked him if he had the agenda for that situation in our home countries them. the meeting. He said he had and and that I intended to try with all I 3N SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 3 3 had to do my part at home. He gave Stalin, Churchill and the U.S. pres¬ the west Neisse, taking Stettin and me a most cordial smile and said he ident. But I had a most important Silesia as a fact accomplished. My would do as much in Russia. session with Lord [Louis M.] position is that according to com¬ We then went to the conference Mountbatten and General [George mitments made at Yalta by my pre¬ and it was my job to present the C.] Marshall [army chief of staff] decessor Germany was to be di¬ Ministers proposed agenda. There before that. We have discovered vided into four occupation zones, were three proposals [on peace the most terrible bomb [the one each for Britain, Russia and machinery, a Control Commission A-bomb] in the history of the France and the U.S. If Russia for Germany, and the Polish ques¬ world. It may be the fire destruc¬ chooses to allow Poland to occupy tion] and I banged them through in tion prophesied in the Euphrates a part of her zone I am agreeable short order, much to the surprise of Valley Era, after Noah and his but title to territory cannot and will Mr. Churchill. Stalin was very fabulous Ark. not be settled here. For the fourth much pleased. Churchill was too Anyway we think we have found time I restated my position and ex¬ after he had recovered. I’m not the way to cause a disintegration of plained that territorial cessions had going to stay around this terrible the atom. An experiment in the to be made by treaty and ratified by place all summer just to listen to New Mexican desert [at Alamo¬ the Senate. speeches. I’ll go home to the Sen¬ gordo on July 16th] was startling— We discussed preparations and ate for that. to put it mildly. Thirteen pounds of movement of populations from the explosive caused the complete East Germany, Czechoslovakia, July 20 [19]45 disintegration of a steel tower 60 Austria[,] Italy and elsewhere. feet high, created a crater 6 feet Jim Blair now Lt. Col. came in Churchill said Maisky had so de¬ deep and 1200 feet in diameter, fined war booty as to includ[e] the for breakfast. Harry [Truman’s knocked over a steel tower Vi mile nephew] left for Paris and N.Y. German fleet and Merchant away and knocked down men Marine. It was a bombshell and Sure hated to see him go. Dis¬ 10,000 yards away. The explosion cussed German situation with Jim. sort of paralyzed the Russkies, but was visible for more than 200 miles it has a lot of merit. He had been in command of clean and audible for 40 miles and more. up detail which prepared for the The weapon is to be used against July 26, 1945 American occupation, especially Japan between now and August Last night talked to Gen [Brehon for our conference delegation. Said 10th. I have told the Sec. of War it was the filthiest place imaginable. B.] Somerville [Somervell, com¬ Mr [Henry L.] Stimson to use it so manding general of the army ser¬ No sanitary arrangements what¬ that military objectives and soldiers vice forces] on time for universal ever. Toilets all full and all stopped and sailors are the target and not military training. Regular Army up. Basements used as outdoor women and children. Even if the wants a straight year. I am very toilets. Said the sewer system evi¬ Japs are savages, ruthless, merci¬ sure it cannot be put into effect. dently hadn’t worked for months. less and fanatic, we as the leader of Talked to [Jefferson] McCaffery Same all over town. Said Germans the world for the common welfare [American ambassador to France] are sore and sullen. That we would cannot drop this terrible bomb on not treat them rough enough. Rus¬ about France. He is scared stiff of the old Capital [Kyoto] or the new Communism, the Russian variety sians treated ’em too rough and too [Tokyo], which isn’t communism at all but kindly. Anyway it’s a hell of a mess He & I are in accord. The target any way it’s taken. just police, government pure and will be a purely military one and we simple. A few top hands just take Saw Gen Omar Bradley about will issue a warning statement [the taking over the Vets, bureau [ Vet¬ clubs, pistols and concentration Potsdam Declaration on the 26th] camps and rule the people on the erans Administration]. Will take asking the Japs to surrender and lower levels. over Aug. 15th. Talked to Gen. save lives. I'm sure they will not do The Communist Party in Mos¬ [Dwight D.] Eisenhower about that, but we will have given them cow is no different in its methods government of Germany along the chance. It is certainly a good and actions toward the common same lines as I’d talked to Gen. thing for the world that Hitler’s man than were the Czar and the [Lucius D.] Clay [America’s dep¬ crowd or Stalin’s did not discover Russian Noblemen (so called: they uty military governor in Germany]. this atomic bomb. It seems to be were anything but noble.) Nazis Got a concrete program to present. the most terrible thing ever discov¬ and Fascists were worse. It seems Raised a flag over our area in ered, but it can be made the most that Sweden, Norway, Denmark Berlin. It is the flag raised in Rome, useful. and perhaps Switzerland have the North Africa and Paris. Flag was At 10:15 I had Gen. Marshall only real peoples government on on the White House when Pearl come in and discuss with me the the Continent of Europe. But the Harbor happened. Will be raised tactical and political situation. He rest are a bad lot from the over Tokyo. is a level-headed man—so is standpoint of the people who do Uncle Joe [Stalin] looked drawn Mountbatten. not believe in tyran[n]y. and tired today and the P.M. At the Conference Poland and seemed lost. I told ’em U.S. had the Bolsheviki land grab came up. July 30, 1945 ceased to give away its assets with¬ Russia helped herself to a slice of Sent Capt. [James] Vardaman out returns. Poland and gave Poland a nice slice [naval aide] to ship at Portsmouth, July 25 1945 ofGermany taking also a good slice Eng. to get ready for departure to of East Prussia for herself. Poland US some day soon. Secretary of We met at 11 A.M. today. That is has moved in up to the Oder and (Continued on page 36)

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 in which the practitioner’s reach cities; one could have wished for should never exceed his grasp, no twice as many, and a terser style Bookshelf matter what’s a heaven for. could have fitted them in in roughly Interesting also are Cabot’s re¬ the same number of pages. As re¬ Memoir of a First-Class collections of Robert Kennedy’s gards the cities covered, though, Diplomat visit to Warsaw, in which an the directions seem precise and the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: Forty Years’ American politician is shown at his descriptions useful. One magnifi¬ Experiences of a Career Diplomat, by publicity-craving, crowd-lusting cent runningplace is missing from John Moors Cabot. School of Foreign worst. What wounds self-seeking the section on Rome: Piazza Service, Georgetown University, $8.95. and arrogant politicans can inflict Navona. True, it is good for run¬ Few American practitioners upon their country! ning only at dawn, before the locals have shown Jack Cabot’s in¬ Cabot rightly captions his and the tourists flood the place, but tellectual girth and courage. He memoirs First Line of Defense. what a grand place it is to run in at was a thorough, thoughtful, con¬ Too many of us fail to concep¬ that time: Domitian’s old stadium, scientious, dynamic officer who did tualize diplomacy in terms of na¬ built in fact for foot-races, two not hesitate to express his views tional defense, including the all- thousand years ago. Again, as re¬ and to keep plugging away at what knowing-but-still-woefully-benight- gards Rome, one wonders why the he considered right irrespective of ed Office of Management and authors did not include a descrip¬ the unpopularity of his convictions. Budget and also, incredibly, the tion of running to the top of the He was one of the few Foreign Ser¬ department’s representatives who Janiculum Hill, which offers a vice officers who pressed for the argue its appropriation needs be¬ grand view of the city, instead of defense of badgered China Hands fore OMB and congressional com¬ just describing the Villa Doria during the McCarthy period. His mittees. Secretary Cyrus Vance Pamphilii behind the Janiculum. Cabot and Harvard connections did demonstrated he shared the general One senses that the authors are not hurt him, but he did not hesitate obliviousness of the national de¬ flat-country runners and not hill- to put his neck on the block and at fense role of our diplomatic estab¬ climbers. Otherwise they would least twice considered resigning. lishment when he got off on his have hardly counseled walking up He also displayed an imaginative ethnic representation binge. In di¬ the Spanish Steps, an easy slope grasp of modern diplomacy. Early plomacy, as in athletics, who cares for any runner. Blit these are minor perceiving the impact upon public who the players are as long as there points. This is all in all a very useful opinion and intergovernmental re¬ is no discrimination and the team book for American runners visiting lations of newspaper reporting in wins? Isn’t the best possible de¬ European cities. Incidentally, the foreign affairs, he conceived the fense of our national interests our American runner in Europe will be Maria Moors Cabot prizes which primary objective? Are the facts pleased to see that there, as here, for more than forty years have been that Cabot is white and Anglo- he or she is taking part in an in¬ awarded to outstanding journalists Saxon, came from the Atlantic sea¬ creasingly popular pastime. of Latin America, the United board and graduated from one of —PETER BRIDGES States and Canada. Concluding the Ivy League universities any¬ that speeches are of minimal use¬ thing other than tangential? Isn’t More Popular than Jeans fulness, he took to the expedient of the important fact that he had what conducting question-and-answer modern diplomacy takes? In a INFORMATION Moscow, The Dime's meetings in his embassies and word, isn’t what we need Moors Group, Inc., $11.95. elsewhere in host countries so as to Cabots? At $11.95, Information Moscow achieve direct, no-holds-barred ex¬ —SMITH SIMPSON may well be a more portable and changes of views and information. “He that runs may read” more popular seller on the Moscow These not only defused a lot of stu¬ black market than a new pair of dent, socialist, communist and A RUNNER'S GUIDE TO EUROPE, by blue jeans. The relentless bureau¬ other nonsense about the United Aden Hayes and Jere Van Dyk. Pen¬ crats of the Soviet Union seem to States but gave Cabot and his em¬ guin Books, $5.95. keep telephone numbers a state se¬ bassies much information, clues to This is a welcome addition to the cret, but this book blows the cover public opinion and perspectives growing store of guides for runners of Soviet government agencies, which they could not otherwise trying out new places. However, trade and tourist facilities, banks, have obtained. It was a happy the Foreign Service runner as¬ transportation companies, and the technique which he got away with signed east of the Oder-Neisse will diplomatic corps by revealing even in Warsaw. lament the fact that the book deals names, addresses, phone numbers, The insights into diplomacy and only with western Europe. It would maps, and by giving thousands of diplomats which Cabot’s memoirs have been good, for example, to tips from how to preserve your provide are many and interesting. have at least a page on Prague, to windshield wipers (remove them Among them are those concerning include the up-and-down 5 km. from the car whenever you leave it Spruille Braden, under whom he course at the Sarka stream valley unattended) to antidotes for the served in Argentina. Braden was a out toward the airport, and the overly enthusiastic vodka con¬ political appointee and skilled dip¬ Kunratice forest where Prague’s sumer. lomatic operator who overreached biggest cross-country race (some¬ This is the one to buy, if you’ll be himself, forgetting the admonition times with FSO participation) takes living, working, or doing business pas trop de zele. As is the case of place each November. In Western in Moscow. all politics, diplomacy is something Europe the book covers 24 major —KAREN FOSTER ;N SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 35 TRUMAN AT POSTDAM: death, then Churchill by political Roosevelt let Maisky mention HIS SECRET DIARY failure and then Stalin. I am won¬ twenty billions as reparations [from from page 34 dering what would happen to Rus¬ Germany]—half for Russia and half sia and central Europe if Joe sud¬ for everybody else. Experts say no Navy Jas [James] For[r]estal came denly passed out. If some de¬ such figure is available. to breakfast with me and we dis¬ magogue on horseback gained con¬ I’ve made it plain that the United cussed universal military service trol of the efficient Russian military States of America does not intend after the war and navy policy on machine, he could play havoc with to pay reparations this time [as officer training etc. Gen Eisen¬ European peace for a while. I also after World War I], I want the hower and son were also at break¬ wonder if there is a man with the German war industry machine fast with us. His boy is a nice fel¬ necessary strength and following to completely dismantled and [as] far low. Adm [Edward L.] Cochran[e] step into Stalin’s place and main¬ as U.S. is concerned the other al¬ and several other naval officers tain peace and solidarity at home. lies can divide it up on any basis were present. It isn’t customary for dictators to they choose. Food and other Conference is delayed. Stalin train leaders to follow them in necessities we send into the re¬ and Molotov were to call on me power. I’ve seen no one at this stored countries and Germany yesterday to discuss Polish ques¬ Conference in the Russian line up must be first lein [lien] on exportfs] tion and Reparations. Molotov who can do the job. Molotov is not before reparations]. If Russians] came but no Stalin. Said he was able to do it. He lacks sincerity. strip country and carry off popula¬ sick. No big three meeting yester¬ Vishinsky same thing and Maisky tion of course there’ll be no repara¬ day and none today as a result of is short on honesty. Well we shall tions. Stalin’s indisposition. Sent him a see what we shall see. Uncle Joe’s I have offered a waterway pro¬ note expressing regret at his illness. pretty tough mentally and physi¬ gram [for Europe] and a suggestion Sent Churchill a note of consola¬ cally but there is an end to every for free intercourse between Cen¬ tion, telling him we regretted his man and we can’t help but specu¬ tral European nations [on the failure to return [after the Labor late. Danube] which will help keep fu¬ Party victory] and wishing him a We are at an impasse on Poland ture peace. Our only hope for good long and happy life. and its West Neisse to the Czecho¬ from the European War is restored If Stalin should suddenly cash in slovakian border. Just a unilateral prosperity to Europe and future it would be the end of the original arrangement without so much as a trade with them. It is a sick situa¬ Big Three. First Roosevelt by by your leave. I don’t like it. tion at best.

Tor Tine “Kids Properties don’t have a in the fighting chance Washington without Area a good club. Please contact our experienced, —O.J. Simpson competent staff. John Y. Millar William Trueheart Toni Collins Welene Goller Betty Geldard Fran Dixon Lynn Magruder Jack Klein John M. Turner Patricia Boorman Joan Pirie Peggy Arrowsmith Carol Owens Mary Grove MGMB, inc . Realtors 362-4480 3408 WISCONSIN AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20016 We sell investments to live in Support the Boys’Clubs of America. For more information write: B.C.A. National Headquarters, 771 First Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL y July/August, 1980 ANDREW YOUNG lacking in legitimacy. SWAPO’s aligned representatives to a series from page 22 leader, Sam Nujoma, denounced of early morning breakfasts. His the constitutional talks in Namibia, first objective was to establish tervened unsuccessfully in Angola which he charged were being car¬ credibility. Then he asked them to on the side of Jonas Savimbi ried out with “puppet chiefs,’’ and think, not in terms of resolutions, against the Soviet- and Cuban- declared that SWAPO would go on but about a serious undertaking to supported forces of Agostinho with its struggle for liberation. bring genuine and early inde¬ Neto, which emerged triumphant. In December 1976 the General pendence to Namibia. The Southwest African People’s Assembly adopted resolutions de¬ The African representatives said Organization (SWAPO), which had nouncing South Africa for its con¬ in private what they could not state been waging a political and guer¬ tinued occupation of Namibia and publicly—that it was necessary to rilla campaign for control of for organizing the constitutional enter into some kind of discussions Namibia, now had a friendly talks in Namibia. It accorded with the South African govern¬ neighbor country as a base as well SWAPO observer status in the as¬ ment, but it must be done covertly. as the support of the OAU, the sembly and at all conferences con¬ After talking with Vance and Council for Namibia and the Gen¬ vened under UN auspices. Carter, Young asked the other four eral Assembly. Young made little effort to western members of the Faced with this new situation, change US positions on General council—Britain, Canada, France South Africa finally began to take Assembly resolutions on Namibia and the Federal Republic of steps looking toward ending its at the 32nd session, his first, nor Germany—to form a contact mandate. In September 1975, talks did he try to negotiate compromise group, which has come to be were initiated with black leaders language. Instead, he concentrated known informally around the UN inside Namibia (but not with throughout 1977 on private discus¬ as the “Gang of Five.” SWAPO) leading to a constitutional sions of the core issues involved in In January 1978 the first draft of conference which then issued a arriving at a peaceful transition to a proposal was prepared, mainly by statement fixing December 31, independence. Characteristically, Donald McHenry of USUN and 1978, as the date for Namibia’s in¬ he was more concerned with a Gerald Helman of 10. The key dependence. Two days later the sense of feeling than with words. elements in the proposal are the UN Council for Namibia rejected He started, soon after his arrival at provisions for free elections for a the proposals in the statement as the United Nations, by inviting constituent assembly for the whole ambiguous, equivocal and totally some key African and other non- of Namibia as one political entity,

r SDfCU lias a savings plar for y0U... Realtors □ Regular Share Accounts

SALES • RENTALS • MANAGEMENT • INVESTMENT □ 15/30 Share Accounts □ Money Market Share Accounts Pi! 1714 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. □ Individual Retirement Accounts Washington, D C. 20009 (Including SEP-IRA for self employment) (202) 387-2480 □ Smart Saver Share Accounts □ Time Savings Share Accounts

Our sales staff of over 100 experienced agents includes the □ Custodian Share Accounts following presently or formerly associated with the Foreign Service. For more information, fill out and mail this ad Mr. James Bowers Mrs. Dolores Hoover Mr. Allan W. Brown Mrs. Pamela Jova Eich member iccouni insured to SI00.000 Mrs. Michael Calingaert Mrs. Mooreland Kennedy SDFCU — Marketing Mrs. Joseph Carwell Mrs. R. Gerald Livingston 2020 N. 14th Street Ms. Angela Cundell Mrs. Susanne Madden Arlington, VA 22201 Mrs. Georgia Devlin Mrs. Ellen Ozga Nitiontl Ctedii Union Admimsireuon Mrs. Monique Dragoi Mrs. Joanne Pernick Mrs. Anne Hawkins Mrs. Carol Snowdon Please send me information about the savings plans I Mrs. Harry Heintzen Mrs. Louis Sullivan have checked above. Branch Offices: Alexandria, Va. (703) 683-3600 Bethesda, Md. (301) 657-2760 Chevy Chase, D.C. (202) 686-9556 Name McLean, Va. (703) 893-2300 Georgetown, D.C. 965-5150 Address For Caribbean and European properties: Begg International Inc. (202) 387-4805 Zip “Specializing in the Finest Member Q Non-Member □ REALTORm Residential Properties for over 30 years”

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 3 7 with appropriate United Nations later, SWAPO President Sam assured through the reintegration supervision and control. Balloting Nujoma expressed a conditional of Walvis Bay within its territory” is to be secret and all adults will be acceptance, depending on certain and that the council “will remain eligible to vote, with provision for clarifications and additional condi¬ seized of the matter until Walvis those who cannot read or write. tions. The main problem, however, Bay is fully integrated into Before the elections a UN special was his insistence that the Walvis Namibia.” The five western mem¬ representative is to assure that all Bay enclave, which had never been bers of the council voted for both discriminatory laws and regulations part of the mandate, was part of resolutions. are eliminated and political prison¬ Namibia and essential to its territo¬ Secretary Vance, speaking for ers freed and that all refugees who rial integrity. It is the only the United States, said that the wish to return have an opportunity deepwater port accessible to west supported the second resolu¬ to do so. There is also to be a Namibia. tion, recognizing that there were cease-fire and a phased withdrawal The five western governments geographical, political, social and from Namibia of all but 1500 South had omitted any mention of Walvis administrative arguments favoring African troops within twelve weeks Bay because they saw no way of its being unified with Namibia. But prior to the elections, as well as the settling that difficult question in the he balanced this with an interpreta¬ demobilization of all “citizen context of the present negotiations tion intended to mollify South Af¬ forces, commandos and ethnic but considered that this question rica, saying that there was no pre¬ forces.” The remaining South Afri¬ would be subject to discussion be¬ judgment of legal issues, no inten¬ can forces would be restricted to tween the South African govern¬ tion to “coerce,” and that in calling one or two bases and would be ment and the elected government for steps toward “reintegration,” withdrawn entirely after certifica¬ of Namibia. After further meetings direct negotiations between the tion of the election. The UN special of the “Gang of Five” with parties were being suggested. representative is to be assisted by a Nujoma, SWAPO also accepted Yet, despite misgivings about the transition assistance group (UN¬ their proposals; these formed the second resolution, the South Afri¬ TAG), consisting of a civilian team basis of Security Council Resolu¬ cans have since indicated that they and a peacekeeping force. tion 431, adopted July 27, 1978. At would go along with UN proce¬ This proposal was tentatively ac¬ the same meeting the council dures under resolution 431— cepted by the government of South adopted Resolution 432 in which it essentially the western plan which Africa on April 25, 1978. Speaking declares that “the territorial integ¬ they had accepted in April 1978. At to the General Assembly three days rity and unity of Namibia must be the UN the agreement was consid-

Books NOW, HEAR THIS... GET A HEADSTART \ For Professionals ON BECOMING \ n A LEADER. Enroll at the \ Marine Military Academy, \ By Nail the only secondary school (Grades 7-12) in Sidney Kramer Books offers a unique collection of the Nation using the customs, traditions and books for professionals, with special attention to the training methods of the USMC to develop fields of economics, area studies, politics, internation¬ students. MM A uses the “whole man” con¬ al affairs, energy, natural resources, business, invest¬ cept - a balance of high academic, moral ment and statistics. and physical education, to build scholars and leaders of tomorrow. Featured nation¬ Sidney Kramer Books attends to the needs of domes¬ tic and overseas individual and institutional customers ally on the NBC “Weekend” Show, MMA is with efficient mail order services. run by retired Marines and offers full accreditation, USMC JROTC, flight train¬ Write for our free lists of monthly acquisitions and ing, full sports program, marksmanship details of services we can provide. training, band and precision drill team, out-1 standing social activities, scholarship pro¬ grams and small classes. A Naval Honor SIDNEY KRAMER BOOKS School, 95% of MMA Grads are accepted 1722 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 (202) 298-8010 at the college of their choice. 98% of postgraduate cadets have earned U. S. Service Academy appointments. Reserve a serving the professional communities for 34 years place now, at the Nation’s only Marine oriented MARINE MILITARY ACADEMY. For information write 320 Iwo Jima Blvd., Harlingen, Texas 78550 or phone (512) 423-6006.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL , July/August, 1980 ered to have justified the African UN disarmanent session in June and several of the statements” policy of Vance, Young and 1978. made that week—the first public McHenry and was a notable rebuke. Secretary Vance had al¬ achievement made possible by Open Mouth Diplomacy Again ready expressed his displeasure to skillful diplomacy rather than blus¬ Just as Young’s work on African Young. Young himself, a day after ter. Unfortunately, implementation issues was bearing such important his gaffe, issued the following press has been delayed by South Africa’s fruit, he caused a furor by another statement (July 15, 1979). “Let me stalling tactics. inept and inopportune statement to assure you that I am fully in accord A critical factor in gaining a reporter for Le Matin on July 12, with the strong statements con¬ SWAPO’s acquiescence to the 1978. The reporter brought up the demning the persecution of Soviet western proposals was the attitude trials of the Soviet dissidents. With dissidents issued by President Car¬ of Angola. Here Young and feelings running very high in the ter and Secretary Vance and have McHenry did a commendable job United States, Young told the re¬ actively supported the movement of building channels of communica¬ porter that “there are hundreds, for universal human rights and tion to a government with which perhaps thousands of political pris¬ freedoms and especially the cause the US has no official diplomatic oners in the United States,” appar¬ of Soviet Jewry from my earliest relations. One result was quiet An¬ ently alluding to poor blacks. He days in the US Congress. golan work with SWAPO, persuad¬ noted that there were “likely to be “Nor have I ever equated the ing its leaders to go along with the tens of thousands” of political status of political freedom in the western plan. Another was an as¬ prisoners in the USSR and that United States with that in the surance to McHenry that the Ango¬ there is nobody in prison in the US Soviet Union. 1 know of no in¬ lan government would try to pre¬ for criticizing the government or stance in the United States where vent any recurrence of attacks on “for writing a style of literature or persons have received penalties for Zaire’s Shaba province by rebels for having a monitoring system of monitoring our government’s posi¬ living in Angola, such as occurred our human rights.” Despite these tion on civil or human rights.” in May 1978 and a year earlier. In nuances, the statement was a major Young’s blunder also brought fact, there have been repeated con¬ blunder and an embarrassment to forth denunciations by con¬ tacts with Angolans at the UN, in¬ the president. Carter let it be gressmen, especially conservative cluding a meeting between Vance, known publicly that he had phoned whites, some of whom called for Young and the Angolan foreign Young and told him he was “very his impeachment. But this call was minister when Vance attended the unhappy about his choice of words not taken seriously and President

AUTHORIZED EXPORTER ATTENTION: State Department and GENERAL ELECTRIC Foreign Service Personnel BUY

Refrigerators • Freezers • Ranges Riverside SELL Washers • Dryers • Air Conditioners Liquors Dishwashers • Radios • Phonos INVEST Our 50th Year Small Appliances 2123 E Street, N.W. At Va. Ave. Available for All Electric Currents (conveniently located across Ed Joyce from the State Department on E Retired FSIO Local Warehousing for Immediate Street, next to Peoples Drug Store) LICENSED IN VIRGINIA, Shipment 5% oft on regular low prices on D.C., MARYLAND liquor and wines; also ask about our case prices Wide variety of Domestic and Imported General Electronics, Inc. BEERS ★ WINES ★ CHAMPAGNE C Complete Selection of Whiskeys and AMOUNT liquor c SHOWROOM: 4513 Wisconsin Ave., 338-4882 VERNON,' Washington, D. C. 20016 EMerson 2- ‘REALTY M 8300 Liquor WRITE FOR CATALOG. Our catalog is 6257 Old Dominion Dr. sent to administrative officers em¬ Discounts McLean, Va. 22101 bassies and consulates throughout Off: 821-8300 Customer Parking at Res: 821-2109 the world. Gulf Station 22nd & Va. Ave.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 3 9 Carter, even in rebuking Young, January 7, 1979, he said that the The dam finally broke in August had made his confidence clear. PLO’s relationship to the UN “has 1979 when it was revealed that When asked whether Young had made it possible for there to be Young had on July 26 held an unau¬ offered to resign, White House some moderating influences pres¬ thorized, private meeting with the Press Secretary Jody Powell said: ent in the whole Palestinian equa¬ PLO representative at the United “I can say with assurance that if tion. The people who are represent¬ Nations. He did not report the there had been an offer, the presi¬ ing the PLO at the UN are very meeting to Carter or Vance (or dent wouldn’t have accepted it.” skilled politicians and very in¬ through official channels) and the Even so, Young appeared chas¬ telligent, decent human beings.” In revelation caused them serious tened for some time thereafter. the 1960s I could have said the embarrassment. Moreover, he first When 1 interviewed Young in same about many South African described the meeting as accidental July 1979 he defended his “political delegates I met at the UN but I but later conceded that it had been prisoners" remarks on the grounds would have considered it insensi¬ prearranged. His purpose, to ar¬ that they were designed to help tive toward the American black range postponement of Security Shcharansky and other Soviet dis¬ community to go public with such Council consideration of a resolu¬ sidents. He said he had been work¬ observations. tion that the US would have ve¬ ing through private channels to Young’s comments alarmed toed, can hardly be faulted, but the prevent or mitigate Shcharansky’s Jewish organizations. The day after meeting was in contradiction of US sentencing. He believed that the his interview appeared, the Con¬ promises to Israel. Public revela¬ Soviets were likely to ignore public ference of Presidents of Major tion of it caused serious problems criticism by the United States but Jewish Organizations charged that for US efforts to further Middle might be influenced by leftist his remarks appeared to condone East peace negotiations. Carter, European criticism of the trial. By the philosophy and tactics of the having changed two able Cabinet acknowledging that the US, too, PLO, which is characterized as a officers a month earlier because he had sometimes transgressed, he terrorist organization. His remarks wanted “team players,” would had hoped to win support for were especially unfortunate and have found it difficult to explain re¬ Shcharansky and other dissidents ill-timed, coming at a moment tention of Young. The Senate from European leftists who were when delicate peace negotiations majority leader, many other promi¬ also critical of the United States. were under way between Egypt nent politicians and many public Seven months later Young and Israel—negotiations in which groups demanded his resignation. slipped again. Interviewed on Young was not involved. And Young himself, who believes

RIVERSIDE TOWERS M H) >1, If you can wade through some extraneous vj Apartment-Hotel ft (but funny) material on post reports, selec¬ LJ-UJ' Washington, D.C. tion out, assignments and representation allowances, you will find some valuable PROUDLY BEARING A TRADITION OF tips on etiquette in DISTINCTION IN SERVICE TO WORLD TRAVELERS —EXQUISITE— OU. MERCEDES Seventy-two suites, studios and efficiencies, FREE! NEW CAR CATALOG elegantly decorated, all apartment facilities, BUY DIRECT color television, maid service, fully air con¬ The comprehensive NAI Master Catalog contains 32 ditioned. pages, over 150 illustrations. DIPLOMATIC and FACTORY —CONVENIENT— tax-free prices, equipment, options, colors, and all the de¬ A superb location, directly opposite the State tails on how to order your car at these special savings The Nemet Organization has been meeting the needs of Department and amid the centers of busi¬ Americans throughout the world since 1916 You will have your car. waiting where you want it. STATESIDE OR IN ness, culture and government. EUROPE—when you want it. all serviced and ready to go at special factory prices —ECONOMICAL— Buy your new car from Nemet because we ll be Less expensive than most conventional hotel here when you get home. rates offered for the same daily, weekly, and monthly rental plans. A unique concept in furnished apartment- hotel accommodations designed to meet Please send me a FREE copy of your FSJ-78C apartment requirements. Our congenial staff 32 page Master Catalog. creates a warm, friendly atmosphere. I am interested in: □ Stateside Delivery An introduction to foreign service life for □ European Delivery As a guest of Riverside Towers Apartment- the student contemplating the career, a AUDI MG RENAULT chuckle for friends and relatives back home, BMW MERCEDES TRIUMPH Hotel, special privileges are extended to you DATSUN PEUGEOT VOLKSWAGEN at Wayside Inn Since 1797, Battlefield Crys¬ this 64-page book is only $1.00 from: FIAT PORSCHE VOLVO JAGUAR tal Caverns and the GAFIA Lodge Recreational Complex in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. American Foreign Service Assn.

Social Security No Dept. L, 2101 E St., N.W. Address Washington, D. C. 20037 Date of Rotation For Reservations Contact: Please send copies of Life and Love Delivery Place . RESIDENT MANAGER Nemet Auto International RIVERSIDE TOWERS APARTMENT-HOTEL in the Foreign Service at $1.00 per copy to: World's Largest Distributor of Tax-Free Cars 2201 Virginia Ave. NW, Washington, Name ... /■—= \ 153-03 Hillside Avenue. Jamaica, New York 11432 D.C. 20037 • NEMET) Telephone (212) 523-5858/Cable NEMETAUTO Address lV_y Toll Free 800-221-0177 Phone (202)4524600 Cable: RIVERSIDE

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 in communication as a way of tack¬ ers of American Jewish organiza¬ sonal charm, quickness of mind, ling problems—he met with Ku tions pressed for Young’s stamina and ability to communicate Klux Klan leaders in the South dur¬ resignation—many, in fact, were were important assets, as was his ing the civil rights struggle—was his old comrades from the civil warm relationship with Carter and. unwilling to go along with the pol¬ rights struggles of the ’60s—the in¬ Vance, who shared and supported icy of no PLO contacts to which his cident sparked latent hostilities be¬ his views on African policy. He had government was publicly commit¬ tween black and Jewish Ameri¬ outstandingly good relations with ted. Thus, his resignation was in¬ cans. the Africans and other Third World evitable. Young’s performance merits a representatives. While Scranton Young’s resignation aroused a mixed review. His habit of talking started the improvement of US re¬ furor among American black or¬ to reporters off the top of his head lations with the Third World, after ganizations. His importance as a often embarrassed the administra¬ a decade of serious deterioration, symbol to the black community had tion and irritated friendly govern¬ Young succeeded in this regard as been emphasized by Benjamin ments. His frequent public appear¬ no representative had since Adlai Hooks, executive director of the ances all around the country helped Stevenson. NAACP, who in 1978 observed: to promote understanding of the Young must also be given credit “No black person has ever had United Nations, but they involved for his dedication to working for such a forum (especially with the such prolonged absences that other peaceful transition of power in backing of a sympathetic and sup¬ western ambassadors at the UN Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) and portive president) for advocating felt he was too often not available Namibia. Fighting has ended in policies on Africa that challenge for consultation and caucuses. Zimbabwe. It is still far from cer¬ white minority rule and oppressive Also, USUN was not as well or¬ tain that negotiations on Namibia domination.” After Young’s resig¬ ganized as it had been under chiefs will succeed. What is certain is that nation the leader of the Southern like Lodge, Goldberg and Scran¬ Young’s efforts have improved Christian Leadership Conference ton. He is a man of ideas rather such prospects from what might had lunch with the PLO representa¬ than of organization, who appeared otherwise have been hopeless. tive at the UN, then issued a press to be bored with the day-to-day Given the new importance of the statement endorsing human rights slogging that characterizes so much Third World to the United States for the Palestinians, including the of the UN’s work. politically, economically and right of self-determination. Al¬ Yet, all things considered, he strategically, these were no small though neither Israel nor the lead¬ served US interests well. His per¬ achievements.

DO YOU WANT TO BUY, SELL or RENT NEED WHEELS IN WASHINGTON? A HOME? ... If so, let me help you. 1 will Let our diplomatic discount serve your weekly or r send you information on taxes, schools, monthly need for temporary transportation. -t financing and pictures of homes cur¬ We rent all size cars, from subcompacts to station V'- rently on the market. Write wagons. 15 passenger vans and trucks also avail¬ me... CAROLYN MOONEY at able. Phone Write or call for advance information. (703) 356-8300 Hugh T. Peck Properties of Virginia 1401 Dolley Madison AMERICAN McLean, Virginia 22101 INTERNATIONAL 32 offices in Virginia, Maryland and D.C. RENT-A-CAR 2804 Jefferson Davis Hwy. NAME Arlington, Va. 22202 Tel. (703) 684-4087 TLX 73-0715 We feature" In Europe and the If you need temporary housing, check here □ FORD and other fine cars. Mediterranean look for iR

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR all major credit cards WATERGATE * NOW FROM COLUMBIA PLAZA PHARMACY £ accepted c* 516 23rd St., N.W. • Washington, D C. 20037 ^ by phone FLOWERS INC. specializing in distinguished personalized * Sensational SPECIAL-BY-MAIL SALE £ arrangements for all occasions ci} Order Any Time and SAVE 20% (large or small) o* on All Merchandise 1 unusual cut flowers — ^ gourmet and fruit baskets c*. Send No Money 50 silk arrangements Qj Pay only after receipt of your order decorative green plants 337-2545 QA The only drug store your family will ever need ^ 2548 Virginia Ave., N.W., ^ DEPEND ON US! Fast Service! £2 Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone: 331-5800 Js in the Watergate Mall RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 4 1 EVACUATION by car was made possible over a area of the airport, now agreed to FROM N’DJAMENA road behind the base, hastily con¬ withhold fire against flights from page 16 structed by the French military, scheduled to leave on Monday af¬ the barracks, too exhausted to which led to a protected crossing ternoon and later. care. on the Chari River. Here a ferry The ambassador and his wife, Early on the morning of Monday, waited to carry vehicles and accompanied by the DCM and the March 24th, the far-off sound of passengers to the safety of Cam¬ administrative officer, departed for shooting could still be heard in eroon on the opposite shore. Those Douala at one o’clock that after¬ N’Djamena. On the base, it was who decided to drive did so mostly noon (March 24) on the first French partially drowned out by a persis¬ to take baggage, animals or simply military transport to leave. On the tent French voice on a loud speaker to avoid abandoning their vehicles. tarmac of the airstrip stood a urging evacuees to prepare for their The cars were divided into groups, French Transall. Beside it, a moun¬ departure by air or by road. At the guided to the gas pumps where tain of luggage gradually disap¬ same time, breakfast was being their tanks were “topped off’ peared into the yawning tail section served in a nearby mess hall on without charge, and directed in a together with 85 refugee pas¬ long tables laden with fruit juice, convoy toward the ferry and free¬ sengers, including two wounded butter, preserves, coffee and pain dom. In Cameroon, they would French priests. Inside, canvas de guerre, heavy biscuits in lieu of drive to the small town of Marua bucket seats lined each side of the the usual bread from the Grands and eventually to Yaounde or cavernous body and a row of simi¬ Moulins which had cost a French Douala. The majority of Americans lar seats, back to back, ran through soldier his life three days earlier. departed by this route, including the middle section of the plane. The instant coffee was made in the defense attache who drove the The passengers had covered the round metal bowls into which hot official embassy car to Yaounde. last mile from the camp to the plane water was ladled from a huge kettle Those who left by air had on foot in the mid-day heat—over in the center of the mess hall floor. minimum luggage with them and 100°. Once aboard, the military After breakfast, American em¬ were interested in returning by the crew offered their guests an occa¬ bassy personnel gathered near their most direct route to the United sional bottle of water that was vehicles, having decided who States. Except for several helicop¬ handed from passenger to would depart that day by air and ters which had been fired upon, no passenger up and down the banks who would join one of the French flights had taken place since the of seats. The DCM found himself auto caravans departing hourly fighting began. President Gou- sitting beside a woman with a throughout the morning. The trip kouni, whose forces controlled the Siamese cat which chose to share

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Rent-a-USED-Car Drugs, cosmetics, sundries mailed to every country in the safe & reliable transportation world. We maintain permanent family prescription, records. SEND NO MONEY—' FROM pay only after satisfactory re¬ SPECIAL ceipt of order. RATES DAILY • WEEKEND MILEAGE • WEEK PER DAY W^wiPluwmaqjjKfc. ALLOWANCE • MONTH tla Morgan Pharmacy CALL (703) 823-1330 3001 P Street, N.W. DRIVE-A-BARGAIN RENT-A-CAR Washington, D.C. 20007 312 S. Pickett St., Alexandria, VA 22304 for brochure send stamped, self-addressed envelope.

MLS PROFESSIONAL ICR REALTY The Book Annex/Record & Tape, Ltd. of Sarasota, Inc. "Complete Discount Book and Record Stores" Retire or invest in “In years of buying records, I have found Record & Tape, Ltd. to be the most satisfying record store in the SARASOTA Washington area.”—Forecast, Jan. 1979 Florida’s Cultural Center 'Overall, the best stock can be found at The Book Annex." Many FSOs alive and well here — The Washingtonian, April 1978 Mail Orders: 1219 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, Write or call me for information on cultural events, D.C. 20007 types of properties available and current financing. GEORGETOWN DOWNTOWN 1239 Wisconsin Ave.. NW 19th and L Streets Nw I’m STEPHANIE N. FISHER-MATHEWS Mon-Thurs 10-10 Mon-Sat 9:30-6:30 (former Foreign Service “brat”) Fri-Sat 10-mid, Sun 12-6 338-9544 296-1296 Mastercharge • Visa • Central Charge • NAC 7766 S. Tamiami Trail Office: (813) 924-1307 Sarasota, Fla. 33581 m After Hours: 966-3025

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 his seat. A Dutchman broke out a and admiration for the assistance The dust and heat of N’Djamena can of Heineken’s beer and offered rendered to Americans and other were gone—the sharp sound of a drink to others. A wounded foreigners by the French. Ambas¬ machine gun fire, the burst of mor¬ priest, lying on an elevated litter, sador Marcel Beaux, who remained tars, the risk of direct hits, the fear gestured weakly for something to in the French embassy with his of having to remain in the be¬ drink. Faces empty of expression, staff and others (including Madame leaguered town, of running out of people sat silently in their seats, Beaux) had shown great courage, water, electricity and food; for covered with dust and sweat, still strength and sensitivity in an ex¬ those on the plane such concerns unconvinced of ultimate deliver¬ tremely difficult situation. The now vanished. ance. French military had been hospita¬ But behind in the shattered city Since there were no side win¬ ble, competent and courteous in were tens of thousands of Cha¬ dows in the plane, it was not possi¬ their evacuation of hundreds of ci¬ dians, kind and tolerant people ble to tell when the aircraft left the vilians. In recognition of Ameri¬ whom foreigners who lived in Chad ground. But once in the air, though cans present, some of the Fench of¬ soon came to admire. Any jubila¬ a few moments of flight over Chad ficers had sung “It’s a Long, Long tion that might have been felt on remained, a spirit of optimism Way to Tipperary” at dinner the the departing plane was dimmed by swept through the aircraft. Cool air previous evening. And when, upon the staggering tragedy just witnes¬ poured in through vents in the sides leaving, the American ambassador sed in N’Djamena. The Chadians in of the plane. A Frenchman telephoned to thank the French pursuit of their own vision of free¬ wrapped his dachshund in his swe¬ Embassy for all the assistance ren¬ dom, justice and a place in the ater. A woman surreptitiously re¬ dered, the French official on hand, world, had run afoul of conflicting moved an undergarment to warm ever courteous, replied simply and powers, cultures and a ferocious her cat. A mother gave her baby a gravely: “Nous etions tres con¬ civil war. For the people on the drink of fruit juice, and the bottles tents de pouvoir vous etre utiles.” plane, the war was over; for the of water continued to circulate As the plane proceeded steadily long-suffering people of Chad the from mouth to mouth up and down on its course toward Douala, there battle had only begun. Three weeks the rows of seats. was time also to reflect on the con¬ later, when this account was writ¬ There was, for Americans duct of Americans during the days ten, N’Djamena lay in ruins, at aboard the Tran sail, at last a mo¬ of conflict. Not one had failed to least 80,000 Chadians had fled ment to reflect on the events of the respond with courage, restraint, across the Chari River to Came¬ past three days. The most im¬ patience and, when the need arose, roon and fighting continued in the mediate emotion was of gratitude with exceptional bravery. stricken city.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugusl, 1980 43 FOREIGN SERVICE MEMORIES A Well, I’m not so sure of that, area than in any other area of pub¬ AND DIPLOMATIC HISTORY • because when we talk about lic interest, for obvious reasons. from page 28 the NSC we talk about the highest But given present budgetary con¬ levels of policy. The NSC records straints, I don’t believe we will be would certainly help to trace in¬ able to get the resources that would Incidentally, we recently invited telligence policy, and its influence be required to mount the kind of some prominent individuals who on state policy—and vice versa. program we have been discussing played important roles in the The involvement of the NSC in during the near future. foreign policy process a few years foreign policy varies from adminis¬ ago to help us to fill in some of the tration to administration, so it Interviewer’s note: Vast re¬ gaps in our reconstruction of NSC seems logical to presume that the sources are poured into oral history operations. We found that even ex¬ N SC records would be more impor¬ projects in the United States—big tremely intelligent individuals like tant for some administrations than ones and small ones, exotic ones Robert Bowie and Bromley Smith, for others. For example, they and arid, some conducted by pro¬ who were centrally involved in would probably reveal more for the fessionally trained historians and these developments, just don’t re¬ Eisenhower and Nixon administra¬ others by amateurs with an ax to member key incidents, or they tions than for the Kennedy and grind. Many communities across don’t recall them in the right order. Johnson administrations. the country have attracted patrons They recognize that themselves. who subsidize systematic programs Still such talks help us, because QThis would appear to be an to preserve extant memories of when we hear of matters we were • area in which the oral history their local heroes. The military his¬ previously unaware of, we can approach might make a large con¬ tory of the Vietnam War is being check other sources to determine tribution . . . documented through recorded in¬ the accuracy of recollections. But terviews with those who were how much better it would have A There’s no doubt that per- there—but not the parallel political been if we could have the record of • sonal recollections of key and diplomatic chain of events. a detailed de-briefing of Bromley Even in a period of austere Smith in 1961, say, or 1965 . . . participants in these developments would be interesting to historians, budgets, it is difficult to understand especially given the constraints on why the State Department has not /"v If you solve the NSC Preb¬ the publication of documents. And urged the Congress to authorize at le • lem, would you solve the CIA we know that documentary evi¬ least an experimental Oral History problem we discussed earlier? dence is likely to be thinner in this Program. T COMING or GOING REAL ESTATE You can count on Specialists in PERSONALIZED SERVICE from TOWN HOUSES AN0 W. CL A. 3NT. MILLER CAPITOL HILL • GEORGETOWN DEVELOPMENT CTO. FOGGY BOTTOM • MT. PLEASANT A Complete Real Estate Service Since 191 2 202-546-2676 NEW HOUSE SALES • BROKERAGE SALES RENTALS 4701 Sangomore Road, Washington, D. C. 20016 RHEA RADIN.Inc. Phone 229-4000 Phone 229-4016 KIALTOH 536 Eighth St., S.E. Calvert School The school that comes to your child Complete home-study course for elementary-level students. Kindergarten through 8th grade. An American education anywhere in the world. Ideal for enrichment. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved instruction guide. Start any time, transfer to other schools. Used by over 300.000 EDMUND J. FLYNN COMFVNY students. Non-profit. Write for catalog. Admits students of any race, color, na¬ tional or ethnic origin. Condominium and Cooperative Specialists Since 1930 Established 1897 301-243-6030 • Carefree home ownership while you are here • Expert rental service while you are overseas • Competence and service in Washington for Calvert School 59 years Box F7-0 Tuscany Rd. Baltimore, Md. 21210 Parent's name Harold O. Wright, FSIO-Ret. Rita Shutta t Address Sales Specialist Rental Specialist City State Zip -'408 WISCONSIN AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20016 PHONE 202-537-1 KOI ■ Child's Age Grade

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, July/August, 1980 MIDTERM REPORT ances have stirred great controversy due, in part, to from page 9 inept and disingenuous explanations by management A new professional manager for the Foreign Service about these efforts. In the year ahead the Foreign Ser¬ Club has been engaged—operating under firm instruc¬ vice itself will need to take the lead in addressing these tions that the club must carry its own weight. We have sensitive and important issues more forthrightly and become convinced that professional staff is the openly than we have in the past. The Governing Board backbone of our organization for continuity and needs the help of all members, minority groups as well strength and we will be placing high priority on its as the majority, to take part in active and productive development in the coming year. collaboration within the service to produce a plan of Membership has held steady at 6000 or 40 per cent of action to which we can all point with pride. those eligible. The association is delivering on a broad Staff Corps: The association has made a real push front for those we represent. on several fronts over the past year on Staff Corps We will be pressing with increasing vigor to gain the issues. The most vital of these was to stop the pro¬ support of those who are not contributing to the collec¬ posed downgrading of Staff Corps linkages with the tive effort on their behalf. We want your help in con¬ Civil Service. Thanks to a massive lobbying effort on vincing those who are taking a free ride to join up and the Hill, the pay option currently in the bill not only start paying their fair share to support the association’s does not downgrade Staff, in most cases there is a very efforts on behalf of the collective interests of the ser¬ slight upgrading. Given the outcome of the Hay Study, vice. and management’s advocacy of downgrading, this is a Trade Reorganization: We failed to stop the con¬ real victory. However, it’s only a preliminary skirmish gressional and executive branch momentum for trade in the battle for recognition of the contribution and reorganization. We have, however, had considerable professionalism of the Staff Corps. success in mitigating its worst features and continue to In negotiating precepts for Selection Boards this be actively engaged with management both in State year, the bottom line for the AFSA negotiating team and Commerce as a systematic effort is made to build a was avoiding a repeat of last year’s fiasco, when the foreign commercial service utilizing many of our peo¬ board failed to use 158 of the available Staff Corps ple and the authorities and standards of the Foreign promotions. This year, the boards can reconsider their Service Act. We also have established regular liaison decision if, after being given the numbers, they find with Commercial Officers Overseas—the organization not all promotion opportunities have been used. of concerned officers in Commerce. We are in the process of negotiating regulations for Retired Interests: Elsewhere in the Journal we re¬ standby pay, something communicators, especially, port on the latest association efforts with FAIR (Fund should have had years ago. Progress has been much for Assuring an Independent Retirement) aimed at pro¬ slower than we expected, mainly because we wouldn’t tection pension rights. Our retired representatives accept the too narrow and restrictive proposals put have fostered close collaboration with Diplomatic and forward by management. We are now making progress Consular Officers Retired and the association once and hope to reach agreement soon. again made a major effort to assure the success of We’ve only mentioned a very few of the issues we Foreign Service Day. The association is especially are working on, due to space limitations, and will proud of its role in bringing active and retired members provide further details in the annual report, but the together in continuing dialogue on how best to foster Staff Corps is at the top of our list of priorities! the improvement of an institution clearly able to ad¬ AID News: The AID Standing Committee expanded vance US foreign policy. major efforts to assure that equitable and thorough im¬ Communications with Members: We have prepared plementation of the Obey Amendment occurred. We more communications and held more meetings than were consulted on the original position designation ever before but this is still our greatest problem and exercise and have closely monitored management’s weakest link. Messages, especially in Washington but role in implementing the regulations. A spate of politi¬ also overseas, are frequently not distributed. While cally motivated high level appointments, language keypeople and AFSA Reps are very active in some training, home leave travel, a foray at the promotion areas, in others they are unknown to members. As panel precepts and post evacuations were other major additional resources become available the board is issues with which the committee was seized in the past exploring both the purchase of additional reproduction year. We have also been integrally involved in the de¬ equipment and the hiring of a full-time person to velopment of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. handle communications with members. If your bureau ICA: The agency continues to wallow under the at post does not have a AFSA representative, please stewardship of an exclusive representative with an al¬ volunteer. most exclusively Civil Service orientation. But the Grievances: A large amount of the limited time of FSIO corps has nonetheless benefited from AFSA ef¬ our professional staff is spent representing individual forts on its behalf on matters affecting the entire grievants. As the association finds its services in in¬ Foreign Service. This goes far beyond the immediate creasing demand and its responsibilities growing we concerns of the provisions of the Foreign Service Act, intend to move to much greater use of volunteers for and includes such essential matters as housing, R&R, this effort. We will begin a drive to recruit volunteer and other joint regulations applying to USICA as well grievance counselors before September. as other Foreign Service institutions. Equal Employment Opportunity: For a variety of In all of the above areas as well as others deserving reasons the Foreign Service has failed to attract repre¬ our consideration the Governing Board will do its part, sentative numbers of minorities and women. Efforts but we cannot and should not do it alone. We need by the foreign affairs agencies to correct these imbal¬ your help—individually and collectively. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, JulylAugust, 1980 45 B., John T. and Robert D. and a sister, Maryka B. Barnard. Henebry. Charles William Deaths Henebry, FSO-retired, died on In order to be of maximum assistance to April 16 in Santa Monica. He AFSA members and Journal readers we are Ford. Richard Michael Ford, son of served as consul in Basra, Iraq in accepting these listings until the 15th of FSO-retired and Mrs. William J. each month for publication in the issue the 1930s. Mr. Henebry is survived dated the following month. The rate is 40$ Ford, died on May 7 in Dover, New by his mother, Mrs. M. Henebry, per word, less 2% for payment in advance, Hampshire. Richard, 22, was 3000 Leeward Ave., Los Angeles, minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ scheduled to receive his BS in California 90005. chemistry at the University of New tisement and check to: Classified Ads, Meyers. Elizabeth Hope Meyers, Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, Hampshire on May 18. He accom¬ daughter of FSO-retired and Mrs. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. panied his parents on assignments Howard Meyers, died following to Seoul and London. In addition to surgery on June 2, in Los Angeles. his parents of 57 Carolan Ave., Ms. Meyers was bom in Tokyo and REAL ESTATE Hampton, N.H. 03842, he is sur¬ educated in London and Brussels vived by three brothers, William CHOICE VERMONT REAL ESTATE. Free illustrated where her parents were posted. brochure. Retired foreign service officer on staff. Peter D. Watson Agency Inc., Greensboro, Vt. She received her B.S. from Ben¬ 05841. 802-533-2651. nington College and her M.A. from Brown University. Since 1972 she FLORIDA—WATERFRONT, CONDOS—HOMES—IN¬ had been living and working in San VESTMENTS—LAND. Helen Clark Realty, Realtor, Francisco and Los Angeles. In ad¬ 353 Tilden St., Dunedin, Fla. 33528. Tel. 813- 734-0390 eve. 733-9428. dition to her parents of 3321 P Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. TAX RETURNS 20007, she is survived by a brother Nicholas M. Meyers. TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation. T. R. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Zysk (ex-IRS), En¬ Tank. Martin M. Tank, FSR- rolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.0. Box retired, died on June 9 in Washing¬ 57256, Washington, D.C. 20037. (703) 522- 1040. ton. Mr. Tank entered government service in 1942 and joined EC A in Paris in 1949. He served with MSA, BOOKS FOA and ICA and as deputy direc¬ IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, tor of USOM in London and Berf- perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. ghazi. On AID’s formation, he was assigned to Bangkok and Saigon. CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within 5 days ... AT YOUR SERVICE From 1973 until his retirement in at reasonable prices. Send for monthly list to 1978, he was policy chief of the Circle Enterprises, Box 1051, Severna Park, BE THE PERFECT HOST—Have your private par¬ Maryland 21146 ties, receptions or fun gatherings stewarded and planning and review division in the bartended by a real professional. State Department’s office of inter¬ VACATION RENTALS LEAVE THE WORK TO ME and spend more time national organization affairs. Mr. with your guests. Tank is survived by his wife, Mare- ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. lyn, a daughter, Holly, and a son, Available for two weeks or a month, July through In the Washington Metropolitan Area September. Everything provided for comfortable Call Jeffry, of 500 23rd St., N.W., living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett ROBIN JENKINS Washington, D.C. 20037. Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY. wk days 1:30-5:30 338-4045, all other times, Wollam. Constance Sturges Wol- 966-0853 lam, wife of FSO-retired Park F. HOME EXCHANGE Wollam, died on May 21, in SABBATICAL? Rent/exchange housing worldwide. Naples, Florida. She accompanied Loan-A-Home, 18F Darwood, Mt. Vernon, N.Y. HAMPSHIRE COUNTY W. VA. her husband on assignments to 10563. Cali, La Paz, Puerto la Cruz, 260 acres of prime land with lovely 3-bedroom Naples, Santiago de Cuba, Port of brick house, excellent meadows, beautiful wood¬ FOR RENT lands; frontage on primary and secondary roads, Spain, Vietnam (with safe-haven in D.C. APARTMENT (6-months—Oct. 15, 1980-Apr. good water, great hunting. Every aspect of this Bangkok), and Belize City. She is 15, 1981). Fully furnished 2-bedrooms, 2-baths; property is outstanding. survived by her husband of 3430 spacious, convenient, near zoo. $900/month in¬ 195 acres of privacy north of Romney; predom¬ Gulf Shore Blvd., #2F, Naples, cludes heat, light, gas, inside parking. J. E. Ro¬ inantly wooded with some open land, good water, Florida 33940 and four children, senthal, 2737 Devonshire PL, Apt. 303, Wash¬ excellent hunting, easy access. ington, D.C. 20008 (202) 387-8914. Barbara Balch of Cleveland, Ohio; Foxes' Den on the unspoiled Cacapon River Anne Chevako of Nairobi, Kenya; has one magnificent 25-acre parcel left. A com¬ Janet of Cambridge, Mass., and KITCHEN SUPPLIES bination of woods and fields with panoramic Park, Jr., of Shell Beach, Califor¬ views, frontage on 4-acre lake, walking access to TUPPERWARE — Containers and kitchen aids — river and good restrictive covenants. nia. The family has asked that ex¬ overseas or Stateside. Write or call for free Tup- pressions of sympathy be in the perware catalog. Order now. Will ship APO or Call Elizabeth Nye (304) 289-3608 or pouch. Ellen Penndorf, 410 Plum Street, Vienna, (202) 462-0811 form of contributions to the AFSA Virginia 22180—(703) 938-7727. ANNE PALLIE LIMITED Scholarship Fund.

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL , July/August, 1980 1750 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20006 Suite 1305 — Phone (202) 393-4220

Additional insurance available up to $30,000 for those who have or take the basic $17,500 policy.

Members of the Association under 60 years of Officers who are now members of the Association age and on active service may subscribe for an may make application by using the amended form additional $10,000, $20,000 or $30,000 Group Life including information necessary to satisfy the Un¬ and $10,000, $20,000 or $30,000 AD&D, effective derwriter that they are in good health (see section March 1, 1978, at $85 a year per each $10,000 of of booklet entitled ENROLLMENT). additional insurance, provided that this additional Officers joining the Association who wish the coverage must terminate upon resignation or re¬ additional insurance should make their application tirement or age 65 (whichever is first). therefore at the same time as the application for Group Life.

PREMIUM RATES

Regretfully inflation has forced some changes in as of March 1, 1978 reads: our premium rates for the first time since 1929. RETIREMENT. Members who retire on an im¬ The new rates for old or new members for the basic mediate annuity may retain this policy unchanged $17,500 Group Life plus $17,500 AD&D, plus up to until age 65. If at age 65 they have held this policy $3,000 family coverage are: continuously for 20 years, they may continue to carry $5,000 plus reversionary if any, AD&D at To 41st birthday $100 per year $5,000 and Family Coverage (if they have been car¬ To 51st birthday $150 per year rying $17,500) at $185 per year (lesser amounts at To 65th birthday $185 per year lower premiums if they have been carrying less Over 65 for those who qualify for reduced coverage, than $17,500). $37 per $1,000 per year. Members who transfer without a break in service from the Foreign Service to another civilian position with the United States Government may continue their policy unchanged as long as they continue Coverage After Age 65 such Federal employment and have the same There is a minor change in retirement coverage privileges as noted above if they retire on an im¬ for old or new policies and the provision effective mediate annuity. LOSSES BY AIR • RAIL • MARINE • PILFERAGE • WINDSTORM • FLOOD STOLEN LUGGAGE•FIREDAMAGEBODILYINJURYLIABILITY travel-pak fire, theft,pilferageandahostofother your attention. thousand andonedetailsthatneed back homeagain—Travel-Pakisthe Your TRAVEL-PAKpolicyprotects prolonged stay.therearea household possessionsabroadfora When you’removingyourpersonaland (including storageifrequested)—and risks. Ontheway—whilethere against thefinanciallossresultingfrom 1140 CONNECTICUTAVE., NW REED STENHOUSEINC. TELEPHONE: 202-296-6440 WASHINGTON, D.C.20036 OF WASHINGTON,D.C. INSURANCE BROKERS THE WAY... with ■ travel-pak when you’regoingtoliveabroad! TRAVEL-PAK. convenient. Returnthecoupon choice ofpeoplewhowillbeliving area—call uswe’llbehappyto send youthelatestinformationabout below—or callusandwe’llbehappyto abroad forawhile.Travel-Pakis When youreturntotheWashington home, autoandlife. insurance programcoveringyour help yousetupasoundeconomical Tell meallaboutTravel-Pak. City Address ; State Zip Name Gentlemen: 25A m "O o o o o o > m 30 OJ o * m o 5 m H z z > (/) Z 30 l/l OJ > O' r- o 73 vjl rs»