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1 Plural Spaces, Fictional Mysteries 1 PLURAL SPACES, FICTIONAL MYSTERIES B.A.S. vol. XXV, 2019 2 A Journal of Romanian Society of English and American Studies Editor HORTENSIA PÂRLOG Executive Editors MIRCEA MIHĂIEŞ LOREDANA PUNGĂ DANA PERCEC Advisory Board ŞTEFAN AVĂDANEI University of Iaşi ANDREI AVRAM University of Bucharest PIA BRÎNZEU University of Timişoara ALEXANDRA CORNILESCU University of Bucharest MARCEL CORNIS-POPE Virginia Commonwealth University RODICA DIMITRIU University of Iaşi LUMINIŢA FRENŢIU University of Timişoara FERNANDO GALVÁN University of Alcala UAH, Madrid MARTA GIBINSKA Jagiellonian University, Krakow MAURIZIO GOTTI University of Bergamo J. LACHLAN MACKENZIE Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam ŞTEFAN OLTEAN University of Cluj-Napoca ISTVAN D. RACZ University of Debrecen VIRGIL STANCIU University of Cluj-Napoca STEPHEN TAPSCOTT MIT, Cambridge, MA Publisher THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, UNIVERSITY OF TIMIŞOARA The language of the journal is English. Contributions from both Romania and abroad are welcome. Articles for publication should be sent to Prof. Hortensia Pârlog, Department of English Language and Literature, 4, Bd. Vasile Pârvan, 300223, Timişoara, Romania. They should be supplied both as a hard copy and electronically at [email protected] © British and American Studies, vol. XXVI, 2020 BAS. British and American Studies is indexed in the following data bases: ISSN 1224-3086 e-ISSN 2457-7715 Publisher MARILENA BRÂNDA Cover Design DAN URSACHI Cover llustration IOSIF STROIA Layout DORIN DAVIDEANU Editura Universităţii de Vest Str. Paris, nr. 1, 300003, Timişoara E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +40 - 256 592 681 3 THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING CONTENTS THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING Andrei-Cristian Neguţ From Zombie to Zombies, or How the Atomic Era Changed the Post- Apocalyptic / 7 Yesmina Khedhir Ghosts Tell Stories: Cultural Haunting in Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing/ 17 Mihaela Popuţa Who Am I? Who Are We? / 25 Elena Craşovan War of the Wor(l)ds in Salman Rushdie’s Two Years, Eight Months And Twenty- Eight Days / 31 Elisabeta Marino Words for Freedom, Prison Poems from Angel Island to Hanoi Hilton / 41 Anna Walczuk Poetry Listening to the Music of the Spheres / 47 Alexandru Budac East Egg Revisited: J. R. Moehringer’s The Tender Bar, or the Personal Memoir as Fiction / 59 Lara Burazer A Contemporary Take on American Culture: the Effects and the Price of Exceptionalism / 67 Gabriela Glăvan Illness and the Medicalization of the Body in Philip Roth’s Novels / 77 MY KINGDOM FOR A STAGE Roxana Rogobete Tom Stoppard’s Metatheater / 87 Yavmur Tatar “Spirits to Enforce, Art to Enchant”: Metatheatricality and Art in The Tempest And Hag-Seed / 93 Dana Percec The Undefined Setting. Space, and Gender in Shakespeare’s Chronicle Plays / 101 B.A.S. XXVI, 2020 4 Andreea Şerban No Perfect Heroes. Revisiting the Heroic Ideal in Manga Shakespeare Julius Caesar / 111 Marta Gibinska The Beauty of the World and the Quintessence of Dust: Shakespeare’s Deconstruction of the Renaissance Ideal of Man / 129 Adriana Răducanu Carnival, Friendship and a Beautiful Death: towards a Reappraisal of Timon of Athens / 143 Hatice Karaman The Spectral Other or the Self: Justice in Richard III / 153 Jovanka Kalaba Comparative Analysis of Tragic Ele- ments in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Roman Polanski’s Tess / 161 Dragoş Ivana Transatlantic Exchanges: the Rise of the Early American Novel / 171 CHANGING LANGUAGES Andrei Avram Idiomatic Calques: the Case of English- Lexifier Creoles / 181 Cătălina Iliescu Gheorghiu Of Mice and Women: Translating for Dual Readerships / 201 Andreea Csillag Anger Metaphors in Quotations: A Cog- nitive Semantic Analysis / 211 Olenka Maria Mănescu (Dicu) The Complexity of the Language of Tourism / 221 Diana Cotrău Chronotopic Identities in Self-Narra- Oana Papuc tives and Dedicated Web Texts: the Young Romanian Returnee / 231 Mădălina Chitez Digital Methods in Translation Studies: Loredana Pungă Using Corpus Data to Assess Trainee Translations / 241 Luminiţa Frenţiu Translating Legal Collocations / 253 NOTES ON THE AUTHORS / 267 5 THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING B.A.S. XXVI, 2020 6 7 THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING FROM ZOMBIE TO ZOMBIES, OR HOW THE ATOMIC ERA CHANGED THE POST-APOCALYPTIC ANDREI-CRISTIAN NEGUŢ West University of Timişoara Abstract: Zombies are an ancient representation of afterlife, and are built upon a rich philosophical substrate that seems to transcend time and cultural context, being easily translated into current readings. A paradigm shift would turn, progressively but visibly, the notion of singular zombie to pluralistic zombie - transforming the isolated mythical or folkloric ‘draugr’,’strigoi’, ‘jiangshi’, etc. into a mass of nameless zombies. The paper investigates this transition and attempts to explain its implications for the American Post-Apocalyptic, a literary subgenre that seems to have a number of common points with zombies as an event. Keywords: American, apocalyptic, atomic, post-apocalyptic, zombies 1. Introduction Your country is desolate, Your cities are burned with fire; Strangers devour your land in your presence; And it is desolate, as overthrown by strangers. (Isaiah 1:7) This particular exploration of the concept of zombies will indirectly, and perhaps analogously, reveal a set of features that can be considered an integral part of the American Post-Apocalyptic subgenre, especially through its “cousin-niche”, the Zombie Apocalypse phenomenon. Therefore, the points of analysis, haphazard as they may seem, will be relevant in context, yet, in this paper, I will attempt to demonstrate the existence of a correlation between the notion of zombie in its various forms (Lauro and Embry (2008: passim), Bishop (2010: passim), Davis (2000: passim), Dendle (2007: passim), Brooks (2003: passim), etc.) and its transition towards an eventful state, possibly as a function of a broader paradigm shift throughout the Atomic Age (Neguţ 2020: passim). For the purpose of this paper, only the narrative incarnations of zombies will be accounted for, but definitions from other areas will also be taken into account. A parallel will be drawn between the folkloric and mythical pancultural discourse of undeath and its shift to the fairly ubiquitous "mass" of undead, which, I will argue, coincided with the advent of the Atomic Age; most importantly, I will attempt to analyze what these zombies are and what they are not, and how their attributes translate directly into American post-apocalyptic narratives, possibly as part of a larger cultural discursive process. The attributes in question will be related to undeath/unlife, volition, identity, aesthetics (abjection - the anonymous body), and eschatology of zombies, among them. B.A.S. XXVI, 2020 8 2. Morphology of the “Living Dead” - origins, glorified Body The definition of “zombie” is complex, and varies by source. There are, however, common elements between its various instantiations. It would first be in order to briefly explore the historical journey of the concept, and then term, to better evidentiate its evolution. If one simply accepted the “zombie” as “living dead” - which is very simply put - then the concept could be traced as far back as the ancient Mesopotamian myths, the oldest recorded writing of which is probably The Descent of Ishtar/Innana into the Underworld: Gatekeeper, ho, open thy gate … If thou openest not the gate to let me enter… I will bring up the dead to eat the living. And the dead will outnumber the living. (Dalley 1998: 155) This concept can be diachronically traced in Christian, Zoroastrian and Jewish eschatology; of these, the Christian manifestation comes in several forms - first pre- and then post-apocalyptic, both through anastasis: “… the tombs broke open... The bodies of many holy people who had died were raised to life. They came out of the tombs after Jesus’ resurrection...” (Matthew 27: 50-54)”, or in the case of post-apocalyptic, “...the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed...” (Corinthians 15: 51-53) and, - “But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished…” (Revelation 20: 5). Comparable events can be found in Jewish eschatology, notably the Mishnah (Neusner 2009: 103), similarly positing that resurrection happens “through flesh” (2 Maccabees 7.11, 7.28). Islamic belief, however, accentuates the bodily resurrection, as it is depicted in the Yawm al-Qiyāmah, in the al-Qiyama Surat (Quran 74: 38). Regarding the physicality of these revived dead, Christian eschatology notes: “Our earthly bodies which die and decay are different from the bodies we shall have when we come back to life again, for they will never die... they will be full of glory when we come back to life again... they will be full of strength...they will be superhuman bodies” (1 Corinthians 15: 42-44) In addition to the biblical resources, St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae: 5102), significantly expands on the physicality of resurrected (or “glorified”) bodies, noting that they possess three qualities - impassibility, agility, subtlety, and clarity, each referring to immunity from death and pain, obedience to spirit with relation to movement and space (the ability to move through space and time with the speed of thought), freedom from restraint by matter and resplendent beauty of the soul manifested in the body, respectively. To these, the Catechism of the Catholic Church adds: “1038 The resurrection of all the dead, of both the just and the unjust,” (Acts 24:15) will precede the Last Judgment, and that an apocalyptic prerequisite, an “hour when all who are in the tombs will hear... and come forth...”. Notably, a moral filter is established: “... those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment.” (Catechism of the Catholic Church 2019) The physicality of a revived body had encountered some resistance among the clergy, possibly denoting some reluctance against trespassing the boundaries of death. As St. Augustine of Hippo notes, the “resurrection of flesh” has been: 9 THIS SUPERNATURAL SOLICITING “..
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