Migrants' Associations and Philippine Institutions for Development Italian
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Annavittoria SARLI Laura ZANFRINI Migrants’ Associations and Philippine Institutions for Development (First year’s activity) Mapid Italian Report Laura ZANFRINI Italian Report Country Coordinator Annavittoria SARLI Project Assistant Pubblicato da Fondazione Ismu Via Copernico, 1 - 20125 Milano Quaderni Ismu www.ismu.org - [email protected] 1/2009 su concessione dello Scalabrini Migration Center This research is part of the MAPID Project The Migrants’ Associations and Philippine Institutions for Development FONDAZIONE (MAPID) Project is supported by the European Union through the Aeneas Programme (Financial and thchnical assistance to third countries in the field of ISMU migration and asylum) - Aeneas Grant Contract No. MIG R/2007/130-548(11). INIZIATIVE E STUDI S ULLA MULTIETNICITÀ Cover A4.indd 1 14-07-2009 10:15:42 The research work presented in these reports was carried out within the framework of the project Migrants’ Associations and Philippine Institutions for Development (MAPID), supported by the European Commission through the Aeneas Programme (EuropeAid/124151/C/ACT/Multi) and conducted by the Scalabrini Migration Center in Manila (Philippines), the Commission on Filipino Overseas Workers of the Philippine Government (Philippines), the ISMU Foundation in Milan (Italy) and the University of Valencia (Spain). This project is aimed at enhancing the role of Migrants’ Associations in Italy and Spain and of Government Institutions in the Philippines to act and co-operate in order to promote development in the Philippines. The first stage of this three-year project consisted of three parallel studies conducted in the Philippines, in Italy and in Spain and geared towards the analysis of the general context where to intervene, the definition of the best practices in the field of co-development, the identification of the stakeholders involved and of the institutions to be mobilised and the detection of the main training needs of the latter two in order to promote their capacity to become agents of development. These studies represent the essential groundwork for the implementation of a training program targeted at leaders and active members of Filipino migrants’ associations in Italy and Spain and at policy- makers and key officers involved in migration and development in the Philippines. The above-mentioned activities will be the centrepiece of the subsequent phases of the project. In this volume we will give an account of the study carried out in Italy, and in particular in the areas of Milan and Rome, where the largest Filipino communities are settled. In the Annex we will also provide an overview of the nationwide research carried out in the Philippines by the Scalabrini Migration Center with the cooperation of the Commission on Filipinos Overseas. Summary MAPID Italian Report II Summary Report 1 – Filipinos in Italy I. Introduction 3 A. Filipinos as Part of the Immigrant Landscape of Italy 3 a. An Overview of the Immigrant Portrait of Italy b. Filipino Immigrants Relative to the Immigrant Population in Italy i. Socio-demographic Characteristics ii. Residents iii. Work iv. Type of Contract and Wages: the Case of Lombardy v. A look at the Second Generation B. The MAPID Study in Italy 25 a. Objectives of the Study b. Brief Description of Data Collection C. Organization of the Report 27 a. Report 1, Description of the Sections b. Brief Statement About Report 2 and Report 3 II. Filipino Immigration in Italy 29 A. Filipino Immigration in Italy: Highlights from the Review of 29 Literature a. History of Filipino Immigration i. The First Phase ii. The Second Phase iii. The Third Phase b. Profile and Characteristics of the Filipino Immigrant Community in Italy i. Gender Composition ii. Family Reunification iii. Transnational Practices c. Main Issues concerning the Filipino Immigrant Community in Italy i. Employment ii. Lodgings iii. Family iv. Second Generation v. Associational Life B. Locating the MAPID Study and its Expected Contributions 57 C. Methodological Notes 67 a. Organization of the Research Team b. Data Collection Period and Data Collected i. Survey of Migrants ii. Key Informants Interviews iii. Survey of Filipino Migrants’ Associations c. Overall Assessment of the Quality of Data Collected III MAPID Italian Report III. Findings from MAPID 79 A. Profile of Respondents 79 a. Socio-demographic Profile of Respondents b. Occupational Background of Respondents c. Immigration Background of Respondents B. Immigration to Italy 99 a. Further Information about the Immigration Background of Respondents b. A First Balance of the Migratory Choice C. Life in Italy 109 a. Migrants’ Household and Family b. The Economic Condition of Migrants’ Families and the Prospects of Professional Mobility c. The Migrants’ Relationships and their Integration in the Italian Society D. Associational Life in Italy 145 a. Associational Attitudes of Filipino Migrants b. Filipino Associations as Potential Agents of Development E. Ties and Linkages with the Philippines 163 a. Social Relationships with the Philippines b. Political Participation c. Contribution of the Filipino Diaspora to the Development of the Philippines F. Plans about the Future 173 a. Between the Philippines and Italy… b. Looking into the Future IV. Discussion and Conclusion 183 IV Summary Report 2 – Filipino Migrants’ Associations in Italy I. Introduction 201 A. Policies and Social Environment in Italy Supporting 201 Migrants’ Associations B. Objectives of this Report 203 C. A Brief Description of Data Collection 205 II. Researching Filipino Migrants’ Associations in Other Aspects of 207 the Filipino Community Life A. Review of the Literature about Migrants’ Associations in 207 Italy B. Review of the Literature about Filipino Migrants’ 211 Associations in Italy C. The MAPID Study on Filipino Migrants’ Associations 217 a. Locating the MAPID Study on Filipino Migrants’ Associations in Italy b. The Conduct of the MAPID Study III. Findings of the Study 221 A. Filipino Migrants’ Associations in Rome and Milan 221 B. Present and Discuss Data based on Section C 231 C. Present and Discuss Data based on Section D 257 D. Present and Discuss Data based on Section E 269 IV. Discussion and Conclusion 281 Report 3 – Training Related Report A. Introductory Notes 287 B. Opinions and Orientations of Key Informants and Other 289 Respondents C. Some Proposals for Topics to be Covered 295 D. Suggestions about the Training Venue and Schedule 305 E. Final Considerations 313 References 315 V MAPID Italian Report Annex – Voices of Philippine Government Stakeholders A. International Migration and Development in the Philippines: 325 Situating the MAPID Project a. Organization of the MAPID-Philippines Research and Methodology B. Summary of Major Findings 333 a. The National Picture b. Regional and Local Contexts C. Conclusions 353 References 355 VI Report 1 Filipinos in Italy Filipinos as Part of the Immigrant Landscape of Italy I. INTRODUCTION I.A. Filipinos as Part of the Immigrant Landscape of Italy* a. An Overview of the Immigrant Portrait of Italy It is common belief that the threshold of four million foreigners have been surpassed in Italy during 2008 if we add to legal residents the most available estimation of illegal ones (Blangiardo, 2009). As regard the regular foreign population stock in Italy, whose evaluation can be supported by official statistics, the main instruments usually employed – the records of permits to stay, the municipal resident population registers and the Census – give a wide overview of the trends and the main characteristics of migrants involved. First the Census allows us to follow foreign migration into Italy over the longer period. In fact the 1951 Census recorded 47,177 foreign residents and then 62,780 in the 1961 edition; they reached 121,000 in 1971 and 211,000 in 1981. In 1991, foreign residents numbered 356,000 and in the latest 2001 Census the total was 1.3 million, a figure that had increased fourfold in ten years. According to data on permits of stay – made available by the Ministry of the Interior – in 1971 some 147,000 permits were recorded, in 1981 there were 272,000 and in 1989 the figure had risen to 645,000. In 1990 the number of permits fell to 490,000 after the Ministry removed expired and duplicate permits from the files, but the number rose again to 781,000 the following year as a result of the 1990 amnesty law. Starting in 1992, the National Statistics Institute (ISTAT) revised the permit data and published a more correct quantification of immigration after compensating for the more obvious shortcomings in the Ministry’s records. From 1993, in addition to permit data, the number of resident foreigners according to the municipal population registers was included. The trends in the two data series concur in showing the extraordinary growth of immigration in the last fifteen years: permits have increased 4 times, from 573,000 in 1993 to 2.4 million in 2007, while there are 5.1 times more foreigners on the municipal * This chapter was provided by the Statistical Department of the Documentation Center of the Ismu Foundation. The first paragraph was written by Giancarlo Blangiardo, the second paragraph by Livia Ortensi. 3 MAPID Italian Report – Report 1 population registers, rising from 573,000 to 2.9 million in 2007. According to the latest figures on 1st January 2008 there are 3.7 million foreigners legally resident in Italy – of which 3.4 million included into the municipal population register – and nearly 700,000 illegally (Blangiardo, 2009). Fig. I.A.1 – Permits to stay and resident foreigners according to different sources, 1971-2007 (beginning of the year), values in thousands 3000 2500 2000 15 0 0 13 3 4 . 9 10 0 0 781.2 500 356.2 0 121.1 210.9 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 200 Ye a rs Permits min. Permits Col.-Scior. Permits Istat Residents pop.reg. Residents cen. Source: Ministry of Interior, Colombo and Sciortino (2004) and ISTAT data, from Bonifazi et al.