DOCSLIB.ORG

Toxicity of Moist Snuff and Impact on Various Stages of Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio Molitor)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toxicity of Moist Snuff and Impact on Various Stages of Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio Molitor) Toxicity of Moist Snuff and Impact on Various Stages of Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio molitor) Lisa Collins with Latisha Edwards Fayetteville State University Faculty Mentor: Shirley Chao Fayetteville State University ABSTRACT Moist snuff is a manufactured form of smokeless tobacco that, when consumed chronically, contributes to the leading cause of premature deaths in the world. Snuff contains several known toxins, such as nicotine, that have been proven to adversely affect organisms exposed to it through tobacco products. The objective of this study was to test whether moist snuff adversely affects darkling beetles by increasing mortality and hindering normal development of Tenebrio larvae. Results indicate that moist snuff did increase mortality, but also increased the developmental rate of survivors. In addition, a positive trend was observed in which moist snuff increased the amount of protein per insect without increasing average weight. Increases in protein amounts suggest possible compensatory responses to the toxic insult- grounds for further research. insecticide. Variable amounts of nicotine ccording to the Centers for Disease are found in tobacco products, and depend AControl and Prevention (2011), to- on brand and product type. Studies show bacco use is the leading cause of prevent- that nicotine in cigarettes account for ap- able death in the United States and a ma- proximately 1.21 mg to 2.16 mg per ciga- jor cause of premature death worldwide. rette (Keithly, Cullen, & Land, 2004). For Tobacco is produced and manufactured the purposes of this study, the focus is on into several products, which may be di- moist snuff. Among the amalgam of chem- vided into the categories of smoking to- icals, nicotine has been found in concentra- bacco and smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tions ranging from 0.59 percent up to 3.35 tobacco comes in two forms: chew and percent of snuff products per container snuff (Connelly, 2006), which contain (Tilashalski, Rodu, & Mayfield, 1994). more than 7,000 chemicals, 60 of which Once nicotine is consumed in the form are known carcinogens (American Cancer of moist snuff, it quickly enters the blood- Society, 2011). One of the most toxic ingre- stream through mucus membranes lining dients found in tobacco products is nico- the mouth (LeVert, 2007), and acts on the tine. Nicotine is a powerful neurotoxic, psy- brain as well as other organs within seconds choactive compound that occurs naturally (Naff, 2007). Tobacco products have been in the leaves of tobacco plants, Nicotiana studied in great depths and are known to tabacum and Nicotiana rustica (Higa de have adverse health effects on infants when Landoni, 1999). Chemically, nicotine is an consumed by expecting mothers. These alkaloid, or nitrogen containing substance effects include, but are not limited to, low (Naff, 2007), and functions as a natural birth weight and spontaneous abortion. In 23 Explorations | Biology and Biotechnology addition, neurological effects are reported development. Contrary to popular belief, to be caused by tobacco use during preg- the mealworm is not a worm, but the nancy (Ernst et al., 2001). Though little larval stage of the mealworm beetle, also research has been conducted on the direct called the darkling beetle of Tenebrio molitor effect of snuff use during pregnancy, there species. The mealworm goes through four is evidence that its use may lead to prema- stages of development: (1) egg, (2) larva, ture delivery and preeclampsia (England et (3) pupa, and (4) adult. The female darkling al., 2003). Several studies have determined beetle lays hundreds of tiny, white, oval the toxic effects of tobacco and nicotine eggs which hatch into tiny mealworms on vertebrates such as humans, rats, and (the larval stage). Each mealworm eats mice (Abreu-Villaca, Seidlera, Tatea, & a tremendous amount and sheds its Theodore, 2003); however, few experi- exoskeleton as it grows. It then enters its ments have been conducted to determine pupa stage. After pupating, a white adult toxicity of tobacco products in insects such darkling beetle emerges from the pupa; as mealworms. it soon turns brown, then almost black, The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) has been completing the life cycle (Lawrence Hall a major pest of grain worldwide, costing of Science, July 2009). Since mealworms high losses of stored grains, specifically undergo complete metamorphosis during in mills. As a result, pest management its lifecycle, the effects of a tobacco product strategies have been studied to understand such as snuff could be easily observed and reproduction and development of this pest analyzed (Gosselin & Fernandez, May species (Taibi et al., 2003). In addition, 2011). the mealworm is an ideal animal model to The purpose of our study is to test the understand animal development. Humans effects of snuff exposure on darkling beetles, and mealworms may seem to have nothing beginning in the larval stage, and to observe in common, yet they share similar factors any adverse effects during development. that control the nervous system and Our study tested the following hypothesis: development in both (Brown, 2006). moist snuff adversely affects darkling beetles The nervous system of an insect such by increasing mortality and hindering as the mealworm is similar to that of normal development of Tenebrio larvae. a human because they share common neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine MATERIALS AND METHODS (Brown, May 2006). Acetylcholine plays a major role in the healthy functioning of The chemical used in the experiment the peripheral nervous system as well as was moist snuff, which is a finely ground muscle functioning in both humans and form of smokeless tobacco. The brand was insects. The nicotine in tobacco products Longhorn Fine Cut Natural, manufactured has the ability to mimic acetylcholine once at Pinkerton Tobacco Company LP, it enters the body, which affects major located in Owensboro, KY USA. This systems of the body (LeVert, 2007). Due product contains at least 50% domestic to similarities between the nervous systems tobacco. Kretschmer Original Toasted of humans and insects, mealworms are Wheat Germ processed in Manhattan, excellent model organisms for toxicology KS USA was used as the food source for research. In addition, mealworms undergo the mealworms. A total of 30 mealworms predictable patterns of development; (larval stage of darkling beetles) were therefore, they are ideal candidates for obtained from PetSmart (Fayetteville, investigating factors that control animal NC). Weighing of all materials was done 24 Lisa Collins using a triple beam balance and organisms The supernatant was removed from each were tested and stored in 100mL plastic sample and transferred into labeled tubes containers purchased from Thompson and to be frozen until assayed for total protein Little Supply Store (Fayetteville, NC). All using the Bradford method (Bradford, animals were stored at room temperature 1976). ranging from 20-25°C. Bradford Protein Assay. Bovine Procedure Serum Albumin (BSA) stock of 1mg/mL was prepared and used as the standard. The study was conducted over a five week Three milliliters of Bradford reagent period with treatments done one day a (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, week on three occasions. We weighed each MA) was added to each BSA standard group of five mealworms, whose average (20, 40, 60, 80, 100µg). Absorbance was weight was 0.5g, and 0.5g of moist snuff read for each BSA standard at 590nm, the for a 1:1 ratio. For each snuff treatment, we peak wavelength determined. Each 15 µL added 0.5g snuff to 50-mL of water and sample of the darkling beetle supernatant incubated for 10 minutes. For each control, with Bradford reagent was transferred to a only 50mL of water was added to a cup. cuvette and absorbance was read at 590nm. We then placed a group of mealworms in designated treatment cups and exposed for RESULTS AND DISCUSSION one minute, noting observations. The water was then drained, larvae dried on a paper Our results were drawn by averaging data towel, and transferred into their habitat from three control groups and comparing which included wheat germ, a moist paper the average of three experimental groups. towel, and air holes in the lid. Mealworms We report observations on the following were weighed each week before they were data: mortality after moist snuff exposure exposed to water or the snuff treatment (Figure 1), total number of survivors at for a total of three weeks. Once a larva various stages of development (Figure 2), entered the pupa stage, they were weighed, average weight of control and test groups but not exposed to water or the snuff (Figure 3), and average protein per beetle treatments. Upon entering the adult beetle following treatments of moist snuff (Figure stage, they were weighed and once again 4). exposed. Development and body weight through various stages of the mealworm’s lifecycle were documented each week (Figures 2 and 3). Mortality was noted and only survivors were maintained (Figure 1). Protein Assay Homogenization. Three adult beetles were obtained from the control group and Figure 1. Mortality of Insects Following Treatments. the experimental group and placed into Average percent mortality (±SE) after three weeks of treatments is shown. Control groups (n=15) were separate test tubes containing 1.0mL of treated with water and Experimental groups (n=15) sodium phosphate buffer (0.01M, pH 7.0). were treated with moist snuff. Each beetle was homogenized separately and centrifuged at 12000g for 3 minutes. 25 Explorations | Biology and Biotechnology Mortality Following Moist Snuff Treatments After the first week, one of fifteen insects in the control group and one of fifteen insects in the experimental group died. Figure 2. Effects of Moist Snuff on Rate of No other deaths were observed in control Development. The development of larva through groups. However, more deaths were noted its life cycle was observed and recorded following treatments of snuff (Experimental n=15) and water among the experimental group than the (Control n=15).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A
    Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A. Dellinger and Eric R. Day, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Description Darkling beetles belong in the beetle family Tenebrionidae, which consists of more than 20,000 species of beetles. Adult darkling beetles widely range in shape and size, with most measuring from 2 – 19 mm (0.13” – 0.75”). Adults are usually a reddish-brown to brownish-black in color and can be shiny or dull. The elytra (the wing covers) can be smooth, grooved, or otherwise sculptured. Most do not have colorful patterns on their wing covers. Adults are most active at night and tend to avoid bright lights. Darkling beetle larvae are often referred to as mealworms or false wireworms. They are long, hard-bodied grubs with a cylindrical shape and are shiny yellow-brown to darKer brown in color. They are active crawlers. Yellow mealworm larva, top. Dark mealworm larva, bottom. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Adult yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Life Cycle Darkling beetles have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Most species of darkling beetles have a slow rate of development and may live for a year as an adult. Species living on grains or other stored products may develop faster. Habitat/Distribution Darkling beetles are found throughout the world except for places with very cold climates. They are scavengers and omnivores, feeding on decomposing plant material, dead insects, fungi, and stored products. Only a handful of darkling beetles are considered pests; the vast majority of them live in the wild and pose no harm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio Molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry
    animals Review The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry Laiba Shafique 1, Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif 2,† , Faiz-ul Hassan 3, Mahmoud Alagawany 4 , Mohammed A. E. Naiel 5, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood 6 , Sevdan Yilmaz 7 and Qingyou Liu 1,*,† 1 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [email protected] 4 Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; [email protected] 6 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; [email protected] 7 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Shafique, L.; Abdel-Latif, H.M.R.; Hassan, F.-u.; Alagawany, M.; Simple Summary: The expansion of the aquaculture industry depends mainly on aquafeed avail- Naiel, M.A.E.; Dawood, M.A.O.; ability at reasonable prices. The common ingredients of aquafeed (e.g., fish and soybean meals) are Yilmaz, S.; Liu, Q. The Feasibility of not sustainable due to a lack of resources and increasing prices. Seeking alternative non-traditional Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio ingredients is among the choices of nutritionists to produce high-quality feed at a feasible cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Farming of the Mealworm Tenebrio Molitor for the Production of Food and Feed
    Z. Naturforsch. 2017; 72(9–10)c: 337–349 Thorben Grau, Andreas Vilcinskas and Gerrit Joop* Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed DOI 10.1515/znc-2017-0033 cost is expected to increase [5]. Alternatives are there- Received March 3, 2017; revised March 27, 2017; accepted April 11, fore required to reduce the EU’s economic dependence 2017 on imports [6]. Furthermore, large amounts of food and nonprofitable side streams from industrial processes Abstract: The farming of edible insects is an alternative are currently wasted [7], but this could be used as feed strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed for insects, which can convert diverse waste streams with a low ecological footprint. The industrial produc- into protein. Edible insects are therefore gaining atten- tion of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and tion among the research community: in 2007, the search energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. term “edible insects” recovered 12 publications listed in The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among PubMed, but this had increased to more than 40 publi- the most important species used for the large-scale con- cations in 2016. More than 2000 edible insect species version of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the are known worldwide, but only a few are produced com- mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food mercially [8, 9]. These species show diverse nutritional and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamina- profiles but insects are generally considered as good tion of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect alternative protein sources for humans, livestock and gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and para- aquaculture, which can be produced in an environmen- sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Temperature, Moisture and Thermal Acclimation on the Biology of Tenebrio Molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Fred Punzo Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1975 Effects of temperature, moisture and thermal acclimation on the biology of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Fred Punzo Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Punzo, Fred, "Effects of temperature, moisture and thermal acclimation on the biology of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) " (1975). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5438. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5438 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". if it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Selection of Agricultural By-Products and Food Ingredients by Tenebrio Molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Impact on Food Utilization and Nutrient Intake
    insects Article Self-Selection of Agricultural By-Products and Food Ingredients by Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Impact on Food Utilization and Nutrient Intake Juan A. Morales-Ramos 1,* , M. Guadalupe Rojas 1, Hans C. Kelstrup 2 and Virginia Emery 2 1 Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, National Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; [email protected] 2 Beta Hatch Inc., 200 Titchenal Road, Cashmere, WA 98815, USA; [email protected] (H.C.K.); [email protected] (V.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-662-686-3069 Received: 15 October 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Simple Summary: Insects have been considered as an alternative to fishmeal in animal feed formulations. Current methods for mass producing them remain expensive and, although cost is not the current market driver for insect products, they remain off the main stream. One way to reduce production costs is to lower the cost of insect diets. This could be accomplished by using agricultural by-products as ingredients to formulate insect diets. In this study 20 ingredients were tested as dietary components for the yellow mealworm. Ingredients included dry potato and cabbage; the bran of wheat and rice; by-product meals from vegetable oil production; spent distiller’s grains from brewery and ethanol production; and hulls of different grains. A method called self-selection was used to approach the optimal proportion of these ingredients in mealworm diets by measuring their relative consumption. Nine combinations of eight ingredients were presented to groups of mealworms while carefully measuring the relative consumption of each ingredient.
    [Show full text]
  • 6. Nutritional Value of Insects for Human Consumption
    67 6. Nutritional value of insects for human consumption 6.1 NuTRITioNAL CompoSITioN The nutritional values of edible insects are highly variable, not least because of the wide variety of species. Even within the same group of edible insect species, values may differ depending on the metamorphic stage of the insect (in particular, for species with a complete metamorphosis – known as holometabolous species – such as ants, bees and beetles), and their habitat and diet. Like most foods, preparation and processing methods (e.g. drying, boiling or frying) applied before consumption will also influence nutritional composition. A few scattered studies analyse the nutritional value of edible insects; however, these data are not always comparable due to the above-mentioned variations between insects and because of the varying methodologies employed to analyse the compounds. Moreover, where commonly consumed, insects comprise only a part of local diets. For example, in certain African communities insects form 5–10 percent of the protein consumed (Ayieko and Oriaro, 2008). Nevertheless, because of their nutritional value they are still a highly significant food source for human populations. Attempts are now being made to compile data on the nutritional value of insects (Box 6.1). This chapter looks at nutritional aspects of insects for human consumption, while Chapter 8 touches on insects in relation to animal nutrition. The main components of insects are protein, fat and fibre; nutritional values are expressed in this chapter as dietary energy, proteins, fatty acids, fibres, dietary minerals and vitamins. BOX 6.1 The FAO/INFOODS food composition database for biodiversity The International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS), established in 1984, aims to stimulate and coordinate efforts to improve the quality and worldwide availability of food analysis data and to ensure that all people in different parts of the world can obtain adequate and reliable food composition data.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio Molitor) Grown On
    YELLOW MEALWORM LARVAE (TENEBRIO MOLITOR) GROWN ON DEOXYNIVALENOL-CONTAMINATED WHEAT AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR BROILER CHICKENS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Animal and Poultry Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Dilshaan Duhra © Dilshaan Duhra Novemeber 2020. All rights reserved. i PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis/dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis/dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis/dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department Animal and Poultry Science 51 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada i ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to determine if yellow mealworm larvae (YML) grown on wheat contaminated with a high concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) would affect broiler chicken performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Mate Choice in Allocosa Alticeps (Araneae: Lycosidae), a Sand-Dwelling Spider with Sex Role Reversal
    2011. The Journal of Arachnology 39:444–448 Male mate choice in Allocosa alticeps (Araneae: Lycosidae), a sand-dwelling spider with sex role reversal Anita Aisenberg1 and Macarena Gonza´lez1,2: 1Laboratorio de Etologı´a, Ecologı´a y Evolucio´n, Instituto de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas Clemente Estable, Av. Italia 3318 CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; 2CONICET – Laboratorio de Biologı´a Reproductiva y Evolucio´n, F.C.E.F.N., UNC, V. Sarsfield 299, Co´rdoba, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. When males have high reproductive investment and female quality is variable, male assessment of sexual partners is expected. Allocosa alticeps (Mello-Leita˜o 1944) is a nocturnal wolf spider that shows a reversal in the sex roles and sexual size dimorphism usual in spiders. Females are the smaller, mobile sex, and they initiate courtship. Males construct burrows that serve as mating refuges and nests for female oviposition and cocoon care. In sex role reversed systems, male mate assessment is expected. Our objective was to test the occurrence of sequential male mate assessment based on female reproductive status and/or body characteristics in A. alticeps, discussing the results under sex role reversal hypotheses. We exposed males consecutively to virgin females and mated females and then recorded both courtship performance and mating occurrences relative to individuals’ body characteristics. Virgin and mated females detected and entered male burrows in all the cases, and they were courted by males. However, copulations were more frequent with virgin females. The results suggest male mate selectivity in A. alticeps is based on female reproductive status.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Insects
    1.04cm spine for 208pg on 90g eco paper ISSN 0258-6150 FAO 171 FORESTRY 171 PAPER FAO FORESTRY PAPER 171 Edible insects Edible insects Future prospects for food and feed security Future prospects for food and feed security Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations for Breeding and Holding of Regular Mealworm
    Recommendations for Breeding and Holding of Regular Mealworm Recommendations for breeding and holding of regular mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Prepared for: INBIOM - Danish Insect Network and inVALUABLE Prepared by: Insect Group, Water and Environment Institute of Technology technology park Kongsvang Allé 29 8000 Aarhus C June 2017 - 1st edition Authors: Jonas L. Andersen, Ida E. Berggreen, Lars-Henrik L. Heckmann Translated from Dutch to English by Scott Jost, owner of Space Coast Mealworms Disclaimer: The Danish Technological Institute has good experience of following the recommendations expressed in this document. The Danish Technological Institute does not give any guarantees and cannot be held responsible for the recommendations leading to a certain result. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. General 3. Production steps 3.1. Reproduction 3.2. Production 3.3. Separation 3.3.1. Separation of larvae 3.3.2. Separation of pupae 3.4. Killing 4. Important Production Parameters 4.1. Feed 4.1.1. Dry food 4.1.2. Wet food 4.2. Temperature 4.3. Humidity 5. Example of production cycle for Tenebrio molitor Recommendations for Breeding and Holding of Regular Mealworm 1. Introduction This guide is aimed at farmers and other stakeholders who are interested in starting a production of the ordinary mealworm. As the area is still very new, this is not a final recipe for successful production, but rather a number of recommendations. The recommendations are based on the Danish Institute of Technology's experience with insect production and on knowledge of the subject obtained in both the Netherlands and abroad. The guide is sponsored by INBIOM | Danish Insect Network and the innovation project inVALUABLE1 supported by the Innovation Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemosensitivity in Mealworms and Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio Molitor) Across Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gradients
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 Chemosensitivity in Mealworms and Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio molitor) across Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gradients Andrew King Patterson Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Biology Commons Repository Citation Patterson, Andrew King, "Chemosensitivity in Mealworms and Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio molitor) across Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gradients" (2016). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1557. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1557 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chemosensitivity in mealworms and Darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor) across oxygen and carbon dioxide gradients A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By ANDREW PATTERSON B.S., Wright State University, 2008 2016 Wright State University iii WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL JULY 28, 2016 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Andrew Patterson ENTITLED Chemosensitivity in mealworms and Darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor) across oxygen and carbon dioxide gradients BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science ______________________________ Lynn K. Hartzler, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ David L. Goldstein, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biological Sciences Committee on Final Examination ______________________________ Lynn K. Hartzler, Ph.D. ______________________________ David L. Goldstein, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenebrio Molitor) Allergens?
    Allergenic risk assessment of insect proteins Kitty Verhoeckx Alternative sustainable protein sources Insects (May 2013: report FAO on edible insects) Refining waste streams (e.g. beet leaves) Algae, duckweed, seaweed (no agricultural land required) Engineered/ processed proteins in food industry (e.g. GMO crops, hydrolysed wheat-proteins) General food law (EC regulation No 258/97 and EU recommendation 97/618) • The law requires that safety is assured for all food ingredients placed on the market. • Responsibility of the producers • Novel food law: Comprehensive food safety assessment for novel foods introduced after 1997 Guidance novel foods 21 Sep 2016, (amending EC regulation No 97/618 and 2015/2283) Regulation is in force since January 2018 Default assumption for Novel Foods containing proteins is that such Novel Foods have allergenic potential Comprehensive literature review in order to retrieve available information on sensitisation, and on case reports of allergic reactions and/or allergenicity studies (in vitro, in animals, in humans) of the Novel Food and/or its source(s). Draft guidance novel foods (amending EC regulation No 97/618 and 2015/2283) • Based on GMO and useful for Protein analysis single proteins Protein content in the Novel Food Immunological tests (e.g. Western blotting) Molecular weight of the potentially allergenic protein heat stability, sensitivity to pH, digestibility by gastrointestinal proteases, Degree of sequence homology with known allergens. Human testing Detection of specific IgE antibodies Skin prick testing Double blind placebo controlled food challenge studies Allergenicity assessment of a novel food: How to screen for potential new Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor) allergens? ✓ The mealworm is the larval stage of the Yellow mealworm beetle ✓ Originally produced as feed for animals such as fish, reptiles and birds.
    [Show full text]