DOCSLIB.ORG

Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio Molitor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio Molitor Immune defenses of a beneficial pest: the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Aurélien Vigneron, Charly Jehan, Thierry Rigaud, Yannick Moret To cite this version: Aurélien Vigneron, Charly Jehan, Thierry Rigaud, Yannick Moret. Immune defenses of a beneficial pest: the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor.. Frontiers in Physiology, Frontiers, 2019, 10, pp.138. 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138. hal-02078389 HAL Id: hal-02078389 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02078389 Submitted on 10 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 12 March 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138 Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor Aurélien Vigneron1*, Charly Jehan2, Thierry Rigaud2 and Yannick Moret2* 1 Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States, 2 UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors Edited by: affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After Arash Zibaee, University of Guilan, Iran providing a detailed description of T. molitor’s anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main Reviewed by: biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their Sengodan Karthi, implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India Keywords: Tenebrio molitor, innate immunity, pest control, insect farming, ecoimmunology Mauro Mandrioli, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy INTRODUCTION *Correspondence: Aurélien Vigneron Insects conflict with human activities due to their ability to successfully colonize and adapt [email protected] Yannick Moret to the majority of terrestrial habitats. They are considered as pests when they damage crops [email protected] and/or parasitize livestock, which decrease food production, or when they pose a health hazard to humans or other domesticated animals. By contrast, insects are deemed beneficial Specialty section: when they perform valuable services such as pollination and pest control, or when they This article was submitted to are bred for being used in human activities. Such a distinction is rather subjective and Invertebrate Physiology, only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In this context, the a section of the journal mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, could be seen as either a pest or a beneficial insect. Frontiers in Physiology On the one hand, T. molitor has generally been considered as a pest because they consume Received: 02 November 2018 or degrade the quality of stored grains and grain products. On the other hand, mealworms Accepted: 07 February 2019 are beneficial, as their larvae are often used as pet food. They also offer a promising Published: 12 March 2019 alternative protein-rich animal feed and are recommended as a source of human nutrition. Citation: Furthermore, T. molitor larvae may be further useful due to their ability to efficiently Vigneron A, Jehan C, Rigaud T and degrade polystyrene and plastic waste (Brandon et al., 2018). For these reasons, T. molitor Moret Y (2019) Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm is currently being considered for production at an industrial scale. Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. T. molitor is the host of a wide range of pathogens and parasites such as entomopathogenic Front. Physiol. 10:138. microbes, protozoa, and tapeworms, which reduce the mealworm survival or reproductive success. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138 While some of these parasites might be used as biological insecticides to control unwanted Frontiers in Physiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 138 Vigneron et al. Modulating Mealworm Beetle Immunity population development, they might also be a source of concern involve therapeutic medication, behavioral fever, and grooming, in mass rearing facilities. Like other insects, T. molitor possesses which are particularly beneficial in dense insect populations, an arsenal of behavioral, physical, and physiological mechanisms where diseases can efficiently spread. No infection outbreak was that aim to prevent exogenic invasions or to lower the reported from mealworm mass rearing, but alternatives to antibiotic consequences of a successful infection. The efficacy of these use could be beneficial to avoid the rise of resistant pathogens. lines of defense may independently or synergistically vary Particularly, adopting therapeutic behavioral medication would according to biotic and abiotic environmental factors including be of great interest for the prevention and control of diseases temperature, food, population density, and individual past in large populations of beetles. Therapeutic medication can interaction with pathogens and parasites. Characterization of be defined “as a series of behaviors through which infected such phenotypic plasticity may provide valuable insights for hosts exploit additional species or compounds to reduce or clear the purpose of improving control or protection of the insect infections, whether mediated through defensive or nutritional populations. Here we review the prominent T. molitor anti- properties” (de Roode and Lefèvre, 2012). So far, therapeutic parasitic defense systems and the main environmental factors medication has not been reported in the mealworm beetle. affecting their presentation. The impact of the environmental Hence, further investigations are needed on this aspect of the factors is considered from the phenotypic to the population mealworm behavioral immunity. level. The processes affecting mealworm anti-parasitic defenses Third, the host may tolerate infections by limiting the negative are discussed in the context of controlling the development effects on their reproductive success. This limitation is mainly and health of the insect populations. achieved through increasing their reproductive effort but often at the expense of their longevity. For instance, mealworm beetles tolerate a high number of cysticercoids of the parasite ANTI-PARASITIC DEFENSES IN THE H. diminuta at the expense of their own fitness. Nevertheless, MEALWORM BEETLE in response to parasite infection, males produce improved spermatophores that contain superior nuptial gifts that will Behavioral Immunity be passed to their mating females. This increases female fecundity, Behavioral immunity refers to altered behaviors used by a host and therefore, a higher number of eggs are fertilized by the to avoid infection, reduce parasite growth, and/or alleviate disease male (Hurd and Ardin, 2003). Specifically, as beetle longevity symptoms. Such anti-parasitic behaviors are increasingly recognized is compromised by the parasite, infected males may gain a in insects, including T. molitor. Behavioral immunity involves reproductive benefit, before dying from the infection, by anti-parasitic behaviors categorized into three main infectious increasing the total protein content of the spermatophores they outcomes (de Roode and Lefèvre, 2012). First, behavioral immunity transfer to females during mating (Carver et al., 1999; Hurd may provide qualitative resistance by avoiding contact with and Ardin, 2003). Males that are experiencing a non-infectious parasites and pathogens. Behavioral immunity comprises spatial immune-challenge, e.g., a piece of nylon filament inserted into and temporal avoidance of potentially infected places, individuals their hemocoel, present a similar increased reproductive effort. or food, implementation of hygienic behaviors such as grooming, Indeed, the immune challenge may induce in males, the and adapted social contacts, such as mate choice based on a perception of a lower survival probability consequent to their partner’s immunocompetence. This range of behavior was reported simulated infection status, causing the insect to make a last when T. molitor were exposed to the tapeworm Hymenolepis attempt to achieve a maximized level of reproductive success. diminuta. H. diminuta is a rodent parasite that uses the mealworm Consequently, females find those artificially challenged males beetle as an intermediate host. Beetles become infected by more sexually attractive, probably due to an increased production consuming eggs of the parasite when feeding on infectious rodent of sexual pheromone consequent to the challenge (Sadd et al., feces.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lesser Mealworm, Litter Beetle, Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1 James C
    EENY-367 Lesser Mealworm, Litter Beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1 James C. Dunford and Phillip E. Kaufman2 Introduction encountered in stored products (Green 1980). The other known species in the United States, A. laevigatus (Fabricius) The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is or black fungus beetle, is less commonly encountered and a cosmopolitan general stored products pest of particular may also vector pathogens and parasites and occasionally importance as a vector and competent reservoir of several cause damage to poultry housing. poultry pathogens and parasites. It can also cause damage to poultry housing and is suspected to be a health risk to humans in close contact with larvae and adults. Adults can become a nuisance when they move en masse toward artificial lights generated by residences near fields where beetle-infested manure has been spread (Axtell 1999). Alphitobius diaperinus inhabits poultry droppings and litter and is considered a significant pest in the poultry industry. Numerous studies have been conducted on lesser meal- worm biology, physiology, and management. Lambkin (2001) conducted a thorough review of relevant scientific literature in reference to A. diaperinus and provides a good understanding of the biology, ecology and bionomics of the pest. Bruvo et al. (1995) conducted molecular work to determine satellite DNA variants on the chromosomes of A. diaperinus. Alphitobius diaperinus is a member of the tenebrionid tribe Alphitobiini (Doyen 1989), which comprises four genera worldwide (Aalbu et al. 2002). Two genera occur Figure 1. Adult male lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). in the United States, of which there are two species in the This specimen taken from Henderson County, North Carolina.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Honeybees Towards the Net Environmental Benefits of Food
    Science of the Total Environment 756 (2021) 143880 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Contribution of honeybees towards the net environmental benefits of food Jani Sillman a,⁎, Ville Uusitalo a, Tuire Tapanen a, Anneli Salonen b, Risto Soukka a, Helena Kahiluoto a a LUT University, School of Energy Systems, Sustainability Science, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland b Finnish beekeepers' association, Ullanlinnankatu 1 A 3, 00130 Helsinki, Finland HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Shifts in distances to planetary bound- aries were quantified using LCA. • Beekeeping reduced environmental im- pacts of protein and sugar systems. • Water use was reduced more than land use and climate change. • Sugar use and transportation induced most beekeeping impacts. • Including pollination revealed the net- positive impact of beekeeping. article info abstract Article history: Beekeeping provides honey, protein-containing drone broods and pollen, and yield-increasing pollination ser- Received 3 June 2020 vices. This study tested the hypothesis that beekeeping can result in net-positive impacts, if pollination services Received in revised form 17 November 2020 and protein-containing by-products are utilised. As a case example, Finnish beekeeping practices were used. The Accepted 17 November 2020 study was performed using two different approaches. In both approaches, the evaluated impacts were related to Available online 3 December 2020 climate change, land use, and freshwater use, and were scaled down to represent one beehive. The first approach Editor: Deyi Hou considered honey production with pollination services and the replacement of alternative products with co- products. The impacts were normalised to correspond with planetary boundary criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Exiguobacterium Undae Sp. Nov. and Exiguobacterium Antarcticum Sp. Nov
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2002), 52, 1171–1176 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02185-0 Exiguobacterium undae sp. nov. and NOTE Exiguobacterium antarcticum sp. nov. DSMZ–Deutsche Sammlung Anja Fru$ hling, Peter Schumann, Hans Hippe, Bettina Stra$ ubler von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, and Erko Stackebrandt Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany Author for correspondence: Erko Stackebrandt. Tel: j49 531 2616352. Fax: j49 531 2616418. e-mail: Erko!DSMZ.de Four orange-pigmented strains from pond water (L1–L4) have been subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analyses. On the basis of ribotype analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, these strains form a genomically highly related group. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed 988% similarity between the 16S rDNA sequences of strains L2T and H2T, isolated previously from a microbial mat from Lake Fryxell, Antarctica. DNA–DNA reassociation values indicated the presence of two genomic clusters. While the DNA of strains L2T and L3 showed 100% DNA relatedness, strains L2T and H2T shared only 51% DNA relatedness. These two clusters differed in some phenotypic properties, e.g. utilization of melibiose, D-mannitol, adenosine 5'- monophosphate and uridine 5'-monophosphate, and in their fatty acid compositions. Based on the composition of isoprenoid quinones, peptidoglycan, polar lipids and fatty acids, these organisms are members of the genus Exiguobacterium. This is supported by 16S rDNA analyses, which revealed 97–98% similarity to Exiguobacterium acetylicum DSM 20416T and 932–938% similarity to Exiguobacterium aurantiacum DSM 6208T. E. acetylicum DSM 20416T, the closest phylogenetic neighbour, shows only 39% DNA similarity to strain L2T and 40% DNA similarity to strain H2T.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomophagy: a Narrative Review on Nutritional Value, Safety, Cultural Acceptance and a Focus on the Role of Food Neophobia in Italy
    Review Entomophagy: A Narrative Review on Nutritional Value, Safety, Cultural Acceptance and A Focus on the Role of Food Neophobia in Italy Elisabetta Toti 1,* , Luca Massaro 1, Aisha Kais 1, Paola Aiello 2,3, Maura Palmery 2 and Ilaria Peluso 1 1 Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00142 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (I.P.) 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (M.P.) 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-51494624 Received: 24 April 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: In recent years, the consumption of insects, or entomophagy, has produced an increasing interest amongst scientists and ecologists as a potential source of animal protein. Eating insects is also interesting in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions and low land use. In contrast to tropical countries, where most of the 2000 edible insect species are traditionally consumed, the concept of eating insects is still new to Western culture and diet. Culture and eating habits exert a great influence on what is considered edible in the Mediterranean area, especially in Italy, where the preservation of culinary traditions is a predominant factor affecting dietary behaviour. The purpose of this narrative paper is to provide an overview of the main topics related to entomophagy.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Mealworm Powder and Its Fortification in All-Purpose
    i UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA Edmond, Oklahoma Jackson College of Graduate Studies Characterization of Mealworm Powder and its Fortification In all-purpose Flour Bread A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCINECE By Mojdeh Akbaran Edmond, Oklahoma Date 02/08/2019 iii To my father, Ghasem Ali Akbaran And my mother, Mohtaram Ghazanfari iv Table of Contents List of Figures ......................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................... x Abstract ................................................................................................................... xi 1.1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 Research Question: .................................................................................................................... 4 Objective One ............................................................................................................................. 4 Objective Two ............................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A
    Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A. Dellinger and Eric R. Day, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Description Darkling beetles belong in the beetle family Tenebrionidae, which consists of more than 20,000 species of beetles. Adult darkling beetles widely range in shape and size, with most measuring from 2 – 19 mm (0.13” – 0.75”). Adults are usually a reddish-brown to brownish-black in color and can be shiny or dull. The elytra (the wing covers) can be smooth, grooved, or otherwise sculptured. Most do not have colorful patterns on their wing covers. Adults are most active at night and tend to avoid bright lights. Darkling beetle larvae are often referred to as mealworms or false wireworms. They are long, hard-bodied grubs with a cylindrical shape and are shiny yellow-brown to darKer brown in color. They are active crawlers. Yellow mealworm larva, top. Dark mealworm larva, bottom. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Adult yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Life Cycle Darkling beetles have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Most species of darkling beetles have a slow rate of development and may live for a year as an adult. Species living on grains or other stored products may develop faster. Habitat/Distribution Darkling beetles are found throughout the world except for places with very cold climates. They are scavengers and omnivores, feeding on decomposing plant material, dead insects, fungi, and stored products. Only a handful of darkling beetles are considered pests; the vast majority of them live in the wild and pose no harm.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethics, Edible Insects and Sustainable Food Choice in Schools Verity Jones* University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
    British Educational Research Journal Vol. 46, No. 4, August 2020, pp. 894–908 DOI: 10.1002/berj.3655 ‘Just don’t tell them what’s in it’: Ethics, edible insects and sustainable food choice in schools Verity Jones* University of the West of England, Bristol, UK Supporting young people with global crises mitigation strategies is essential, yet loaded with ethical dilemmas for the educator. This study explores whether young people will make ethical decisions regarding the sustainability of food choice in schools, and based on the processes identified, what educators’ needs are in supporting transformative learning. This study is the first of its kind, where young people under the age of 14 have been tasting edible insects and discussing their role in a more sustainable diet. The article draws on mixed-method research with over 180 young people and their teachers in three schools in Wales and examines responses to a possible introduction of edible insects into school canteens. Highlighted is the complexity of sustainable food choices—likely to be identifiable with other young people and educators in western countries. The article considers how educators and policy makers may need to frame routes to positive sustainable action and the associ- ated impacts these may have on personal, social, political and environmental spheres. Keywords: edible insects; ethics; pedagogy; sustainability Introduction It is estimated that half of the planet’s surface considered habitable to plants is now being used for agriculture. Sarilo (2018) notes that 45% of this is being used for food that goes directly to humans, while a further 33% is for food to feed animals that will be slaughtered for human consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aquatic Veterinarian 2013 7(4)
    ISSN 2329-5562 No green economy without blue economy, says UN Food and Agricultural Organization (See related article on page 29) Formerly Aquatic Vet News Volume 7, Number 4 Fourth Quarter, 2013 THE AQUATIC VETERINARIAN Volume 7, Number 4 Formerly Aquatic Vet News Fourth Quarter 2013 WORLD AQUATIC VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION WHO ARE WE Editorial Staff The mission of the World Aquatic Veterinary Medi- Nick Saint-Erne [email protected] Executive Editor cal Association is to serve the discipline of aquatic veterinary medicine in enhancing aquatic animal David Scarfe [email protected] health and welfare, public health, and seafood Communications Committee Chair safety, in support of the veterinary profession, aquatic animal owners and industries, and other Contributing Editors stakeholders. Devon Dublin (Japan) Krystan Grant (USA) The purpose of the World Aquatic Veterinary Rob Jones (Australia) Medical Association is: Richmond Loh (Australia) To serve aquatic veterinary medicine practitio- Peter Merrill (USA) ners of many disciplines and backgrounds by Regg Neiger (USA) developing programs to support and promote Helen Roberts (USA) our members, and the aquatic species and in- Roxanna Smolowitz (USA) dustries that they serve. Laura Urdes (Romania) To identify, foster and strengthen professional Peter Werkman (Nederland) interactions among aquatic medical practitio- ners and other organizations around the world. WAVMA Executive Board To be an advocate for, develop guidance on, Mohamed Faisal (USA) [email protected] and promote the advancement of the science, President ethics and professional aspects of aquatic ani- mal medicine within the veterinary profession Richmond Loh (Australia) [email protected] and a wider audience. President Elect To optimally position and advance the disci- Dušan Palić (Germany) pline of aquatic veterinary medicine, and sup- [email protected] port the practice of aquatic veterinary medicine Immediate Past President in all countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 8.14 Insects PREVIEW
    Nonfiction Article of the Week Table of Contents 8-14: Insects for Dinner? Terms of Use 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Activities, Difficulty Levels, Common Core Alignment, & TEKS 4 Digital Components/Google Classroom Guide 5 Teaching Guide, Rationale, Lesson Plans, Links, and Procedures: EVERYTHING 6-9 Article: Insects for Dinner? 10-11 *Modified Article: Insects for Dinner? 12-13 Activity 1: Basic Comprehension Quiz/Check – Multiple Choice w/Key 14-15 Activity 2: Basic Comprehension Quiz/Check – Open-Ended Questions w/Key 16-17 Activity 3: Text Evidence Activity w/Annotation Guide for Article 18-20 Activity 4: Text Evidence Activity & Answer Bank w/Key 21-23 Activity 5: Skill Focus – RI.8.8 Analyze Argument, Including Irrelevant Evidence 24-27 Activity 6: Integrate Sources –Video Clip & Questions w/Key 28-29 Activity 7: Skills Test Regular w/Key 30-33 Activity 8: Skills Test *Modified w/Key 34-37 ©2018 erin cobb imlovinlit.com Nonfiction Article of the Week Teacher’s Guide 8-14: Insects for Dinner? Activities, Difficulty Levels, and Common Core Alignment List of Activities & Standards Difficulty Level: *Easy **Moderate ***Challenge Activity 1: Basic Comprehension Quiz/Check – Multiple Choice* RI.8.1 Activity 2: Basic Comprehension Quiz/Check – Open-Ended Questions* RI.8.1 Activity 3: Text Evidence Activity w/Annotation Guide for Article** RI.8.1 Activity 4: Text Evidence Activity w/Answer Bank** RI.8.1 Activity 5: Skill Focus – Analyze Arguments*** RI.8.8 Activity 6: Integrate Sources – Video Clip*** RI.8.7, RI.8.9 Activity 7: Skills
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio Molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry
    animals Review The Feasibility of Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor): Towards a Sustainable Aquafeed Industry Laiba Shafique 1, Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif 2,† , Faiz-ul Hassan 3, Mahmoud Alagawany 4 , Mohammed A. E. Naiel 5, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood 6 , Sevdan Yilmaz 7 and Qingyou Liu 1,*,† 1 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [email protected] 4 Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; [email protected] 6 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; [email protected] 7 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Shafique, L.; Abdel-Latif, H.M.R.; Hassan, F.-u.; Alagawany, M.; Simple Summary: The expansion of the aquaculture industry depends mainly on aquafeed avail- Naiel, M.A.E.; Dawood, M.A.O.; ability at reasonable prices. The common ingredients of aquafeed (e.g., fish and soybean meals) are Yilmaz, S.; Liu, Q. The Feasibility of not sustainable due to a lack of resources and increasing prices. Seeking alternative non-traditional Using Yellow Mealworms (Tenebrio ingredients is among the choices of nutritionists to produce high-quality feed at a feasible cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity of Moist Snuff and Impact on Various Stages of Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio Molitor)
    Toxicity of Moist Snuff and Impact on Various Stages of Darkling Beetles (Tenebrio molitor) Lisa Collins with Latisha Edwards Fayetteville State University Faculty Mentor: Shirley Chao Fayetteville State University ABSTRACT Moist snuff is a manufactured form of smokeless tobacco that, when consumed chronically, contributes to the leading cause of premature deaths in the world. Snuff contains several known toxins, such as nicotine, that have been proven to adversely affect organisms exposed to it through tobacco products. The objective of this study was to test whether moist snuff adversely affects darkling beetles by increasing mortality and hindering normal development of Tenebrio larvae. Results indicate that moist snuff did increase mortality, but also increased the developmental rate of survivors. In addition, a positive trend was observed in which moist snuff increased the amount of protein per insect without increasing average weight. Increases in protein amounts suggest possible compensatory responses to the toxic insult- grounds for further research. insecticide. Variable amounts of nicotine ccording to the Centers for Disease are found in tobacco products, and depend AControl and Prevention (2011), to- on brand and product type. Studies show bacco use is the leading cause of prevent- that nicotine in cigarettes account for ap- able death in the United States and a ma- proximately 1.21 mg to 2.16 mg per ciga- jor cause of premature death worldwide. rette (Keithly, Cullen, & Land, 2004). For Tobacco is produced and manufactured the purposes of this study, the focus is on into several products, which may be di- moist snuff. Among the amalgam of chem- vided into the categories of smoking to- icals, nicotine has been found in concentra- bacco and smokeless tobacco.
    [Show full text]
  • Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums
    Reflections on Co-Teaching “Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums” Dave Aftandilian, Department of Anthropology (Human-Animal Relationships Minor), Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, [email protected], & Nick Bontrager, Department of Art (New Media), Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, [email protected] In this paper, we will share our experiences co-teaching a new class in Spring 2018 called “Into the Small: Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums.” We developed this class as part of TCU’s new interdisciplinary minor on “Human-Animal Relationships” (HARE); it also counted toward majors or minors in our home departments of Anthropology and Studio Art. First, we will explain our goals for the class, and why we wanted to teach it. For instance, we focused on little animals, including insects, because they are often lesser known, ignored, or slighted (compared to other animals). Moreover, by helping the students shift their scales of reference from micro to macro and back, we hoped to help spark curiosity and inquiry both among them and among viewers of their artworks and exhibits. We also wanted to expose students to how different ways of knowing animals affect what we learn about them and how we view them, including using different senses and artistic techniques, as well as exploring the points of views of diverse people and cultures. Second, we will discuss the topics we covered in the class and why we selected them, from acoustic ecology to animal personhood to museum studies; the types of assignments we used to guide the students in engaging with them, including sketch book entries, art projects, and written papers; and how we assessed their work.
    [Show full text]