Chyulu Hills Ecosystem

Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions 2011 October October

HILLS HILLS

nd way forward nd way a Importance, threats Importance, ECOSYSTEM CHYULU CHYULU Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

location, extent location,

Hills: Hills:

Hills

Chyulu Chyulu

Chyulu

institutions and other institutions stakeholders Aerial survey’s key findings key survey’s Aerial Overview managers area Conservation Expert Water catchments Water area / biodiversity Conservation value Livelihood support / cultural findings key survey’s Ground Main challenges and proposed interventions and Main challenges • analysis Stakeholders • • • Importance of the Importance • • • the to Threats • the to Introduction Table of Contents Table IntroductionIntroduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions -- somesome

cover cover cover

Tsavo Tsavo -- Hills Hills Hills Nairobi, thethe Nairobi, Nairobi,

are of relatively of relatively of relatively are are 500 yrs) andand the the 500 yrs) 500 yrs)

is a critical ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem a critical a critical is is abt abt Situated 190 Km South South Km Km 190190 Situated Situated of of east east Chyulu Chyulu 200,000 200,000 ha.ha. They They origin origin volcanic volcanic recent recent (( is composed is composed ash ashofof range range andand cones cones craters craters It It in in the the expansive expansive located located AmboseliAmboseli ecosystem. ecosystem. •• •• ••

S o m a l i a

location and extent and location

a d n a g U Introduction: Introduction: IntroductionIntroduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

. .

GRGR

Hills Hills Hills

FRFR

gazetted gazetted

Hills NPNP Hills Hills GR, GR, GR, butbut the the

West NP NP West West

Chyulu Chyulu

Mbirikani Mbirikani GR GR Kuku Kuku Kibwezi Kibwezi Chyulu Chyulu Tsavo Tsavo •• •• •• •• •• Conservation Area that that that Area Area Conservation Conservation andand Kuku Kuku spansspansover over Mbirikani Mbirikani not not is is area area TheThe comprises comprises ecosystem ecosystem mainly: mainly: also a West also a West is is There There GameGame Chyulu Chyulu ecosystem overview ecosystem Introduction: Introduction: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

location, extent location,

Hills: Hills:

Hills

Chyulu Chyulu

Chyulu

Aerial survey’s key findings key survey’s Aerial Overview managers area Conservation and other Expert institutions stakeholders Water catchments Water area / biodiversity Conservation value Livelihood support / cultural findings key survey’s Ground Main challenges and proposed interventions and Main challenges • analysis Stakeholders • • • Importance of the Importance • • • the to Threats • the to Introduction Table of Contents Table Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

thethe

inin

percolating percolating

sources sources

rainfall rainfall rivers rivers

water water

butbut andand

fresh fresh

water water ..

springssprings

Region Region

surface surface permanent permanent

following following

Springs

thethe Coastal Coastal many many

ofof catchment area catchment andand Mzima

permanentpermanent feeds feeds

nono

plains plains

rock rock

catchment catchment

holdhold

arid arid

River

Springs

thethe

River Springs porous porous Springs Hills Hills

semisemi

Springs River

River River

River Springs Springs

critical water water critical Andei River

forms forms thethe

Chyulu Chyulu HillsHills Mtito Makindu Thange Kambu Tsavo Galana Kiboko Kibwezi Olpusare Makindu Mzima Umani Mang’ellete

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

surrounding surrounding TheThe TheThe through through Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

from

3% 4% %

. . 52% 22% 17% 23% System

Pipeline,

this comes

ystem

12,000 15,000 75,000 on 225,000 430,000

Mariakani Mzima

area ,

this ;

(m3/day)

Over Over 96,000 Over 10,000 . Sources Sources Potential Voi

on ,

depend Board %

5% 3% 5% 6% % 36 44% namely

Diani

depend Water Services Board Services Water Boreholes

Region

Services

6,000 3,000 6,000 7,000 Production Production Tiwi 40,000 48,000

110,000 Ukunda schemes

Region Coast ,

the

Water (m3/day)

the Current Current

main and Kwale Coast

Coast

the

four

Kilifi catchment area catchment

in the ,

of , Technical Manager, Coast Coast Manager, , Technical Year Year Pipeline 1980 1991 1957 1923 1980

in markets

various

. developed

and people

Malindi

Chihanga Sabaki water

System

Total

the

City, comprises the

towns

of of

of %

Water Pipeline the Sources: D. D. Sources:

Pipeline, %

Pipeline critical water water critical

1 Schemes Pipeline 65 Lumi

Name of 95

System

Boreholes

Bulk

Mombasa Pipeline/Source

e . Taveta Others Marere Sabaki Tiwi Mzima i The Marere the About Most Over

• • • • Values: Values: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions area

Key conservation conservation Key landscapes... landscapes... landscapes... ScenicScenic Values: Values: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

m. m.

trapping trapping

by by 13 line 13 line

Counts. road counts and adlib and counts road methods. Timed Species Counts Timed Species Counts 62 plots of 20 by 20 by 20 of plots 62 : mammals: mammals: transects

: 57 : 111 Point Point 111

Plants Birds and Large transects, sampling Small Tomahawk andusing Sherman traps. • • • • Three Three

Key biodiversity area (based on ground survey) groundon (based area biodiversity Key

Methodology Methodology Values: Values: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

Caves Moist forest

Woodlands Grasslands

Key biodiversity area (based on ground survey) groundon (based area biodiversity Key Hilltop Hilltop forests Wooded lava lava Wooded outcrops Diverse habitats... habitats... habitats... Diverse Diverse Values: Values: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

spekei

caulescens

secundiflora Park Xerophyta Aloe Streptocarpus

Hills National National Hills

Plants : Chyulu pumilum

farinosa

gibberoa the Cadaba Lobelia Lobelia biodiversity Craterostigma recorded in in recorded Rich Rich

21 endemic and 2 rare species (IUCN Red Plant List) Plant species (IUCN Red 21 endemic and 2 rare abyssinica

Key biodiversity area (based on ground survey) groundon (based area biodiversity Key gummifera 476 plant species species 476 plant

hypselodendron

Albizia Erythrina Urera Values: Values: Introduction ImportanceImportance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

Weaver

threatened - browed Sparrow - White three near three

Hills National Park National Hills

and Chyulu the Palaearctic) Palaearctic) flanked Barbet flanked eared Starling eared - - 16 Blue Spot recorded in recorded Important Area Bird Important tropical, tropical, -

Afro Chat - Greenbul Robin Key biodiversity area (based on ground survey) groundon (based area biodiversity Key 249 bird species species bird 249 bellied - capped capped - 36 migrants (20 36 migrants Red Yellow Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

Park , Leopard, , Leopard, Lion Klipspringer Elephant Hills Hills National

, , African Chyulu

Rhino the Giraffe

Black Black , i.e. i.e. , Black Rhino Maasai recorded in recorded Lion Lion and Cheetah concern High Mammal Mammal High Diversity

Zebra Key biodiversity area (based on ground survey) groundon (based area biodiversity Key

Elephant Plain 48 large mammals species species mammals 48 large 6 species of conservation conservation 6 species of Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats StakeholdersStakeholders Interventions

and

subsistence subsistence

owned; Community

15% temporary

permanent - activity: activity:

privately privately Kamba

%); - % semi side permanent houses. Land tenure: Land tenure: Main economic (83 farming levels: High poverty houses; 65 20%

Eastern Eastern • • •

;

owned; owned; pastoralism

Community

activity: activity: Maasai levels.

communally communally - Key to people’s livelihood people’s to Key side economic status status economic economic -- High poverty High poverty Land tenure: Land tenure: Main economic SocioSocio • Western Western • • Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

Hills for for for Hills Hills

Kamba Kamba harvesting, harvesting,

offer offer offer burning,burning,

largely graze in in graze graze largely largely

Chyulu Chyulu Hills Hills Hills Miraa Miraa the the

livestock). livestock). MaasaiMaasai while while Chyulu Chyulu poach poach burnburn charcoal, charcoal, andand also also graze graze trees trees Both communities rely rely rely Both communities Both communities on on their their livelihoods. livelihoods. TheThe livelihoods livelihoods alternative alternative e.ge.g charcoal charcoal carving. carving. of medicinal of medicinal Source Source (humans (humansplants plants andand •• •• •• •• 100

80 60 40

20 0 Honey Grazing Key to people’s livelihood people’s to Key Gamemeat Herbal Medicine Kamba Maasai Building Material Food & Vegetables Resource utilization... utilization... utilization... Resource Resource Values: Values: Miraa (CathaMiraa edulis) Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

pollination, pollination, pollination,

purposes.purposes.

Ecological functions functions Ecological Ecological of water for drinking drinking drinking for for of of water water cover. cover. dispersal, dispersal, dispersal, communities’ perceptions communities’ control. control. fauna. fauna. pest pest pest forest forest forest in in helps helps High High diversity diversity bird bird seedseed patterns. patterns. of flora of flora Harbor Harbor high high diversity diversity andand duedue high high to to purification purification Air Air andand otherother rain rain attract attract The hills/forests The hills/forests andand influence influence rainfall rainfall It’s crucial water catchment catchment catchment crucial crucial water water It’s It’s source source ...... Perception: Perception: Perception: Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

carving. carving.

).). education. education. burning,burning,

).).

charcoal charcoal charcoal

fruits andandfruits fruits vegetables vegetables drought. drought. harvesting, harvesting, harvesting,

honey, wild wild wild honey, honey, Miraa Miraa , ,

e.ge.g economic contributions contributions economic economic -- bushmeatbushmeat

livelihoods livelihoods livelihoods Socio Socio significance (places of traditional rituals). rituals). (places (places of traditional of traditional significance significance generating activities in Chyulu impact negatively on on in impact in impact negatively negatively activities activities Chyulu Chyulu generating generating communities’ perceptions communities’ hills are used to predict rainfall or or rainfall rainfall predict predict usedusedhills to hills to are are

alarming alarming alarming rate. rate. Income Income Income of of the hills the hills declining declining is is at at Biodiversity Biodiversity unsustainably. unsustainably. exploited exploited are are Resources Resources Cultural Cultural Cultural TheThe income. income. tourism tourism opportunity opportunity for for great great Offer Offer Source of food (( of food of food Source Source minerals. minerals. with with valuable valuable associated associated are are Caves Caves Alternative Alternative Alternative of medicinal of medicinal (humans (humans plants plants Source Source andand livestock livestock production. production. supporting supporting livestock livestock areas areas grazing grazing Critical Critical Core resource base for the two communities. communities. communities. the two the two base base for for resource resource Core Core of employment. of employment. Source Source But…But… ...... of of services…. services…. terms terms in in Contributions Contributions ...... ofof goods…goods… terms terms in in Contributions Contributions Perception: Perception: Perception: Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions feel feel

the

in in Hills.

to: Kamba’s baobab cover. Fires Fires cover.

species. Chyulu the increased the increased Hills. that caused bad caused that to clear clear to

by those arrested. by & reducing forest forest & reducing conservation of conservation with KWS. with KWS. is concerned concerned is with propagating some tree tree some propagating saws, especially especially saws,

detrimental to the the to detrimental ); the community cited of lack cited the community Management / ConservationConservation/ / Management Management in in of forced evictions evictions of forced are are degrading degrading to retaliation retaliation to communities’ perceptions communities’ eries eries farms, farms, unequal sharing of Park benefits ( benefits unequal sharing of Park out left s relationship • • use of power use of power their their knowledge The community Fires are are Fires due are on indigenous plants Though cultivate willing to Illegal activities like charcoal burning, tree charcoal grazing, like activities Illegal poaching between the community and KWS due and community the between KWS Community feels that KWS is instrumental is instrumental KWS that Community feels and management breakdown communication is there However Perception: Perception: Perception: ...... Values: Values: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders Interventions

. utilize utilize ecosystem communities communities

Maasai

and and Hills ecosystem for some cultural some for cultural Hills ecosystem

of their shrines which are considered of their which shrines are considered Kamba Chyulu Most Most places the sacred are within The the practices. Cultural valuesCultural Values: Values: Introduction Importance ThreatsThreats Stakeholders Interventions

Drought

Fire! Fire! Fire! Overview based on ground survey Threats: Threats: Introduction Importance ThreatsThreats Stakeholders Interventions

adapted adapted

numbers

Extent and distribution basedsurvey on aerial distribution and Extent of the observations Methodology Methodology many many Flight paths of the aircraft and position of observed of paths the Flight aircraft using a Global Positioning recorded were disturbances of taken were Photographs (GPS) receiver. System

during the first ever forest survey of its ofkind its survey in Mt. forest ever during the first in 1999. Kenya from aircraft following set transects further transects set following aircraft from gained by East African African East by gained departments in wildlife animal counting The methodology The methodology of the derived was aerial survey the long experience from Threats: Threats: Introduction Importance ThreatsThreats Stakeholders Interventions

Extent and distribution basedsurvey on aerial distribution and Extent Flight path path Flight Flight Threats: Threats: Introduction Importance Threats StakeholdersStakeholders Interventions

location, extent location,

Hills: Hills:

Hills

Chyulu Chyulu

Chyulu

wide wide interventions. and approach

coordination

conservation area managers; managers; area conservation community groups; stakeholders. and other institutions expert sharing information; information; sharing synergies; of establishment ecosystem securing Hills Conservation Working Group: Group: Working Working Hills Hills Conservation Conservation o o o o o o

Secretariat: KFWG Secretariat: Membership: Membership: Meeting: quarterly Objectives: Objectives: . . . . Established during a stakeholder meeting held on 28 February February 2011 28 on held meeting a stakeholder during Established

Chyulu Chyulu Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Introduction Importance Threats StakeholdersStakeholders Interventions 1936 (FR) 1936 1983 (NP) 1983 (NP) 1948 Year of Year 2000 (Trust) 2000 (Trust) 1993 establishment 5,860 73,295 Focus area Focus Focus area Focus approx. 40,000 approx. 33,000 approx. 63,000 approx. Hills ecosystem [Ha] ecosystem Hills Water resourcesmanagement Water resourcesmanagement Water Agriculturalresearch Conservationofnational heritage dissemination and research through of information Natureconservation Forestconservation Umbrella CBO; most activeinmost the Chyulu Umbrella CBO; managementParticipatoryofKibwezi FR management catchment Water Conservation,afforestation Area within the Chyulu Chyulu the within Area Location Land unit Land Land unit Land

N/A N/A N/A Around KibweziAround FR Threeriversub-catchments side Eastern oftheChyulu N/A Sub-catchments KibokoCentreResearch ChyuluHills NP NPWest Tsavo KibweziFR Ranch KukuGroup Ranch MbirikaniGroup KibweziDistricts Makindu and overview Stakeholders Stakeholders Stakeholders Expertinstitutions otherstakeholders and Community groups Community Conservation area managers area Conservation NationalofKenyaMuseums WWF KenyaGroup ForestsWorking Ministry of Water and Irrigation and ofWater Ministry WRMA KARI Kiboko, Makindu and KibweziKiboko, and Makindu WRUAs leastAt eight CBOs other FriendsoftheChyulu KibweziForestCFA KFS SheldrickDavid Wildlife Trust Wilderness Maasai Conservation Trust Preservation Trust MaasaiLand KWS Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Introduction Importance Threats StakeholdersStakeholders Interventions Network - Strong - Strong with partnership neighbouring conservation groups - International - Local - International - Local - International - Local - International - Local income- income- activities generating Nature-based - 3 lodges (planned) - Well developed destination tourist - High lodge end tourism only (the the lodge on eastern side of Hills) Chyulu the - Eco-lodge - Eco-lodge

Community Community programmes conservation - 2 desnaring/anti teams poaching (one eastern sidefor of HillsChyulu and NP FR) Kibwezi for one employees 213 local from (majority community): rangers, community compensation wildlife programme, health, monitoring, and education operations/ management. scouts - 70 community -programme Rhino welfare Community Community programmes - Compensation - Health - Education - Compensation - Health - Education Facilities / Equipment - Research centre centre - Education - 1 aircraft - 1 vehicle - aircraft support - Research Centre - Community offices - Community borehole - 3 vehicles - 1 aircraft - 2 vehicles in infrastructurein Recentinvestment - High lodge end lodge) (Umani fence -erected 20 km of fence -about 10 km commence to & Conservation Chyulu Research(new Centre headquarters MWCT facilityand for researchers and partners) - Road (30km) - Lodges (3 planned) planned) - (24km Fence nt plan nt Existing manageme YES YES DRAFT conservation area managers area conservation area Protected YES - Long-term of commitment a DSWT throught 30 years lease KFS with -wildlife Two conservancies negotiated YES YES

Land unit Land Mbirikani GR Mbirikani Kuku GR Kuku Chyulu Hills NP Chyulu West NP Tsavo Kibwezi FR Stakeholders Strengths Strengths MaasaiLand MaasaiLand Preservation Trust Maasai Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust David Sheldrick Sheldrick David Trust Wildlife KWS KFS Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Introduction Importance Threats StakeholdersStakeholders Interventions Resources - Experienced scientists Experienced - in worked who have Chyulu Hills ecosystem vehicles Some- field good Field vehicles, mobility has Finances, on-going - with project Chyulu as target good Field vehicles, - mobility Nature of

contribution Technical Secretarial - support to CCWG and Technical - support financial Technical Technical Relevance egional and sub-regional and sub-regional egional ead agency in water in water agency ead experienced scientists in the experienced biodiversityof field research National and international coverage Chyulu- is within its of area operation Established- advocacy and networking forum membership, capacity to Large - process influence - Lead institution Lead - asto relates PolicySector Water and formulation, review implementation Water the under powers Legal - Act 2002 Water the under powers Legal - Act 2002 L - management resources R - offices a conducted Recently - biodiversity assessment in Chyulu Hills ecosystem Has- build trust with local the communities Has- national coverage national institution Lead - in biodiversity research Has- unmatched diversity and Specificexpertise - PFM- Advocacy - mobilization Resource - Community- mobilization review and implementation review and Management - water of development resources PES Water - Natural- history and culture Biodiversity- resource surveys Information- dissemination and (from research and collections) conservation education Community- mobilization Civil- society engagement resource Water - management-PES Public-private - sector partnership Water policy Water formulation, CoreBusiness / InstitutionalMandate expert institutions andothers institutions expert national heritage through national heritage and dissemination research informationof Biodiversity- conservation at and species gene, ecosystem level conservationNature Forests conservation Sustainable management water of and development resources principles and Develop - for the guidelines allocation water of resources and manage Regulate, - resources protect water and catchment areas Conservation- and sustainable utilization of Type of of Type organization

organization National NGO International International Government Ministry State Corporation Ministrythe under of and Irrigation Water Government research institution Organization Strengths Strengths KFWG WWF NMK/IPR Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) Ministry of Waterand Irrigation Stakeholders: Stakeholders: Introduction Importance Threats Stakeholders InterventionsInterventions - especially especially

activities.

. scouts.

campaigns targeting targeting campaigns barazas capacity of communities, in communities, of capacity

areas.

of the of of alternative livelihoods, including nature including livelihoods, of alternative combatting illegal illegal combatting enterprises. particular WRUAs, in the rehabilitation and conservation conservation and rehabilitation the in WRUAs, particular catchment of water area conservation the of capacity the of Strengthening in managers community of the Expansion schools, WRUAs, local local WRUAs, schools, Development based Strengthening Community awareness awareness Community     

Proposed interventions Proposed