The Ecology and Behaviour of Giraffe in Northern Botswana
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957 Geophagia, a Soil
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Adnan Menderes University International Meeting on Soil Fertility Land Management and Agroclimatology. Turkey, 2008. p: 957-967 Geophagia, a Soil - Environmental Related Disease Hadi Ghorbani Assistant Professor in Soil and Environmental Pollution Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran [email protected] ABSTRACT Geophagia or geophagy is a habit for an uncontrollable urge to eat earth that commonly is occur in poverty-stricken populations and particularly there are in children under three years of age and pregnant women. The custom of involuntary or deliberate eating of soil, especially clayey soil, has a long history and is amazingly widespread. Some researchers have described an anomalous clay layer at a prehistoric site at the Kalambo Falls in Zambia indicating that clay might have been eaten by hominids. Von Humboidt reported from his travels in South America in early 18th century that clay was eaten to some extent at all times by the tribe in Peru. In the mid 19 century it was customary for certain people in the north of Sweden to mix earth with flour in making bread whether the clay effected an improvement in taste. In Iran, geophagia has seen in some of children and pregnant which that is solved with eating starch daily. For example, some reports are shown that there has been geophagia disease in some parts of Fars province, around Shiraz city which have been made different health as well as environmental complications. Clay with a large cation exchange capacity that is also fairly well saturated can release and supplement some macronutrients and micronutrients such as Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. -
Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis Ssp
Angolan Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis) Appendix 1: Historical and recent geographic range and population of Angolan Giraffe G. c. angolensis Geographic Range ANGOLA Historical range in Angola Giraffe formerly occurred in the mopane and acacia savannas of southern Angola (East 1999). According to Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo (2005), the historic distribution of the species presented a discontinuous range with two, reputedly separated, populations. The western-most population extended from the upper course of the Curoca River through Otchinjau to the banks of the Kunene (synonymous Cunene) River, and through Cuamato and the Mupa area further north (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). The intention of protecting this western population of G. c. angolensis, led to the proclamation of Mupa National Park (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). The eastern population occurred between the Cuito and Cuando Rivers, with larger numbers of records from the southeast corner of the former Mucusso Game Reserve (Crawford-Cabral and Verissimo 2005, Dagg 1962). By the late 1990s Giraffe were assumed to be extinct in Angola (East 1999). According to Kuedikuenda and Xavier (2009), a small population of Angolan Giraffe may still occur in Mupa National Park; however, no census data exist to substantiate this claim. As the Park was ravaged by poachers and refugees, it was generally accepted that Giraffe were locally extinct until recent re-introductions into southern Angola from Namibia (Kissama Foundation 2015, East 1999, P. Vaz Pinto pers. comm.). BOTSWANA Current range in Botswana Recent genetic analyses have revealed that the population of Giraffe in the Central Kalahari and Khutse Game Reserves in central Botswana is from the subspecies G. -
8 Day Accomodated Safari -Journey Through Botswana
"JOURNEY THROUGH BOTSWANA” is an 8-Day fully accommodated "moBile" Safari that takes in all that ChoBe National Park, Khwai Private Reserve, Moremi Game Reserve and the Okavango Delta offers-from the outset exploring ChoBe River to the remarkaBle Game viewing... the 7 nights spent utilizing different lodges & luxury camps Based in this unique wilderness that Botswana showcases',will leave indeliBle memories of spectacular wildlife and evenings spent around a campfire under Billions of stars. This 8 Day accomodated safari overnights at permanent camps-offering something for guests who do not particularly want to "camp", But who like the idea of a moBile safari that offers an outstanding level of private guiding throughout. This safari can start in Maun and end in Kasane as well.... "JOURNEY THROUGH BOTSWANA" 8 DAY FULLY ACCOMODATED SAFARI from $4995pp RACK TOUR CODE :WDJB DEPARTURE POINT IS KASANE AIRPORT OR KAZUNGULA BORDER ON THE SOUTHBOUND TRIP AND MAUN AIRPORT ON THE NORTHBOUND TRIP. GUESTS NEED TO BE AT THE MEETING POINTS BY 12H30 on day 1, unlEss comIng off IntErnatIonal flIghts whIch gEnErally land at about 13h00. Day 01 CHOBE RIVER ChobE rIvEr In thE northEast sErvEs as thE prImary watEr sourcE for thE IanImals and draws many watEr- lovIng bIrd spEcIEs...hIppos, crocodIlE Impala, sablE, lEchwE, gIraffE, zEbra, baboons, bushbuck, monkEys and puku antElopE. ThIs ExclusIvE boat cruIsE takEs placE In thE Early aftEroon. ChobE NatIonal Park Is thE sEcond largEst NatIonal Park In Botswana.WIth swEEpIng vIEws ovEr thE ChobE RIvEr, JackalbErry ChobE's stunnIng publIc arEas arE thE pErfEct sEttIng to rElax and unwInd .TakE to thE watErs of thE ChobE RIvEr on a 3-hour sunsEt cruIsE In pontoon boats. -
Selous Game Reserve Tanzania
SELOUS GAME RESERVE TANZANIA Selous contains a third of the wildlife estate of Tanzania. Large numbers of elephants, buffaloes, giraffes, hippopotamuses, ungulates and crocodiles live in this immense sanctuary which measures almost 50,000 square kilometres and is relatively undisturbed by humans. The Reserve has a wide variety of vegetation zones, from forests and dense thickets to open wooded grasslands and riverine swamps. COUNTRY Tanzania NAME Selous Game Reserve NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE 1982: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Natural Criteria ix and x. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE The UNESCO World Heritage Committee issued the following Statement of Outstanding Universal Value at the time of inscription: Brief Synthesis The Selous Game Reserve, covering 50,000 square kilometres, is amongst the largest protected areas in Africa and is relatively undisturbed by human impact. The property harbours one of the most significant concentrations of elephant, black rhinoceros, cheetah, giraffe, hippopotamus and crocodile, amongst many other species. The reserve also has an exceptionally high variety of habitats including Miombo woodlands, open grasslands, riverine forests and swamps, making it a valuable laboratory for on-going ecological and biological processes. Criterion (ix): The Selous Game Reserve is one of the largest remaining wilderness areas in Africa, with relatively undisturbed ecological and biological processes, including a diverse range of wildlife with significant predator/prey relationships. The property contains a great diversity of vegetation types, including rocky acacia-clad hills, gallery and ground water forests, swamps and lowland rain forest. The dominant vegetation of the reserve is deciduous Miombo woodlands and the property constitutes a globally important example of this vegetation type. -
Self Drive Safari Planning Guide
SELF-DRIVE SAFARI PLANNING GUIDE bushlore.com So you are planning a self drive-safari in Africa? It is the perfect holiday option for travellers that enjoy freedom and flexibility! A self-drive safari in Southern Africa is one of the most popular travel options for visitors planning to explore Africa. But you need to plan every aspect carefully. This guide is here to help you make the right decisions. Let’s start planning! 1. HOW MANY IN YOUR GROUP? The number of people traveling together influences quite a few aspects of your trip. You should choose the 4x4 vehicle based on your group size, as well as the accommodation and campsites where you plan to stay along the way. TWO FOUR FAMILY MORE+ + bushlore.com PLAN YOUR SAFARI TO SUIT YOUR GROUP SIZE 4x4 Rental vehicles are set up according to the number of people travelling. But it also depends on your specific requirements. A family will have a different setup to a couple. It also influences the places you plan to visit. A large group will require more space for the vehicles, and a group of four using two vehicles can possibly make use of one site in some camps. If there are special requests, you need to take that into consideration. You might want to make use of a ground tent as some of your travel partners do not want to sleep in a rooftop tent. If two intrepid friends travel together, they might want to each have their own tent. This is where expert advice comes into play. -
Country Profile Republic of Zambia Giraffe Conservation Status Report
Country Profile Republic of Zambia Giraffe Conservation Status Report Sub-region: Southern Africa General statistics Size of country: 752,614 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 30% (Sub)species Thornicroft’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti) Angolan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) – possible South African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) – possible Conservation Status IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012): Giraffa camelopardalis (as a species) – least concern G. c. thornicrofti – not assessed G. c. angolensis – not assessed G. c. giraffa – not assessed In the Republic of Zambia: The Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) is mandated under the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998 to manage and conserve Zambia’s wildlife and under this same act, the hunting of giraffe in Zambia is illegal (ZAWA 2015). Zambia has the second largest proportion of land under protected status in Southern Africa with approximately 225,000 km2 designated as protected areas. This equates to approximately 30% of the total land cover and of this, approximately 8% as National Parks (NPs) and 22% as Game Management Areas (GMA). The remaining protected land consists of bird sanctuaries, game ranches, forest and botanical reserves, and national heritage sites (Mwanza 2006). The Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), is potentially the world’s largest conservation area, spanning five southern African countries; Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, centred around the Caprivi-Chobe-Victoria Falls area (KAZA 2015). Parks within Zambia that fall under KAZA are: Liuwa Plain, Kafue, Mosi-oa-Tunya and Sioma Ngwezi (Peace Parks Foundation 2013). GCF is dedicated to securing a future for all giraffe populations and (sub)species in the wild. -
Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy
foods Article Detection, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat Carcasses Processed for Human Consumption in South-Eastern Nigeria Emmanuel O. Njoga 1,* , Ekene V. Ezenduka 1 , Chiazor G. Ogbodo 1, Chukwuka U. Ogbonna 2 , Ishmael F. Jaja 3 , Anthony C. Ofomatah 4 and Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala 5,* 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; [email protected] (E.V.E.); [email protected] (C.G.O.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State 110124, Nigeria; [email protected] 3 Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; [email protected] 4 National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; [email protected] 5 Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland Citation: Njoga, E.O.; Ezenduka, * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.O.N.); [email protected] (C.O.R.O.) E.V.; Ogbodo, C.G.; Ogbonna, C.U.; Jaja, I.F.; Ofomatah, A.C.; Okpala, Abstract: Notwithstanding the increased toxic heavy metals/metalloids (THMs) accumulation in C.O.R. Detection, Distribution and (edible) organs owed to goat0s feeding habit and anthropogenic activities, the chevon remains Health Risk Assessment of Toxic increasingly relished as a special delicacy in Nigeria. Specific to the South-Eastern region, however, Heavy Metals/Metalloids, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Goat there is paucity of relevant data regarding the prevalence of THMs in goat carcasses processed for Carcasses Processed for Human human consumption. -
Saving Vultures from Poisoning Scourge Climbing Uganda’S Mountains of the Moon
COVID-19 EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SAVING VULTURES FROM POISONING SCOURGE CLIMBING UGANDA’S MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON ILLEGAL TRADE IN CHEETAH CUBS UNABATED PROFILES OF BIG 5 OF WILDLIFE FILMMAKERS MARK DEEBLE & PHOTOGRAPHY VICTORIA STONE INITIATIVE NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK ADVOCACY A review of the Nairobi National Park plan 2020-2030 Restoration calls for good science to guide management. fodder to herbivores wary of lurking TOP predators. The predators, short of Giraffees in the Nairobi National wild prey, often turn on livestock. The Park with a view of Nairobi city in the background. airobi National Park paucity of wildlife and dense cover (NNP) was gazetted as has weakened the tourist appeal of Kenya’s first park in 1946, the park, further diminished by an a far less populous era. overhead rail, the southern bypass, NIn 1967, as a graduate student at the and now a goods depot. programme which lowered citizen University of Nairobi, I watched the No wish or plan can bring back rates and offered free days. Today wealth of plains animals move from the great migrations. We do, though, two-thirds of all visitors to the park the short-cropped plains into the have a last chance to keep wildlife are Kenya citizens and residents. valleys and swamps as the season movements alive and restore a With the booming growth and wealth hardened, tracked by lions and semblance of the park’s 1960s of Nairobi, the problem will become cheetahs. A wildlife spectacle, the spectacle and appeal. not too few tourists, but how many park gave tourists their first views of But a park for whom? In the 1960s, Kenyan enthusiasts the park can lions, cheetahs, giraffes, buffalos and Kenya’s parks drew tourists from accommodate without being loved rhinos. -
Experince Kenya's 'Out of Africa' Safari
MERU MARA EXPEDITION CAMP, Experince Kenya’s Maasai Mara THE EMAKOKO National Reserve Nairobi National Park DAY 5-8 DAY 1-2 NAIROBI KITUI ‘Out of Africa’ Safari OL DONYO LODGE, Chyulu Hills National Park SERENGETI DAY 2-5 NATIONAL PARK KENYA SUGGESTED ITINERARY OVERVIEW ACCOMMODATION DESTINATION NIGHTS BASIS ROOM TYPE The Emakoko Nairobi National Park, Kenya 1 FB Standard Room ol Donyo Lodge Chyulu Hills National Park, Kenya 3 FB Standard Pool Suite Mara Expedition Camp Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya 3 FB Luxury Tent DAYS 1-2 THE EMAKOKO, NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK Nairobi is Africa’s 4th largest city and is a vibrant and exciting place. Although it has developed a reputation which keeps tourist visits brief, there are some fascinating attractions, namely its café culture, unbridled nightlife, the National Museum, Karen Blixen Museum and most notably, just 20 minutes from the city centre, wild lions and buffalo roam in the Nairobi National Park. THE EMAKOKO 1 night at The Emakoko in a standard room on a full board basis. The Emakoko is a luxury lodge artfully built into the side of a valley on the Mbagathi River, bordering the Nairobi National Park. Great care has been taken to incorporate the beautiful fig trees which grow on the cliff where the lodge is situated. All rooms look straight over the river and into the Park. The Emakoko allows people to start and finish their safari in the wildlife environment they have travelled so far to enjoy. Within 20 minutes of clearing customs they can now be viewing game in the amazing Nairobi National Park. -
Preliminary Studies on the Etiology of Keratoconjunctivitis in Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus) Calves in Alaska
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44(4), 2008, pp. 1051–1055 # Wildlife Disease Association 2008 Preliminary Studies on the Etiology of Keratoconjunctivitis in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) Calves in Alaska Alina L. Evans,1,5 Russell F. Bey,1 James V. Schoster,2 James E. Gaarder,3 and Gregory L. Finstad4 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; 2 Animal Eye Consultants of Minnesota, Roseville, Minnesota 55113, USA; 3 Veterinary Eye Specialists, 1921 W Diamond Blvd., Suite 108, Anchorage, Alaska, 99515, USA; 4 Reindeer Research Program, University of Alaska, PO Box 757200, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775; 5 Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks oc- and possibly contagious eye disease that cur each summer in reindeer (Rangifer tar- can leave animals blind or with impaired andus tarandus) herds in western Alaska, USA. vision. Keratoconjunctivitis is seen annu- This condition has not been well characterized nor has a definitive primary etiologic agent ally during the summer reindeer handlings been identified. We evaluated the eyes of 660 on the Seward Peninsula (Reindeer Re- calves near Nome, Alaska, between 29 June and search Program, University of Alaska 14 July 2005. Clinical signs of keratoconjuncti- Fairbanks, unpubl. data). vitis were observed in 26/660 calves (3.9%). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis has been Samples were collected from the conjunctival studied in numerous other species. In sac of both affected (n522) and unaffected (n524) animals for bacterial culture, enzyme- cattle, the primary pathogen has been linked immunosorbent assay testing for Chla- identified to be the piliated form of mydophila psittaci, and for polymerase chain Moraxella bovis (Ruehl et al., 1988). -
Activity Pack: African Animals
Activity Pack: African Animals This pack is designed to provide teachers with information to help you lead a trip to Colchester Zoo focusing on African Animals How to Use this Pack: This African Animal Tour Guide pack was designed to help your students learn about African animals and prepare for a trip to Colchester Zoo. The pack starts with suggested African animals to visit at Colchester Zoo including a map of where to see them and which encounters/feeds to attend. The next section contains fact sheets about these animals. This includes general information about the type of animal (e.g. where they live, what they eat, etc.) and specific information about individuals at Colchester Zoo (e.g. their names, how to tell them apart, etc.). This information will help you plan your day, and your route around the zoo to see the most African Animals. We recommend all teachers read through this pack and give copies to adult helpers visiting with your school trip. The rest of the pack is broken into “Pre-Trip”, “At the Zoo”, and “Post-Trip”. Each of these sections start with ideas to help teachers think of ways to relate African animals to other topics. There are also a variety of pre-made activities and worksheets included in this pack. Activities are typically hands on ‘games’ that introduce and reinforce concepts. Worksheets are typically paper hand-outs teachers can photocopy and have pupils complete independently. Teachers can pick and choose which they want to use since all the activities/worksheets can be used independently (you can just use one worksheet if you wish; you don’t need to complete the others). -
The European Fallow Deer (Dama Dama Dama)
Heredity (2017) 119, 16–26 OPEN Official journal of the Genetics Society www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the Neolithic: the European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) KH Baker1, HWI Gray1, V Ramovs1, D Mertzanidou2,ÇAkın Pekşen3,4, CC Bilgin3, N Sykes5 and AR Hoelzel1 Species that have been translocated and otherwise manipulated by humans may show patterns of population structure that reflect those interactions. At the same time, natural processes shape populations, including behavioural characteristics like dispersal potential and breeding system. In Europe, a key factor is the geography and history of climate change through the Pleistocene. During glacial maxima throughout that period, species in Europe with temperate distributions were forced south, becoming distributed among the isolated peninsulas represented by Anatolia, Italy and Iberia. Understanding modern patterns of diversity depends on understanding these historical population dynamics. Traditionally, European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) are thought to have been restricted to refugia in Anatolia and possibly Sicily and the Balkans. However, the distribution of this species was also greatly influenced by human-mediated translocations. We focus on fallow deer to better understand the relative influence of these natural and anthropogenic processes. We compared modern fallow deer putative populations across a broad geographic range using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA loci. The results revealed highly insular populations, depauperate of genetic variation and significantly differentiated from each other. This is consistent with the expectations of drift acting on populations founded by small numbers of individuals, and reflects known founder populations in the north.