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Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook
Canadian Official Historians and the Writing of the World Wars Tim Cook BA Hons (Trent), War Studies (RMC) This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences UNSW@ADFA 2005 Acknowledgements Sir Winston Churchill described the act of writing a book as to surviving a long and debilitating illness. As with all illnesses, the afflicted are forced to rely heavily on many to see them through their suffering. Thanks must go to my joint supervisors, Dr. Jeffrey Grey and Dr. Steve Harris. Dr. Grey agreed to supervise the thesis having only met me briefly at a conference. With the unenviable task of working with a student more than 10,000 kilometres away, he was harassed by far too many lengthy emails emanating from Canada. He allowed me to carve out the thesis topic and research with little constraints, but eventually reined me in and helped tighten and cut down the thesis to an acceptable length. Closer to home, Dr. Harris has offered significant support over several years, leading back to my first book, to which he provided careful editorial and historical advice. He has supported a host of other historians over the last two decades, and is the finest public historian working in Canada. His expertise at balancing the trials of writing official history and managing ongoing crises at the Directorate of History and Heritage are a model for other historians in public institutions, and he took this dissertation on as one more burden. I am a far better historian for having known him. -
TABLE of CONTENTS Page Certificate of Examination I
The End of the Big Ship Navy: The Trudeau Government, the Defence Policy Review and the Decommissioning of the HMCS Bonaventure by Hugh Avi Gordon B.A.H., Queen’s University at Kingston, 2001. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ______________________________________________________________ Dr. D.K. Zimmerman, Supervisor (Department of History) ______________________________________________________________ Dr. P.E. Roy, Departmental Member (Department of History) ______________________________________________________________ Dr. E.W. Sager, Departmental Member (Department of History) ______________________________________________________________ Dr. J.A. Boutilier, External Examiner (Department of National Defence) © Hugh Avi Gordon, 2003 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisor: Dr. David Zimmerman ABSTRACT As part of a major defence review meant to streamline and re-prioritize the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), in 1969, the Trudeau government decommissioned Canada’s last aircraft carrier, HMCS Bonaventure. The carrier represented a major part of Maritime Command’s NATO oriented anti- submarine warfare (ASW) effort. There were three main reasons for the government’s decision. First, the carrier’s yearly cost of $20 million was too much for the government to afford. Second, several defence experts challenged the ability of the Bonaventure to fulfill its ASW role. Third, members of the government and sections of the public believed that an aircraft carrier was a luxury that Canada did not require for its defence. There was a perception that the carrier was the wrong ship used for the wrong role. -
Harry George Dewolf 1903 - 2000
The Poppy Design is a registered trademark of The Royal Canadian Legion, Dominion Command and is used under licence. Le coquelicot est une marque de commerce enregistrée de La Direction nationale de La Légion royale canadienne, employée Le coquelicot est une marque de commerce enregistrée La Direction nationale sous licence. de La Légion royale canadienne, Dominion Command and is used under licence. The Royal Canadian Legion, Design is a registered trademark of The Poppy © DeWolf family collection - Collection de la famille DeWolf © DeWolf HARRY GEORGE DEWOLF 1903 - 2000 HOMETOWN HERO HÉROS DE CHEZ NOUS Born in Bedford, Nova Scotia, Harry DeWolf developed a passion for Originaire de Bedford en Nouvelle-Écosse, Harry DeWolf se passionne pour the sea as a youth by sailing in Halifax Harbour and Bedford Basin, later la mer dès sa jeunesse en naviguant dans le port d’Halifax et le bassin de pursuing a 42-year career in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). Bedford, ce qui l’amènera à poursuivre une carrière de 42 ans au sein de la Marine royale du Canada (MRC). During the Second World War, he earned a reputation as a skilled, courageous officer. As captain of HMCS St Laurent, in 1940 DeWolf Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il se fait une réputation d’officier ordered the RCN’s first shots fired during the early stages of the war. de marine compétent et courageux. À la barre du NCSM St Laurent en CFB Esquimalt Naval & Military© Image Museum 2011.022.012 courtesy of the Beament collection, © Image Collection Beanment 2011.022.012 avec l’aimable autorisation du Musée naval et militaire de la BFC Esquimalt, He led one of the largest rescues when his ship saved more than 850 1940, DeWolf ordonne les premiers tirs de la MRC au début de la guerre. -
The Readiness of Canada's Naval Forces Report of the Standing
The Readiness of Canada's Naval Forces Report of the Standing Committee on National Defence Stephen Fuhr Chair June 2017 42nd PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION Published under the authority of the Speaker of the House of Commons SPEAKER’S PERMISSION Reproduction of the proceedings of the House of Commons and its Committees, in whole or in part and in any medium, is hereby permitted provided that the reproduction is accurate and is not presented as official. This permission does not extend to reproduction, distribution or use for commercial purpose of financial gain. Reproduction or use outside this permission or without authorization may be treated as copyright infringement in accordance with the Copyright Act. Authorization may be obtained on written application to the Office of the Speaker of the House of Commons. Reproduction in accordance with this permission does not constitute publication under the authority of the House of Commons. The absolute privilege that applies to the proceedings of the House of Commons does not extend to these permitted reproductions. Where a reproduction includes briefs to a Standing Committee of the House of Commons, authorization for reproduction may be required from the authors in accordance with the Copyright Act. Nothing in this permission abrogates or derogates from the privileges, powers, immunities and rights of the House of Commons and its Committees. For greater certainty, this permission does not affect the prohibition against impeaching or questioning the proceedings of the House of Commons in courts or otherwise. The House of Commons retains the right and privilege to find users in contempt of Parliament if a reproduction or use is not in accordance with this permission. -
The Procurement of the Canadian Patrol Frigates by the Pierre Trudeau Government, 1977-1983
Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2020 A Marriage of Intersecting Needs: The Procurement of the Canadian Patrol Frigates by the Pierre Trudeau Government, 1977-1983 Garison Ma [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, Military and Veterans Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, Political History Commons, and the Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Ma, Garison, "A Marriage of Intersecting Needs: The Procurement of the Canadian Patrol Frigates by the Pierre Trudeau Government, 1977-1983" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 2330. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2330 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Marriage of Intersecting Needs: The Procurement of the Canadian Patrol Frigates by the Pierre Trudeau Government, 1977-1983 by Garison Ma BA History, Wilfrid Laurier University, 2018 THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of History in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in History Wilfrid Laurier University © Garison Ma 2020 To my parents, Gary and Eppie and my little brother, Edgar. II Abstract In December 1977, the Liberal government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau authorized the Department of National Defence (DND) to begin the acquisition of new warships for the navy. The decision to acquire fully combat capable warships was a shocking decision which marked the conclusion of a remarkable turnaround in Canadian defence policy. -
Capable Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship NOPEC
VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3 (2015) The Case for a More Combat- Capable Arctic Offshore Patrol Ship NOPEC: A Game Worth Playing? Interoperability and the Future of the Royal Canadian Navy A Clash of Naval Strategies in the Asia-Pacific Region VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3 (2015) CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW I Winter_2015_PRESS.indd 1 15-01-26 1:46 PM Our Sponsors and Supporters Canadian Naval Review (CNR) is a ‘not-for-profit’ corporate support CNR would not be able to maintain publication depending for funding upon its subscription its content diversity and its high quality. Corporate and base, the generosity of a small number of corporate institutional support also makes it possible to put copies sponsors, and support from the Department of National of CNR in the hands of Canadian political decision- Defence and the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at makers. The help of all our supporters allows CNR to Dalhousie University. In addition, CNR is helped in continue the extensive outreach program established to meeting its objectives through the support of several further public awareness of naval and maritime security professional and charitable organizations. Without that and oceans issues in Canada. (www.canadasnavalmemorial.ca) (www.navyleague.ca) Naval Association of Canada (www.navalassoc.ca) To receive more information about the corporate sponsorship plan or to find out more about supporting CNR in other ways, such as through subscription donations and bulk institutional subscriptions, please contact us at [email protected]. i CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3 (2015) Winter_2015_PRESS.indd 1 15-01-26 1:46 PM Cpl Services Bastien, Imaging Credit: Services MARPAC Michael MARPAC Imaging Our Sponsors and Supporters VOLUME 10, NUMBER 3 (2015) Bastien, Editorial Board Dr. -
Aircraft Carriers Royal Canadian Navy (Rcn)
CANADA AVIATION MUSEUM AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY (RCN) Prepared by Commander E.J. L’Heureux CD, RCN (Ret’d) Introduction Naval Aviation had its start only eight years after the Wright Brothers first flew their “Flyer” at Kill Devil Hill, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, in 1903 and less than two years after J.A.D. McCurdy made the first airplane flight at Baddeck, on Bras D’Or Lake, Nova Scotia. It was in 1911 that Eugene Ely, an exhibition pilot, flew a Curtiss off the deck of the United States Ship (USS) BIRMINGHAM at anchor in Hampton Roads, Virginia, and flew it to Norfolk. Two months later he flew from Camp Selfridge to a 120 foot wooden deck fitted on the USS PENNSYLVANIA anchored in San Francisco Bay, proving the feasibility of the aircraft carrier. It would not be many years before the fledgling country of Canada was to participate in carrier based aviation, initially through the pilots who flew with the Royal Navy (RN) and latterly through the acquisition of aircraft carriers themselves. This story is a synopsis of that participation. Aircraft Carrier Development In the formative era of aircraft carrier development navies were tied to the concept that the bigger the ship and the larger the guns the more capable the navy. The bireme and trireme, referring to the numbers and layers of oars used in Greek and Roman galleons, gave way to the wooden hulls and big guns of later ships used in the Napoleonic Wars, and the battles of the Nile and Trafalgar. -
Hon Harjit Singh SAJJAN, OMM, MSM, CD (Lcol Retir
GENERAL OFFICERS – CF 01 January 2021 MINISTER MINISTER of NATIONAL DEFENCE: Hon Harjit Singh SAJJAN, OMM, MSM, CD (LCol Retired) ASSOCIATE MINISTER of NATIONAL DEFENCE: Mr Lawrence MacAULAY And Minister of Veterans Affairs PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY TO THE MINISTER: Ms Serge CORMIER DEPUTY MINISTER: Ms Jody THOMAS Former Cdn Coast Guard Commissioner SENIOR ASSOCIATE DEPUTY MINISTER: Mr Bill MATTHEWS Former Comptroller General of Canada ASSOCIATE DEPUTY MINISTER: Mr Claude ROCHETTE OMBUDSMAN: Mr Gary WALBOURNE ASSSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER – PUBLIC AFFAIRS: Ms Laurie KEMPTON DIRECTOR-GENERAL – PUBLIC AFFAIRS: BGen Jay JANZEN, CD ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: Dr Marc FORTIN DIRECTOR-GENERAL - RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT: Ms Myléne OUELLET ASSOCIATE ADM - HUMAN RESOURCES: Mrs Shirley SIEGEL ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - HUMAN RESOURCES: Mr Kin CHOI COMMANDER - CF PERSONNEL SUPPORT AGENCY: Mr Sean N. CANTELON, CD (ex Cmdre RCN) ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - MATERIAL GROUP: Mr Troy CROSBY retired RCAF ASSOCIATE DEPUTY MINISTER - MATERIAL GROUP: Mr Joseph Alexander Simon PAGE, OMM, CD End April DEPUTY CHIEF of STAFF - MATERIAL: RAdm Christopher S. EARL, CD PROJECT MANAGER - CANADIAN SURFACE COMBATANT: Cmdre Rob C. GRAY, CD ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - FINANCE: Mr Cheri CROSBY DEPUTY CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER - FINANCE: MGen Richard William GOODYEAR, MSM, CD ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - INFRASTRUCTURE: Mr. Rob CHAMBERS 30 Field RCA CHIEF of STAFF - INFRASTRUCTURE: MGen Kevin G. HORGAN, OMM, CD Chief Mil Engineer * ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: Mr Leonard (‘Len’) J. BASTIEN COS to A/DM and CF J6 - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: MGen Andrew R. JAYNE, CD COS to A/DM and CF J6 - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: MGen Francis Joseph CHAGNON, OMM, MSM, CD ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - POLICY: Mr Peter HAMMERSCHMIDT ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - CHIEF of REVIEW SERVICES Mr Julie CHARRON ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER - DATA, INNOVATION, ANALYTICS Mr Stephen BURT LEGAL ADVISOR (CIVILIAN): Ms Michael SOUSA SECONDED TO GOVERNOR GENERAL – PUBLIC AFFAIRS: BGen Marc M. -
Inside This Issue
Crowsnest www.navy.forces.gc.ca Vol. 5, No. 3 Fall 2011 INSIDE THIS ISSUE The RCN and Op Nanook Page 2 Navy sails the Great Lakes Region Page 5 HMCS Vancouver Takes Over Mission in Libya Page 8 A Commitment to the Americas Page 10 The Royal Canadian Navy and OP NANOOK HMCS Summerside sails off the coast of Saglek, Labrador, during Operation Nanook 11. Photo: Cpl Rick Ayer By Matthew Lindsey partners and combined with international partners from the U.S. Coast Guard and the Royal Danish Navy Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) task group set working under the lead of Canada Command, the sail Aug. 5 from St. John’s, NL, towards military command responsible for all routine and A Canada’s Eastern and High Arctic, where it contingency operations in Canada and continental North joined other personnel from the Canadian Army, Royal America. Canadian Air Force and Canadian Rangers for Throughout Op Nanook 11, the RCN continued to live Operation Nanook 11. up to its reputation as a versatile force. The frigate Op Nanook, named for the Inuit word for polar bear, is HMCS St. John’s, and maritime coastal defence vessels the centrepiece of three annual northern sovereignty HMC Ships Summerside and Moncton, sailed up the operations conducted by the Canadian Forces (CF) and North Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating the navy’s ability to its partners who share interest in Canada’s North. First operate effectively in the vast and challenging conducted in 2007, Op Nanook demonstrates a visible conditions of the Arctic. presence and provides opportunities for military and The RCN offers some unique capabilities. -
An Abc of the Battle of the Atlantic
AN ABC OF THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC A Teacher Resource By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 AN ABC OF THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC HMCS Waskesiu. River Class Frigate. She was the first Canadian vessel to sink a U-Boat. Active service in the North Atlantic, the Murmansk Run and the D-day landings. By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 A Teacher Resource by Tom Dykes (C) 2015 Contents Introduction to study unit. Dedication. ABCs of the Battle of the Atlantic. The Atlantic Challenge. Just-A-Minute. By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 INTRODUCTION As the 20th Century fades more and more into our collective memory, it is still important for educators to examine the great and violent confrontations that have made the century one of humanities bench marks for destruction, and paradoxically, the development of amazing leaps in social, cultural and technological developments. The Battle of the Atlantic was conducted for 69 months over the reaches of millions of square miles of the Atlantic Ocean and its adjunctive seas. It was an area of conflict that was conducted from the tropics to the arctic, and was the confrontational realm that held the key to the resolution of what we call World War II. Without the free passage of strategic materiel and men from North America, Britain would not survive the Nazi onslaught. Without that same resource and resolve, Russia, would not have received the aid that contributed to its ability to hold and finally repel the German invaders. In short, who controlled the Atlantic would ultimately dictate the outcome of the war. -
Maritime Futures Revisited
COMMENTARY DND photo HS2002-10260-03 by Master Corporal Michel Durand Master by HS2002-10260-03 DND photo From left to right – HMCS Algonquin, HMCS Protecteur and HMCS St-Johns sail the Gulf of Oman in earlier times. Maritime Futures Revisited by Martin Shadwick t is no less true for being obvious that the past two about the future prospects of Canada’s sub-surface capabil- years have been exceedingly difficult for the Royal ity. Add in seemingly-glacial progress on the new surface Canadian Navy (RCN). Since the carefully nuanced ship construction package put in hand by the previous Harper announcement of 19 September 2014 that the infirmi- government, and one is presented with naval capability—and ties of age, and such factors as the February 2014 fire naval credibility—challenges of the first order. Ithat caused serious damage to the replenishment ship HMCS Protecteur would necessitate a reduction in the size of the That said, there has been demonstrable progress on a num- fleet, the RCN has paid off both Protecteur and her sister ber of fronts. The pivotal Halifax-class Modernization (HCM)/ ship, HMCS Preserver—together representing the entirety of Frigate Life Extension (FELEX) project, with an industrial team Canada’s naval replenishment capability—and two of the three anchored by Lockheed Martin Canada, Irving Shipbuilding and surviving Iroquois-class area air defence/command and control Seaspan, has proved most successful. Chantier Davie is moving destroyers, HMCS Iroquois and HMCS Algonguin. HMCS forward on an aggressive timetable to convert a civilian con- Athabaskan—the last of the original quartet of Iroquois-class tainer ship into an interim Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment (AOR) destroyers—was added to the disposal list in 2016, with paying ship, while construction of the first Harry DeWolf-class Arctic off to follow in early-2017. -
Liberation: the Canadians in Europe Issued Also in French Under Title: La Libération
BILL McANDREW • BILL RAWLING • MICHAEL WHITBY LIBERATION TheLIBERATION Canadians in Europe ART GLOBAL LIVERPOOL FIRST CANADIAN ARMY MANCHESTER IRE NORTH-WEST EUROPE 1944-1945 ENGLAND NORTH SEA BIRMINGHAM Cuxhaven Northampton WILHELMSHAVEN BARRY EMDEN BRISTOL OXFORD THAMES S OLDENBURG UXBRIDGE WESER Iisselmeer D BREMEN LONDON Frinton SALISBURY ALDERSHOT Amsterdam N LYME REGIS D OW Bridport GUILDFORD NS THE HAGUE FALMOUTH PLYMOUTH AMERSFOORT A ALLER SOUTHAMPTON D O REIGATE SEVENOAKS W Rotterdam N MARGATE RIJN L PORTSMOUTH S Crawley NEDER WORTHING CANTERBURY R ISLE Portslade FOLKESTONE E OF Shoreham DOVER H ARNHEM RYE FLUSHING T MINDEN WIGHT Peacehaven N E EMS MAAS NIJMEGEN NEWHAVEN Hastings HERTOGENBOSCH HANOVER OSTEND WESE Erle Lembeck E N G L I S H C CALAIS DUNKIRK BRUGES H A N Wesel R N E L STRAITS OF DOVERBoulogne ANTWERP EINDHOVEN RHINE Hardelot HAMM YPRES GHENT VENLO THE HAZEBROUCK RUHR Lippstadt ARMENTIERES BRUSSELS B München-Gladbach DÜSSELDORF Cherbourg ROER E LE TREPORT St. Valery-en-Caux ABBEVILLE Jülich SOMME L Aachen COLOGNE DIEPPE Düren G MEUSE Le Havre BREST AMIENS I Rouen GERMANY CAEN U N O LISIEUX St. Quentin Remagen B ST. MALO R M M R A SEINE N L I AVRANCHES ORNE D JUNE 1940 Y U T FALAISE X AISNE E T OISE SEDAN M NANTES- B A GASSICOURT O F R A N C E U R N G TRIER Mainz RENNES RHEIMS Y ALENCON PARIS LAVAL MOSELLE RHINE CHARTRES CHATEAUBRIANT LE MANS Sablé-sur-Sarthe ST. NAZAIRE Parcé LO BILL MCANDREW BILL RAWLING MICHAEL WHITBY Commemorative Edition Celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Liberation of the Netherlands and the End of the Second World War in Europe Original Edition ART GLOBAL Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data for first edition: McAndrew, Bill, 1934- Liberation: The Canadians in Europe Issued also in French under title: La Libération.