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Dwarf's Guide to Debian GNU/Linux

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Dwarf's Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux 2001 Dale Scheetz Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Copyright c 2001 Dale Scheetz Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being Chapter 1 Introduction, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with the Back-Cover Texts being “The early development of the material in this work was produced with the financial support of Planet Linux. This support was intrumental in bringing this project to completion.” A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “Appendix 9: GNU Free Documentation License” which can be found on page 271. Trademark Acknowledgements All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. The publisher cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Caldera, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. MS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. X Window System is a registered trademark of X Consortium, Inc. ii dedicated to Linux users everywhere iii CREDITS First I want to thank Ian Murdock for writing the History section. His per- spectives on those early years have helped latecomers like Dwarf understand the founding principles upon which Debian is based. While Dwarf wrote much of the remainder of the book from his own experience, his fellow developers have always been willing to help resolve his ignorance. Without the fabulous mind-share of the development community, this book could never have been written. This release includes graphic snapshots of the actual screens presented by the current installation. These shots could not have been taken without the use of VMwareTM Workstation software. VMware’s support of this free software effort has included the donation of license to use it’s MultipleWorldsTM tech- nology without fee. Dwarf is grateful for the quality of the presentation these screen shots bring to this book, and wishes to thank VMware for all their help in making this possible. Dwarf also wishes to thank Peter S Galbraith for making this book available as the Debian package dwarfs-debian-guide, and Anthony Fok for his patches to the layout, and for catching several typos. iv Typography Bold Bold type face is used to identify words that are name or titles, such as the names of headings on a display, the names of file formats or protocols, and even program names when the usage is pointedly the name and not the use or function of the program. Italic Italic type face is used to identify files, directories, and programs that reside on a file system, as well as their use in commands. The note Style Note: This style is used to deliver auxiliary information about the subject under discussion. Most often this is information that the reader may or may not understand, and is considers op- tional reading. The screen Style This style presents text that might be displayed on the screen of your computer. v vi Contents 1 Introduction 15 About the Author . 15 A Short History of Debian . 17 The Debian Development Team . 19 What Makes Debian Different? . 21 What is in this book? . 24 2 Package Management Tools 27 Introduction . 27 dpkg . 30 Introduction . 30 Running dpkg . 32 Options Recognized by dpkg . 33 Installation and Removal Options . 33 Available Packages File Management Options . 37 Package System Information Options . 39 vii Force Options . 45 Miscellaneous Options . 46 dselect . 47 Introduction . 47 Using dselect . 48 0. [A]ccess . 48 1. [U]pdate . 54 2. [S]elect . 55 3. [I]nstall . 58 4. [C]onfig . 58 5. [R]emove . 59 6. [Q]uit . 59 Upgrading with dselect . 60 apt-get.................................. 62 Introduction . 62 Selecting Archives . 62 Updating Packages Files . 64 Installing Packages . 65 Upgrading Packages . 66 Removing packages . 66 3 Installation 67 Introduction . 67 viii Quick Start . 69 Before You Begin . 72 Boot Media . 72 Partitioning the Hard Drive . 73 The Swap Partition . 74 The root partitions . 75 Example #1: Simple partitioning . 77 Example #2: Complex partitioning . 77 Networking Information Sources . 78 Preliminary Networking Information . 80 PPP Configuration Information . 84 What You Need to Know: . 84 Stage One: The Base Installation . 86 Task 1: Configure the Keyboard . 88 Task 2: Partition the Hard Disk . 90 Task 3: Swap Partition . 95 Task 4: Initializing Linux Partitions . 97 Task 5: Install Kernel and Modules . 100 Task 6: Configuring Driver Modules . 104 Task 7: Configure the Network . 108 Task 8: Installing the Base System . 117 Task 9: Configuring the Base System . 119 ix Task 10: Creating a Bootable System . 122 Task 11: Finish Stage One . 126 Stage Two: Package Installation . 127 General Configuration . 128 PPP Configuration . 139 Configuring Apt . 156 System Configuration . 160 The Debian Task Installer . 161 X Configuration using anXious . 163 Apt Package Installation . 185 4 Basic System Administration 189 Introduction . 189 Managing many accounts . 190 Adding a user . 190 Removing a user . 191 Managing passwords . 192 Managing Root Access . 194 su ................................. 194 sudo . 195 File Protection by Owner . 196 File Protection by Group . 197 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems . 199 x Monitoring System Activity . 200 Process Status . 200 top CPU Processes . 200 fuser: Who has it? . 201 Who is logged on? . 202 Where is the printer? . 202 Finding knowledge . 204 Additional info . 205 Finding packages . 206 Searching the file system . 207 Building a Custom Kernel . 208 Hardware . 208 Building the Kernel . 209 Non-Debian Kernel Construction . 209 Debian Kernel Construction . 215 Modules . 217 Advantages . 217 Disadvantage . 219 5 Appendix 223 Appendix 1: Common UNIX Commands . 224 Introduction . 224 chgrp . 225 xi chmod . 226 chown ............................... 228 cp ................................. 229 df.................................. 230 du ................................. 231 ls.................................. 232 mkdir . 234 mv................................. 235 rm ................................. 236 rmdir . 237 Appendix 2: Text Editors . 238 Introduction . 238 ae ................................. 239 joe................................. 240 vi.................................. 241 emacs . 242 Appendix 3: The Loop Device . 243 Appendix 4: Multiple OS Installation . 246 Appendix 5: Building Packages Files . 248 Appendix 6: Linux as a Server . 250 Appendix 7: Arguments . 252 SCSI device arguments . 254 xii SCSI argument list . 255 Hard Disk Arguments . 258 Other CD-ROMS . 260 Floppy Drive Arguments . ..
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