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DISTRIBUTION Dcore Von Stefan Müller DISTRIBUTION dCore von Stefan Müller ie leichtgewichtige Distribution dCore Für die x86-Architektur existiert dCore derzeit dung .sce. Darin sind alle zur Erweiterung ge- basiert auf TinyCore und greift auf den (November 2015) in den Debian- bzw. Ubuntu- hörigen Dateien enthalten. Auf dem System vor- D Softwarebestand von Ubuntu zu. Nach basierten Ausprägungen Jessie und Wheezy be- handene Erweiterungen werden durch den Befehl einer allgemeinen Einführung wird hier eine ziehungsweise Trusty, Utopic, Vivid und Wily mit sce-load gemountet, der auch alle Dateien als schrittweise Anleitung für eine Testinstallati- den entsprechenden Kernel-Versionen. Nach gut symbolische Links ins Wurzeldateisystem kopiert. on auf einem USB-Stick gegeben. zweijähriger Entwicklung ist dCore den Kinder- Somit stehen sie im normalen Pfad zur Verfügung. schuhen entwachsen und bietet eine höchst in- Nötigenfalls werden auch Startskripte ausgeführt. Einführung teressante Plattform für fortgeschrittene Linux- Danach kann die importierte Applikation normal Distributionen, welche im RAM laufen (vgl. An- Benutzer. gestartet werden. hang „InitRD“), gibt es unter Linux in stattlicher Zahl. Zu den bekanntesten Vertretern dieser Zunft Informationen Erweiterungen importieren zählen Knoppix sowie die Live-Versionen von di- Die Installationsdateien [1] befinden sich etwas Zuerst müssen die Erweiterungen importiert wer- versen Distributionen. Daneben gibt es eine gan- versteckt im Download-Bereich der Website von den. Der Befehl sce-import aktualisiert die Pa- ze Schar speziell leichtgewichtiger Distributionen, TinyCore [2]. Im TinyCore-Wiki existiert ein se- ketverzeichnisse und durchsucht sie nach pas- wie Puppy Linux oder TinyCore Linux. Der jüngs- parater Bereich für dCore [3]. Daneben wird das senden Namen. Man wählt das gewünschte Pa- te Spross in dieser Familie hört auf den Namen dCore-Forum [4] sehr aktiv genutzt. ket aus einer Trefferliste, worauf es samt Abhän- dCore und stammt ebenfalls aus dem Hause Ti- gigkeiten heruntergeladen und in eine sce-Datei nyCore. Modularität umgewandelt wird. dCore lädt den Linux-Kern sowie eine InitRD, wel- Der Name ist ein Zusammenzug aus Debian und che das Wurzeldateisystem umfasst. Diese bei- Um Plattenspeicher zu sparen, lässt sich die Grö- TinyCore und deutet auf das neue Konzept hin. den Dateien sind zusammen weniger als 15 MB ße von Erweiterungen reduzieren, indem sie von Dabei wird das gesamte Grundsystem von dCo- groß und stellen ein minimales Linux-System mit anderen abhängig gemacht werden. Das Flag re von TinyCore übernommen und somit dem Almquist-Shell (Ash) und Busybox zur Verfügung. -d zu sce-import erlaubt die Auswahl von vor- Benutzer eine minimalistische Linux-Umgebung Zusätzliche Software-Pakete werden in Form von ausgesetzten Abhängigkeiten. Einerseits werden zur Verfügung gestellt, welche er nach eigenen sogenannten Erweiterungen importiert und kön- deren Dateien beim Import ignoriert. Andererseits Wünschen modular ausbauen kann. Wo TinyCore nen nach Bedarf geladen werden. So kann sich wird beim Laden der Erweiterung sichergestellt, jedoch eigene Paketquellen verwendet, greift dCo- der Benutzer sein System nach eigenen Wün- dass alle Abhängigkeiten vorrangig geladen wer- re hingegen auf die Bestände von Debian oder schen zusammenstellen. den. Ubuntu zurück. Dadurch steht dem Benutzer ein außerordentlich schlankes Grundsystem mit einer Erweiterungen Erweiterungslisten überwältigenden Auswahl an aktueller Software Erweiterungen sind SquashFS-Dateien, d. h. in Sollen mehrere Erweiterungen stets zusammen zur Verfügung. eine Datei gepackte Dateisysteme, mit Dateien- geladen werden, bietet es sich an, sie zu einer ein- © freiesMagazin CC-BY-SA 4.0 Ausgabe 02/20161 DISTRIBUTION zigen Erweiterung zu kombinieren. Mit dem Flag -l liest sce-import die Paketnamen aus einer Textdatei und erzeugt daraus eine Erweiterung. Erweiterungen laden Neben dem manuellen Laden können Erweite- rungen auch beim Systemstart automatisch ge- laden werden, was für systemnahe Software wie zum Beispiel Wireless-Unterstützung oder Window-Manager beziehungsweise Desktop- Umgebungen sinnvoll ist. Andererseits lassen sich Programme auch bei Bedarf („on demand“) laden, was besonders in graphischen Umgebun- gen den Bedienungskomfort erhöht. Persistenz Das Grundsystem und auch alle Erweiterungen bestehen aus ausschließlich lesbaren Dateisys- temen. Deshalb braucht es einen speziellen Me- chanismus, um persistente Veränderungen bspw. an Konfigurationsdateien vorzunehmen. Im Ge- gensatz zu vielen anderen Live-Systemen setzt dCore mit LXDE. Das geöffnete Startmenü zeigt Rubriken für geladene Erweiterungen. Rechts im dCore, wie auch TinyCore, nicht auf Overlay- Panel sichtbar: NetworkManager, OwnCloud, Tastaturlayout, sowie Starter für Bereitschafts- und Dateisysteme (vgl. Anhang „Persistenz“). Ruhezustand sowie Herunterfahren. In der einfachsten Installationsvariante wer- gemacht werden. Die Originalversion wird beim Skripte werden im Verlauf des Systemstarts aus- den alle Benutzerdaten – und dazu zählen Systemstart durch die in mydata.tgz gespeicher- geführt und können individuell angepasst werden. auch individuelle Systemeinstellungen – ins te überschrieben. Archiv /opt/mydata.tgz gepackt. Die Datei Beispielinstallation /opt/.filetool.lst regelt, welche Dateien dar- Neben dem Home-Verzeichnis wird in der Grund- Um ein Gefühl für die Funktionsweise von dCo- in aufgenommen werden. einstellung auch /opt/ persistent gemacht. Es re zu erhalten, wird hier eine LXDE Desktop- enthält die internen Konfigurationsdateien für dCo- Umgebung mit aktuellen Versionen von Libre- Konfigurationsdateien beispielsweise unter /etc/ re. Dazu zählen Listen mit Paketquellen sowie die Office und Firefox samt deutschsprachiger Loka- können durch Eintrag in diese Datei persistent Dateien bootlocal und bootsync. Diese Shell- lisierung installiert. Diese Applikationen werden © freiesMagazin CC-BY-SA 4.0 Ausgabe 02/20162 DISTRIBUTION aus dem Software-Bestand von Ubuntu Trusty Im Ordner boot/ erstellt man anschließend die weiteren grundlegenden Kommandozeilenwerk- stammen. Datei extlinux.conf wie im folgenden Lis- zeugen durch BusyBox bereitgestellt wird. Die ting extlinux.conf angegeben. Hierzu wird die bildet mit InitRD das Wurzeldateisystem und liegt USB-Stick vorbereiten UUID der Partition benötigt, welche sich mittels vollständig im RAM. Der einzige Benutzer heißt tc Man nehme einen leeren USB-Stick mit einer dem Befehl sudo blkid /dev/sdXn herausfin- und kann mittels sudo Root-Berechtigung erlan- Ext-formatierten Partition /dev/sdXn, welche den lässt. gen. boot-bar ist. Auf dieser erstellt man mit Root- Berechtigung einen Ordner namens boot/. DEFAULT menu.c32 Besonders viel bietet das System noch nicht. PROMPT 0 Während des Startvorgangs wurden jedoch di- LABEL dCore Falls kein Boot-Loader vorhanden ist, schreibt verse Skripte ausgeführt, welche u. a. die Boot- KERNEL vmlinuz-trusty man einen solchen von einer bestehenden Linux- INITRD dCore-trusty.gz Parameter „tce“, „opt“ und „home“ dahingehend Installation aus auf den Stick (bevorzugt Extlinux), interpretierten, dass die entsprechenden Ordner APPEND waitusb=10 tce=UUID=<UUID> y welchen man über die Paketverwaltung installiert. auf der angegebenen Partition angelegt werden home=UUID=<UUID> opt=UUID=<UUID> tz="CETy -1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3" sollten. Mit den folgenden Befehlen installiert man als Root den Boot-Loader samt benötigtem Hilfsmo- Listing 1: extlinux.conf Im Verzeichnis /tce/ werden die Erwei- dul und passendem „master boot record“ auf dem terungen abgespeichert. Von der dCore- Stick. Weiter werden der Linux-Kern sowie die Für Extlinux von Version kleiner als 3.70 Installation aus ist dieses Verzeichnis unter InitRD heruntergeladen und überprüft. müssen die Dateinamen im Format DOS-8.3 /etc/sysconfig/tcedir verlinkt. angegeben werden, d. h. als vmlinu~1 # mount /dev/sdXn/ /mnt/ bzw. dcore-~1.gz. Je nach Reakti- „Side-loading“ von Erweiterungen # mkdir /mnt/boot/ onsfreudigkeit des USB-Sticks kann Hat man eine funktionierende Ethernet- # extlinux --install /mnt/boot/ die Sekundenzahl des Boot-Parameters Schnittstelle zur Verfügung kann man nun gleich # cp /usr/lib/syslinux/menu.c32 /mnt/boot/ waitusb auch verkürzt werden. # dd if=/usr/lib/extlinux/mbr.bin of=/dev/sdX loslegen und Erweiterungen installieren. Andern- # cd /mnt/boot/ falls müssen zuerst geeignete Erweiterungen Erster Start geladen werden, um die kabellose Netzwerk- # repo="http://tinycorelinux.net/dCore/x86/y release/dCore-trusty" Vor dem ersten Start versichere man schnittstelle zu betreiben. # for file in dCore-trusty.gz vmlinuz-trusty ; do sich, dass keine andere Installation die # wget $repo/$file Swap-Partition der Festplatte für den Hierfür muss das System zunächst heruntergefah- # wget $repo/$file.md5.txt Ruhezustand benützt, denn diese Da- ren werden, damit die passenden Dateien auf den # cat $file.md5.txt >> md5.txt ten könnten überschrieben werden! USB-Stick gebracht werden können. Die folgen- # done den Befehle müssen genauso wie die ursprüngli- # md5sum -c md5.txt Das System bootet in eine Almquist- che Installation mit Root-Rechten ausgeführt wer- # rm md5.txt Shell (Ash), welche zusammen mit den den. © freiesMagazin CC-BY-SA 4.0 Ausgabe 02/20163 DISTRIBUTION # mount /dev/sdXn/ /mnt/ graphics-3.16.6-tinycore wird von Nach einem Neustart zeigt sich ein graphischer # cd /mnt/tce/sce/ dCore zur Verfügung gestellt, die ande- Desktop mit dem minimalistischen Fensterma- # repo="http://tinycorelinux.net/dCore/x86/y ren von Ubuntu. nager
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