Linux System Administration
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Administració De Sistemes GNU Linux Mòdul4 Administració
Administració local Josep Jorba Esteve PID_00238577 GNUFDL • PID_00238577 Administració local Es garanteix el permís per a copiar, distribuir i modificar aquest document segons els termes de la GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 o qualsevol altra de posterior publicada per la Free Software Foundation, sense seccions invariants ni textos de la oberta anterior o posterior. Podeu consultar els termes de la llicència a http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html. GNUFDL • PID_00238577 Administració local Índex Introducció.................................................................................................. 5 1. Eines bàsiques per a l'administrador........................................... 7 1.1. Eines gràfiques i línies de comandes .......................................... 8 1.2. Documents d'estàndards ............................................................. 10 1.3. Documentació del sistema en línia ............................................ 13 1.4. Eines de gestió de paquets .......................................................... 15 1.4.1. Paquets TGZ ................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Fedora/Red Hat: paquets RPM ....................................... 19 1.4.3. Debian: paquets DEB ..................................................... 24 1.4.4. Nous formats d'empaquetat: Snap i Flatpak .................. 28 1.5. Eines genèriques d'administració ................................................ 36 1.6. Altres eines ................................................................................. -
A Brief History of UNIX File Systems
A Brief History of UNIX File Systems Val Henson IBM, Inc. [email protected] Summary • Review of UNIX file system concepts • File system formats, 1974-2004 • File system comparisons and recommendations • Fun trivia • Questions and answers (corrections ONLY during talk) 1 VFS/vnode architecture • VFS: Virtual File System: common object-oriented interface to fs's • vnode: virtual node: abstract file object, includes vnode ops • All operations to fs's and files done through VFS/vnode in- terface • S.R. Kleiman, \Vnodes: An Architecture for Multiple File System Types in Sun UNIX," Summer USENIX 1986 2 Some Definitions superblock: fs summary, pointers to other information inode: on-disk structure containing information about a file indirect block: block containing pointers to other blocks metadata: everything that is not user data, including directory entries 3 Disk characteristics • Track - contiguous region, can be read at maximum speed • Seek time - time to move the head between different tracks • Rotational delay - time for part of track to move under head • Fixed per I/O overhead means bigger I/Os are better 4 In the beginning: System V FS (S5FS) (c. 1974) • First UNIX file system, referred to as \FS" • Disk layout: superblock, inodes, followed by everything else • 512-1024 byte block size, no fragments • Super simple - and super slow! 2-5% of raw disk bandwidth 5 Berkeley Fast File System (FFS or UFS) (c. 1984) • Metadata spread throughout the disk in \cylinder groups" • Block size 4KB minimum, frag size 1KB (to avoid 45% wasted space) • Physical -
The Debian GNU/Linux
The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ translator: etony C.F.AN <[email protected]> Debian FAQ Authors version 5.0.1, 17 March 2012 XXX要要要 ,文cãT一些s于 Debian GNU/Linux 的8Á问题. HHHCCC声声声明明明 Copyright © 1996-2003 by Software in the Public Interest (u守v包+,文cHC声明的MÐ下, A¸6\和发布,文c的完t拷贝. (u守上述完t拷贝H,有sHC声明的MÐ下, A¸拷贝和发布ú于,文c完t拷贝的修9H,, v且, 发布@有通Ç修9 ,文c而得0的工\成果, {使(与,文c的¸可声明一致的¸可声明. (u守上述修9H,HC声明的MÐ下, A¸拷贝和发布,文cv它语言的û译H,, 如果,¸可声明有Ïê1o件ú金 会(Free Software Foundation)8Æ的S0化译,, 则uªS0化译,. i Contents 1 定定定II义与与与概概概述述述 1 1.1 什么/ Debian GNU/Linux?...............................................1 1.2 OK, 现(我知SDebian /. Linux/什么?!.......................................1 1.3 什么/ “Hurd”?.......................................................2 1.4 Debian GNU/Linux 与v他 Linux 发LH有什么不同? 为什么要选éDebian GNU/Linux?............2 1.5 Debian ¡划与ê1o件ú金会的GNU¡划 .......................................2 1.6 Debian 的发音Ê+I?...................................................2 2 Debian GNU/Linux 的的的···取取取与与与安安安ÅÅÅ 3 2.1 Debian 的最新H,/?...................................................3 2.2 如U得0 Debian 的安Å盘?................................................3 2.3 如UÎIq安Å Debian?..................................................3 2.4 我有;U:, 可以·取 Debian qÏ吗?..........................................3 2.5 可以o盘安Å吗?.......................................................3 2.6 可以Q络安Å吗?.......................................................4 3 |||¹¹¹'''问问问题题题 5 3.1 可以(什么7的l件û统上ÐL?.............................................5 3.2 与v他的linux发LH|¹L如U?.............................................5 3.3 Debian 源码与v他 -
Set Hadoop-Specific Environment Variables Here
# Set Hadoop-specific environment variables here. # The only required environment variable is JAVA_HOME. All others are # optional. When running a distributed configuration it is best to # set JAVA_HOME in this file, so that it is correctly defined on # remote nodes. # The java implementation to use. Required. export JAVA_HOME=/usr/jdk64/jdk1.8.0_112 export HADOOP_HOME_WARN_SUPPRESS=1 # Hadoop home directory export HADOOP_HOME=${HADOOP_HOME:-/usr/hdp/2.6.5.0-292/hadoop} # Hadoop Configuration Directory # Path to jsvc required by secure HDP 2.0 datanode export JSVC_HOME=/usr/lib/bigtop-utils # The maximum amount of heap to use, in MB. Default is 1000. export HADOOP_HEAPSIZE="1024" export HADOOP_NAMENODE_INIT_HEAPSIZE="-Xms1024m" # Extra Java runtime options. Empty by default. export HADOOP_OPTS="-Djava.net.preferIPv4Stack=true ${HADOOP_OPTS}" USER="$(whoami)" # Command specific options appended to HADOOP_OPTS when specified HADOOP_JOBTRACKER_OPTS="-server -XX:ParallelGCThreads=8 -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC - XX:ErrorFile=/var/log/hadoop/$USER/hs_err_pid%p.log -XX:NewSize=200m -XX:MaxNewSize=200m - Xloggc:/var/log/hadoop/$USER/gc.log-`date +'%Y%m%d%H%M'` -verbose:gc -XX:+PrintGCDetails -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps - XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -Xmx1024m -Dhadoop.security.logger=INFO,DRFAS -Dmapred.audit.logger=INFO,MRAUDIT - Dhadoop.mapreduce.jobsummary.logger=INFO,JSA ${HADOOP_JOBTRACKER_OPTS}" HADOOP_TASKTRACKER_OPTS="-server -Xmx1024m -Dhadoop.security.logger=ERROR,console -Dmapred.audit.logger=ERROR,console ${HADOOP_TASKTRACKER_OPTS}" SHARED_HADOOP_NAMENODE_OPTS="-server -
Filesystem Considerations for Embedded Devices ELC2015 03/25/15
Filesystem considerations for embedded devices ELC2015 03/25/15 Tristan Lelong Senior embedded software engineer Filesystem considerations ABSTRACT The goal of this presentation is to answer a question asked by several customers: which filesystem should you use within your embedded design’s eMMC/SDCard? These storage devices use a standard block interface, compatible with traditional filesystems, but constraints are not those of desktop PC environments. EXT2/3/4, BTRFS, F2FS are the first of many solutions which come to mind, but how do they all compare? Typical queries include performance, longevity, tools availability, support, and power loss robustness. This presentation will not dive into implementation details but will instead summarize provided answers with the help of various figures and meaningful test results. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Block devices 3. Available filesystems 4. Performances 5. Tools 6. Reliability 7. Conclusion Filesystem considerations ABOUT THE AUTHOR • Tristan Lelong • Embedded software engineer @ Adeneo Embedded • French, living in the Pacific northwest • Embedded software, free software, and Linux kernel enthusiast. 4 Introduction Filesystem considerations Introduction INTRODUCTION More and more embedded designs rely on smart memory chips rather than bare NAND or NOR. This presentation will start by describing: • Some context to help understand the differences between NAND and MMC • Some typical requirements found in embedded devices designs • Potential filesystems to use on MMC devices 6 Filesystem considerations Introduction INTRODUCTION Focus will then move to block filesystems. How they are supported, what feature do they advertise. To help understand how they compare, we will present some benchmarks and comparisons regarding: • Tools • Reliability • Performances 7 Block devices Filesystem considerations Block devices MMC, EMMC, SD CARD Vocabulary: • MMC: MultiMediaCard is a memory card unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens based on NAND flash memory. -
Altavault Cloud Integrated Storage Command-Line Reference Guide
NetApp® AltaVault® Cloud Integrated Storage 4.2.1 Command-Line Reference Guide NetApp, Inc. Telephone: +1 (408) 822-6000 Part number: 215-11346_A0 495 East Java Drive Fax: + 1 (408) 822-4501 August 2016 Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Support telephone: +1(888) 463-8277 U.S. Web: www.netapp.com Feedback: [email protected] Contents Beta Draft Contents Chapter 1 - Using the Command-Line Interface ......................................................................................3 Connecting to the CLI ......................................................................................................................................3 Overview of the CLI.........................................................................................................................................4 Entering Commands .........................................................................................................................................5 Accessing CLI Online Help..............................................................................................................................5 Error Messages .................................................................................................................................................5 Command Negation..........................................................................................................................................5 Running the Configuration Wizard...................................................................................................................6 -
Dwarf's Guide to Debian GNU/Linux
Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux 2001 Dale Scheetz Dwarf’s Guide to Debian GNU/Linux Copyright c 2001 Dale Scheetz Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being Chapter 1 Introduction, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with the Back-Cover Texts being “The early development of the material in this work was produced with the financial support of Planet Linux. This support was intrumental in bringing this project to completion.” A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “Appendix 9: GNU Free Documentation License” which can be found on page 271. Trademark Acknowledgements All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. The publisher cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Caldera, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc. MS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. X Window System is a registered trademark of X Consortium, Inc. ii dedicated to Linux users everywhere iii CREDITS First I want to thank Ian Murdock for writing the History section. His per- spectives on those early years have helped latecomers like Dwarf understand the founding principles upon which Debian is based. -
Dselect Documentation for Beginners
dselect Documentation for Beginners Stéphane Bortzmeyer <[email protected]> 1 Chapter 1 Introduction This file documents dselect for first-time users, and is intended to help in getting Debian installed suc- cessfully. It makes no attempt to explain everything, so when you first meet dselect, work through the help screens. dselect is used to select which packages you wish to install (there are currently around 2000 packages in Debian 2.1). It will be run for you during the install and as it is a very powerful and somewhat complex thing which can be used for good or for evil; some knowledge of it beforehand is highly recommended. Careless use of dselect can severly mess up your system. dselect will step you through the package installation process as follows: Choose the access method to use. • Update list of available packages, if possible. • Request which packages you want on your system. • Install and upgrade wanted packages. • Configure any packages that are unconfigured. • Remove unwanted software. • As each step is completed successfully it will lead you on to the next. Go through them in order without skipping any steps. Here and there in this document we talk of starting another shell. Linux has 6 console sessions or shells available at any one time. You switch betwen them by hitting Left Alt-F1 through Left Alt-F6, after which you log in on your new shell and go ahead. The console used by the install process is the first one, a.k.a., tty1, so hit Left Alt-F1 when you want to return to that process. -
Gnu/Linux Komutlari
ِب ْس ِم اللَّ ِه َّالر ْح َم ِن َّالر ِح ِيم GNU/LINUX KOMUTLARI HAZIRLANMA YILI:2013 Dağıtımı ve kopyalanması serbesttir. Yaşasın özgür yazılım dünyası 1 İÇERİK: Başlık(1) 1 İçerik(2) 2-3 Önsöz(1) 4 echo(4) 5-8 mv(5) 9-13 cp(7) 14-20 mkdir(3) 21-23 rmdir(2) 24-25 clear(1) 26 cal ve ncal(4) 27-30 pwd(1) 31 date(6) 32-37 free(2) 38-39 du(4) 40-43 df(3) 44-46 cat(2) 47-48 ls(5) 49-53 rm(2) 54-55 lspci(6) 56-61 whereis(2) 62-63 whatis ve info(1) 64 cd(1) 65 more(2) 66-67 less(6) 68-73 dircolors(1) 74 manpath(1) 75 apropos(1) 76 mandb(1) 77 history(1) 78 sort(1) 79 fdisk(1) 80 locate(2) 81-82 find(4) 83-86 ifconfig(2) 87-88 2 apt-get(2) 89-90 nano(1) 91 man(12) 92-103 aircrack-ng(2) 104-105 wesside-ng(1) 106 Diğer Bazı Komutlar(8) 107-114 Konsoldan program çalıştırmak(1) 115 Yedekleme ayarları(1) 116 testdisk(2) 117-118 Yazılım Yöneticisi(1) 119 Bazı Dosya ve Dizinlerin İşlevleri(2) 120-121 Linux Mint Temel Bilgiler (2) 122-123 Kabuk Programlama(2) 124-125 Mekke'nin Fetih Günü(1) 126 3 Önsöz GNU/Linux işletim sistemini kullanmak ayrıcalıktır. Konsol komutlarını kullanmayı iyi bilmek birçok konuda kişinin işini kolaylaştırır. GNU/Linux işletim sistemlerinin ülkemizde yaygınlaşacağı ümidini taşıyan biri olarak belki başkalarına da faydası dokunur düşüncesi ile konsol komutlarını ve bazı programları incelerken tuttuğum notları birleştirerek bu kitabı tamamladım ve paylaşıma sundum. -
Isolation File Systems
Physical Disentanglement in a Container-Based File System Lanyue Lu, Yupu Zhang, Thanh Do, Samer AI-Kiswany Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau University of Wisconsin Madison Motivation Isolation in various subsystems ➡ resources: virtual machines, Linux containers ➡ security: BSD jail, sandbox ➡ reliability: address spaces File systems lack isolation ➡ physical entanglement in modern file systems Three problems due to entanglement ➡ global failures, slow recovery, bundled performance Global Failures Definition ➡ a failure which impacts all users of the file system or even the operating system Read-Only ➡ mark the file system as read-only ➡ e.g., metadata corruption, I/O failure Crash ➡ crash the file system or the operating system ➡ e.g., unexpected states, pointer faults Ext3 200 Read-Only Crash 150 100 50 Number of Failure Instances 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Linux 3.X Versions Ext4 Read-Only Crash 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Number of Failure Instances 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Linux 3.X Versions Slow Recovery File system checker ➡ repair a corrupted file system ➡ usually offline Current checkers are not scalable ➡ increasing disk capacities and file system sizes ➡ scan the whole file system ➡ checking time is unacceptably long Scalability of fsck on Ext3 Ext3 1007 1000 800 723 600 476 400 Fsck Time (s) 231 200 0 200GB 400GB 600GB 800GB File-system Capacity Bundled Performance Shared transaction ➡ all updates share a single transaction ➡ unrelated workloads affect each other Consistency guarantee -
Linux System Administration
Linux System Administration Jonathan Quick, Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory Ari Mujunen, Metsähovi Radio Observatory Linux Startup and Shutdown Managing Hard Disks, Partitions, Backups Rescuing a Failing PC / System Modifying Configuration Adding/Removing Packages 1 Goals Help you to understand how Linux starts up, keeps running, and shuts down Give confidence in dealing with hardware and software failures Give an overview of what you can configure and how Show you where to find more information when you need it 2 Basic Linux Concepts Linux Kernel Base monolithic kernel + loadable modules Gives standardized access to underlying hardware Linux System / "Distribution" Kernel + lots of software Adds both system and application level software to the system Background processes ("daemons") 3 Logging in as 'root' In order to do any system-wide changes you usually have to be logged in as 'root' You can change to a virtual console (Ctrl-Alt- F1) and login normally or use 'su -' 'root' can override all permissions, start and stop anything, erase hard drives,... So please be careful with disk names and similar! You can browse and check many (if not most of the) things as a normal user (like 'oper'). 4 Getting System Information ps axf, top; kill, kill -9 free df, mount netstat -an, ifconfig, route -n w, who cat /proc/cpuinfo (and others) 5 Linux PC-Level Startup PC ROM BIOS initializes hardware and boots a Master Boot Record (MBR) From a floppy, hard disk, CD-ROM, ... That MBR contains LILO, the Linux Loader -
Referência Debian I
Referência Debian i Referência Debian Osamu Aoki Referência Debian ii Copyright © 2013-2021 Osamu Aoki Esta Referência Debian (versão 2.85) (2021-09-17 09:11:56 UTC) pretende fornecer uma visão geral do sistema Debian como um guia do utilizador pós-instalação. Cobre muitos aspetos da administração do sistema através de exemplos shell-command para não programadores. Referência Debian iii COLLABORATORS TITLE : Referência Debian ACTION NAME DATE SIGNATURE WRITTEN BY Osamu Aoki 17 de setembro de 2021 REVISION HISTORY NUMBER DATE DESCRIPTION NAME Referência Debian iv Conteúdo 1 Manuais de GNU/Linux 1 1.1 Básico da consola ................................................... 1 1.1.1 A linha de comandos da shell ........................................ 1 1.1.2 The shell prompt under GUI ......................................... 2 1.1.3 A conta root .................................................. 2 1.1.4 A linha de comandos shell do root ...................................... 3 1.1.5 GUI de ferramentas de administração do sistema .............................. 3 1.1.6 Consolas virtuais ............................................... 3 1.1.7 Como abandonar a linha de comandos .................................... 3 1.1.8 Como desligar o sistema ........................................... 4 1.1.9 Recuperar uma consola sã .......................................... 4 1.1.10 Sugestões de pacotes adicionais para o novato ................................ 4 1.1.11 Uma conta de utilizador extra ........................................ 5 1.1.12 Configuração