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Fire in Tunnel Collaborative Project CAIT-UTC-REG16 Fire in Tunnel Collaborative Project FINAL REPORT February 2021 Submitted by: Negar Elhami-Khorasani Anthony Tessari Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo Bruno Goncalves da Silva Assistant professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology External Project Manager: Harry Capers, Vice President Arora and Associates, P.C. In cooperation with Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey And U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Disclaimer Statement The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT) is a Regional UTC Consortium led by Rutgers, The State University. Members of the consortium are Atlantic Cape Community College, Columbia University, Cornell University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, Princeton University, Rowan University, SUNY - Farmingdale State College, and SUNY - University at Buffalo. The Center is funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. CAIT-UTC-REG16 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Fire in Tunnel Collaborative Project February 2021 6. Performing Organization Code CAIT/University at Buffalo 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. 1Nan Hua (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-9331); 2Anthony CAIT-UTC-REG16 Tessari (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-345X); 3Negar Elhami-Khorasani (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-0097) Chapter 4: 4Ehsan Mehryaar (https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1036-7987); 5Bruno Goncalves da Silva (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-2562) 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. 1-3 Department of Civil, Structure and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo. 11. Contract or Grant No. 4-5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New 69A3551847102 Jersey Institute of Technology 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation Final Report Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 10/01/2018 – 11/30/2020 100 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes U.S. Department of Transportation/OST-R 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001 16. Abstract Extreme fire events in tunnels may have catastrophic consequences, which include loss of life, structural damage, and major socioeconomic impacts due to service disruptions. In this report, a traveling fire model for a railway tunnel is established to evaluate the evolution of temperatures considering fire spread between train cars. Uncertainties in the amount of fuel, ventilation velocity, tunnel slope, ignition point, and criteria for fire spread are incorporated to capture distributions of fire temperature and duration in the tunnel. The generated demand fire scenarios are used to quantify the potential damage to a concrete tunnel lining in terms of the volume of concrete that would require replacement after a fire event. A finite element modeling approach is developed to incorporate the effects of concrete spalling on the structural response. Further, realistic soil conditions and overburden pressures are modelled and verified using soil-specific simulation software and analytical solutions. The evolution of moments during the heating and cooling phases of a fire are modelled and the results demonstrate the importance of capturing the cooling phase during both simulation and experimental testing. Small-scale element testing of concrete spalling is performed at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, which considers concrete mixtures with polypropylene (PP) and steel fibers, and demonstrates the effectiveness of the PP fibers. Four large-scale concrete slabs are tested using the large furnace at the University at Buffalo. Three test specimens contain fiber reinforcement, which prevented spalling during testing. The last specimen did not contain fibers, and the specimen experienced significant spalling during the heating phase. Evolution of temperature within the cross section, displacements of the four concrete slabs, and damage in terms of cracking, spalling, and reduced strength are reported. The outcomes of this report provide insight on the likelihood of fire damage to the concrete liner of railway tunnels. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Tunnel, concrete liner, fire, damage, spalling, modeling, experiment 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified Total # 150 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69) 2 Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the Region 2 UTC Consortium led by the Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation (CAIT) at the Rutgers University and the Institute of Bridge Engineering (IBE) at the University at Buffalo for their generous support. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CAIT Region 2 UTC Consortium. The authors would like to thank Professor Maria Garlock of Princeton University, who served as the project collaborator and provided advice on the technical research approach and the experimental program. The inputs and guidance of Mr. Harry Capers, the primary project stakeholder, are greatly appreciated. The authors thank the other project stakeholders, Mr. Gary English, Dr. Conrad Felice, and Mr. Louis Ruzzi, for their provided insight at different phases of this project. 3 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 State-of-the-art review ........................................................................................................ 14 1.1.1 Tunnel fire scenarios ................................................................................................... 14 1.1.2 Damage assessment of tunnel fires ............................................................................ 17 1.1.3 Post-fire damage assessment procedures .................................................................. 22 1.1.4 Knowledge gaps .......................................................................................................... 28 1.2 Objective and scope............................................................................................................. 29 1.3 Outline of the report ........................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 2 Tunnel fire scenarios .................................................................................................. 31 2.1 Influencing parameters on fire scenario ............................................................................ 32 2.1.1 Tunnel geometry.......................................................................................................... 33 2.1.2 Heat release rate .......................................................................................................... 34 2.1.3 Ventilation condition ................................................................................................... 39 2.1.4 Ignition location and ignition criteria for fire spread ............................................... 43 2.2 Modeling fire scenarios using computational fluid dynamics ........................................ 44 2.2.1 Fire Dynamics Simulator ............................................................................................ 44 2.2.2 Verification ................................................................................................................... 45 2.2.3 Parametric study .......................................................................................................... 53 2.3 Temperature-time curve at critical section ........................................................................ 56 2.3.1 Tri-linear model ........................................................................................................... 56 2.3.2 Distributions of Tmax, αg, αd, and tD ............................................................................. 58 2.3.3 Design recommendations ........................................................................................... 61 2.4 Spatial and temporal temperature distributions............................................................... 62 2.4.1 Characteristics of tunnel fire scenarios ...................................................................... 62 2.4.2 Statistics on Tcri and tcri................................................................................................. 64 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3 Damage assessment ...................................................................................................
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