Numerical Simulation of the Howard Street Tunnel Fire
Fire Technology, 42, 273–281, 2006 C 2006 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC. Manufactured in The United States DOI: 10.1007/s10694-006-7506-9 Numerical Simulation of the Howard Street Tunnel Fire Kevin McGrattan and Anthony Hamins, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Published online: 24 April 2006 Abstract. The paper presents numerical simulations of a fire in the Howard Street Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland, following the derailment of a freight train in July, 2001. The model was validated for this application using temperature data collected during a series of fire experi- ments conducted in a decommissioned highway tunnel in West Virginia. The peak predicted temperatures within the Howard Street Tunnel were approximately 1,000◦C (1,800◦F) within the flaming regions, and approximately 500◦C (900◦F) averaged over a length of the tunnel equal to about four rail cars. Key words: fire modeling, Howard Street Tunnel fire, tunnel fires Introduction On July 18, 2001, at 3:08 pm, a 60 car CSX freight train powered by 3 locomotives traveling through the Howard Street Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, derailed 11 cars. A fire started shortly after the derailment. The tunnel is 2,650 m (8,700 ft, 1.65 mi) long with a 0.8% upgrade in the section of the tunnel where the fire occurred. There is a single track within the tunnel. Its lower entrance (Camden portal) is near Orioles Park at Camden Yards; its upper entrance is at Mount Royal Station. The train was traveling towards the Mount Royal portal when it derailed.
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