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An Historical and Critical Analysis of Leadership Education of African American Protestant Clergy Within University-Based Black Church Studies Programs

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An Historical and Critical Analysis of Leadership Education of African American Protestant Clergy Within University-Based Black Church Studies Programs View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Boston University Institutional Repository (OpenBU) Boston University OpenBU http://open.bu.edu Theses & Dissertations STH Theses and Dissertations 2012-05-15 An Historical and Critical Analysis of Leadership Education of African American Protestant Clergy within University-Based Black Church Studies Programs https://hdl.handle.net/2144/3761 Boston University BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY Dissertation AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP EDUCATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN PROTESTANT CLERGY WITHIN UNIVERSITY- BASED BLACK CHURCH STUDIES PROGRAMS By Imani-Sheila Newsome-Camara (B.S. Virginia Union University, 1977; M.Ed. University of Vermont, 1980; M.Div. Boston University School of Theology, 1988) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Ministry 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Imani-Sheila Newsome-Camara All rights reserved CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vi Chapter I. THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ..................................................................... 1 The Limitations of the Study Definitions of Terms The Significance of the Study II. MODELS OF CLERGY LEADERSHIP TRAINING IN AMERICAN PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS: AN HISTORICAL REVIEW .......................... 13 Introduction The Quest for Education through Literacy African American Clergy and Early Educational Efforts, 1863–1866 The Missionary Associations and the Education of African Americans The Establishment of Colleges for African Americans The Development of Theology Departments in African American Colleges The Development of Clergy Education Training in White American Protestant Denominations African American Churches and Clergy Leadership Education, 1787–1870 African American Clergy Leadership Education in Mainline Seminaries Conclusion III. GROWTH IN AFRICAN AMERICAN CLERGY LEADERSHIP AND EDUCATION, 1867–1971 ........................................................ 50 Introduction Education during and after Reconstruction, 1867–1913 African American Clergy Leadership in the Era of the Great Migration, 1913–1950 The Call for New Models of Clergy Leadership Education, 1935–1950 Brown v. Board of Education and Opportunities for Clergy Leadership Education The Civil Rights Movement and Clergy Leadership, 1954-1960 iii Black Power and Black Theology, 1960–1966 Black Theology and Black Church Studies in South Africa, from 1969 Conclusion IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK CHURCH STUDIES PROGRAMS, 1969–1990 ............................................................................................ 86 Introduction The Black Church Studies Program at Colgate Rochester Crozer/Bexley Hall Divinity School, 1969–1979 The History of Vanderbilt University and the Kelly Miller Smith Institute on Black Church Studies The Vanderbilt Divinity School and African American Presence The History of Emory University and the Candler School of Theology Black Church Studies Program Conclusion V. ELEMENTS OF BLACK LIBERATION THEOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY, CHURCH, AND THE THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY .............................................. 112 Introduction Theological Thought of African Americans in Slavery Historical Resources for Black Liberation Theology in the United States The Emergence of Black Power and Its Influence on Theology Womanist Theology Conclusion VI. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF ORAL HISTORIES ............ 141 Introduction Limitations Oral History Data Collection Data Analysis Findings Conclusion VII. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 185 APPENDIXES ................................................................................................................... 219 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 246 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my Ancestors, especially my family of Church of God in Christ leaders: Mother Effie Jeffries, Mother Cassie Hunter, Elders Robert Glass, Henry Jeffries, and James Hunter who housed the people of God in churches and storefronts. They guided the people of God in the Promised Land of the North. I thank my parents, Deacon Alphonso Duncan and Evangelist Missionary Dr. Cora Duncan, who nurtured me in the Church of God in Christ and taught me to be a leader. My mother, at the age of 88, coached me on the phone about my research and my father inspired me to press toward a goal in the face of obstacles. I thank my sister, Church of God in Christ Evangelist Missionary Clare Shade, whose gifts for ministry continue to grow. She has sacrificed and cared for us all. I thank my loving husband, Mr. Kantigi Kwabena Camara, who supported me and prayed for me. A renowned historian in his own right, he offered critical questions, patient silence, and a sacrificial love, all of which gave me permission to tackle this work. I thank Mariama-Alexis Akosua Camara, my loving daughter who encouraged me and edited my last chapter. I hope your doctoral work will give you joy. To my sister friends, Dr Marilyn Braithwaite Hall and Dr. Loretta Saint-Louis, thank you for advice and prayers. To my faculty advisors, Dr. Dana Robert and Dr. Dale P. Andrews, you are amazing scholars and gifted advisors with the patience of Job. I hope to repay your diligent stewardship with ministry that continues to change the world. To God be the Glory! AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP EDUCATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN PROTESTANT CLERGY WITHIN UNIVERSITY- BASED BLACK CHURCH STUDIES PROGRAMS (Order No. ) Imani-Sheila Newsome-Camara Doctor of Ministry Boston University School of Theology, 2012 Major Professor: Dana Robert, Truman Collins Professor of World Christianity and History of Mission ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to reflect on African American clergy leadership education at university-based seminaries in the United States. It examines the history of African American clergy leadership education and African American theological reflection that informs such educational programs. Qualitative data gathered from interviews of persons who have participated in African American clergy leadership education programs serve as a measure of program effectiveness by offering crucial information to African American clergy who serve both church and community. The conclusion of the dissertation offers recommendations for the development of programs for African American clergy leadership education at university-based seminaries. vi CHAPTER ONE THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The end of the modern civil rights era of the twentieth century presented an occasion for African American scholars to rethink the role of the academy in the education of African American Protestant clergy. Their scholarship during this period caused both African American seminary students and black clergy to seek theological education specifically designed to address their particular theological worldview. The research of African American scholars in theological and religious studies stirred African American clergy to ponder whether seminaries and theological schools might be the venues for scholars to address the unique functions of African American Protestant clergy in their communal context. In particular, scholars and clergy employed theoretical tools and perspectives in the area of leadership education to investigate the multifaceted roles of African American Protestant clergy in church and society. Leadership education programs in the context of seminaries and theological schools resulted from this investigation. The project seeks to discover the history, status, and future of African American clergy leadership education in the United States. Specifically, this project offers an extensive literature review of the history of models of clergy leadership education programs for African American Protestant clergy in communities, churches, colleges, theology schools, and seminaries. The review reveals the growth of African American clergy leadership education after the Civil Rights Movement of the twentieth century and the resulting development of Black Church Studies programs. Three specific Black Church Studies programs are reviewed: the Black Church 1 2 Studies Program at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School in Rochester, New York, the Kelly Miller Smith Institute on Black Church Studies at Vanderbilt Divinity School at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and the Black Church Studies Program at Candler School of Theology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. This study explores the African American theological scholarship that undergirds programmatic and pedagogical curricula of Black Church Studies programs. Finally, the project seeks to develop an outline for an African American clergy leadership education program at Boston University School of Theology, a university based seminary. I believe this study offers findings that propose further pedagogical and programmatic development of African American clergy leadership projects in the academy and set the stage for additional research on the efforts of other theological institutions to meet the educational needs of not only African Americans, but also diverse ethnic or racial groups. The Limitations of the Study The scope of this research endeavor is limited to research on African American clergy leadership education in
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