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WOMEN's EMPLOYMENT POLICY in ITALY, 2000-2006 by Luigina Toscano-Davies Phd Candidate 2019

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WOMEN's EMPLOYMENT POLICY in ITALY, 2000-2006 by Luigina Toscano-Davies Phd Candidate 2019 WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN ITALY, 2000-2006 by Luigina Toscano-Davies PhD Candidate 2019 1 DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed (candidate) Date 2/03/2019 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PHD (insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed (candidate) Date 2/03/2019 i STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed (candidate) Date 2/03/2019 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date 2/03/2019 ii STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed (candidate) Date 2/03/2019 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................. vii ABSTRACT....................... ................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES & DIAGRAMS . ....................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1 The research topic ......................................................................... 1 1.2 Research background .................................................................... 2 1.3 Research rationale ......................................................................... 5 1.4 Research aim and objectives ......................................................... 8 1.5 Research question and sub-questions ........................................... 9 1.6 Research strategy ........................................................................ 19 1.7 The structure of the thesis ............................................................ 24 2. Context Setting - Women's Employment Policy in Europe 2.1 Welfare states & social-culture model .......................................... 28 2.2 Social Changes ............................................................................ 37 2.3 Main issues in Europe (15) .......................................................... 43 2.4 EU approach to gender Equality .................................................. 50 iv 3. Context Setting- Women's Employment Policy in Italy 3.1 Origin ........................................................................................... 56 3.2 The Fascism ................................................................................ 57 3.3 The Republic ................................................................................ 58 3.3 The new European Targets .......................................................... 60 4. Women’s employment policy before 1996: Was there any policy? 4.1The First Italian Republic...................................................................67 4.2 The transition to the Second Italian Republic..................................86 5. Women’s employment policy after 1996: Is policy being developed? 5.1 The Department of Equal Opportunities .....................................89 5.2 Europe and Italy: constraints and/or opportunities?.......................107 6. The Consolidation Act 2001: Was unifying legislation on women’s rights a significant step in terms of generating a women’s employment policy? 6.1 The Consolidation Act 2001 ................................................... 122 7. A case study: The AGIRE POR Project 7.1 Rationale behind the choice of the case study ............................. 130 7.2 Context of the case study ...................................................... .....135 7.3 Design of the case study ........................................................... 143 ` 8. Sub-unit 1: The experience of Region A ( Basilicata) 8.1 The twinning - Basilicata vs Apulia ............................................ 152 8.2 The experience of Region A (Basilicata) .............................. ......155 9. Sub-unit 2: The experience of region B (Apulia) 9.1 The experience of region B (Apulia) ........................................... 165 10. Was women’s employment policy developed in Italy from 2000 to 2006? The research findings (Debate and conclusion) v 10.1 The intellectual journey of the research. .................................... 171 10.2 Conclusions .............................................................................. 188 INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................. 189 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 190. vi Dedication To the one I love most, my daughter Emily. To her and other little women like her, I wish a bright future as Mum and working person. Just remember little stars, you only fail when you stop trying... Acknowledges A doctoral journey is never an easy one, mine was particularly difficult being a working Mum and probably I would have stopped trying without the support of my husband Paul, my family and supervisors (Dr Mark Donovan and Professor Peter Dorey). To them, my gratitude for believing in me when I did not. Without them, this thesis would have not been written. vii ABSTRACT The thesis investigates the development of women's employment policy in Italy in the decade 1996-2006 with specific focus on the European Structural Fund Programme (ESF) 2000-2006. The Italian case is considered in a comparative perspective. Therefore, albeit the research is centred on a single-country study, Italy is identified as a welfare state that belongs to the Mediterranean type, according to the relevant literature. The case study focuses on the different experiences of Basilicata and Apulia in creating public policy promoting female employment, as revealed by the evaluation of their different experiences in the 2000-2006 (ESF) programme and the subsequent 2007-2008 twinning project which resulted from this. The case study examines a specific policy activity in Italy, the 2005 Voucher Grant Scheme of the Basilicata Region, in comparison with the experience of the Apulia Region. In fact, the Basilicata Scheme won the "EU Best Practice Model” award. The thesis investigates whether, using the concept of ‘policy’ as defined by Colebatch, policy was developed in the Basilicata Voucher Grant Scheme whereas policy was not developed in Apulia’s similarly intended scheme. Colebatch argues that for policy to be constituted as policy in practice, rather than as the mere idea of it, it must have three “attributes” and “distinctive elements”. These attributes are: a) authority, b) expertise and c) order. Their respective distinctive elements are: a) hierarchy, b) instrumentality and c) coherence. When these criteria are met, then a chosen government course of action can be framed as a process generating policy. The thesis demonstrates that these criteria were met in the Basilicata Region, but not in Apulia. The thesis thereby also probes and confirms the value of Colebatch’s constructivist theory of public policy. viii List of tables Table 1 Data 1996-2006 Corporatist (female employment rates) based p.30 Table 2 Data 1996-2006 Social Democratic (female employment rates) p.31 Table 3 Data 1996-2006 Southern European- (female employment rates) p. 32 Table 4 Female employment rates, 1960-2000 persons aged 15 to 64 years p.36 Table 5 Assessment of Employment from a Gender Perspective (NAPs 2003) p.47 Table 6 Female emloyment rates (regional variation) 1996-2006 p.63 Table 7 The Consoliation Act p.127 Table 8 Female unemployment rates in Basilicata 2000-2006 p. 157 Table 9 Female unemployment rates in Apulia 2000-2006 p. 167 ix List of Figures Figure 1 Data 1996-2006 Corporatist (female employment rates) p.30 Figure 2 Data 1996-2006 Social Democratic -(female employment rates) p.31 Figure 3 Data 1996-2006 Southern European- (female employment rates) p.32 Figure 4 Female employment rates, 1960-2000 persons aged 15 to 64 years p.35 Figure 5 The Difference between Male and Female Employment rates p.42 Figure 6 Female emloyment rates 1996-2006 p.62 Figure 7 Female emloyment rates 1996-2006 (Regional variation) p.62 Figure 8 Female unemployment rates in Basilicata 2000-2006 p. 157 Figure 9 Female unemployment rates in Apulia 2000-2006 p. 167 List of Diagrams Diagram 1 The thesis structure p. 25 Diagram 2 The three dimensions of policy practice p.132 Diagram 3 OMC macro and micro level p.145 and p.146 List of Maps Map 1 - Political map of Basilicata p. 155 Map 2- Political map of Apulia p. 165 Enclosed: Annex A - Bilingual versions (Italian and Englsh) of the interviews' transcript Annex B - Consent forms Annex C- Interviews' Audio x xi Chapter 1 Introduction Aim The aim of this chapter is to introduce the topic of this research, the research background, aim and objectives, the rationale for the study,
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