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CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Cleopas - Conformists by James Strong & John Mcclintock

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CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Cleopas - Conformists by James Strong & John Mcclintock THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Cleopas - Conformists by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 Cle’opas (Kleo>pav, contr. for Kleo>patrov, of a renowned father), one of the two disciples who were going to Emmaus on the day of the resurrection, when Jesus himself drew near and talked with them (<422418>Luke 24:18), A.D. 29.. Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s.v. Ejmmaou>v, Emaus) make him (Klew>pav, Cleophas) a native of Emmaus. It is a question whether this Cleopas is to be considered as identical with the CLEOPHAS SEE CLEOPHAS (q.v.), or rather Clopas of <431925>John 19:25, or the ALPHESUS SEE ALPHESUS (q.v.) of <401003>Matthew 10:3, etc. Their identity was assumed by the later fathers and Church historians (Thiess, Comment. 2, 230 sq.). But Eusebius (H. E. 3. 11) writes the name of Alphseus, Joseph’s brother, Clopas, not Cleopas; and Chrysostom and Theodoret, on the Epistle to the Galatians, call James the Just the son of Clopas. Besides this, Clopas, or Alphaeus, is an Aramaic name, whereas Cleopas is apparently Greek. Again, as we find the wife and children of Clopas constantly with the family of Joseph at the time of our Lord’s ministry, it is probable that he himself was dead before that time. On the whole, then, it seems safer to doubt the identity of Cleopas with Clopas, notwithstanding the similarity of names. (See Rus, Harmon. evang. III, 2:1272 sq.; Wieseler, Chronol. Synopse, p. 431; Clemens, in the Zeitschr. f. wiss. Theol. 3. 356 sq.) Cleopa’tra Picture for Cloeapa’tra 1 Picture for Cleaopa’tra 2 (strictly Cleop’atra, Kleopa>tra, of a renowned father), a Greek female name occurring as early as Homer (II. 9, 556), and borne especially by the Egyptian princesses after the times of Alexander (see Smith’s Dict. of Class. Biog. s.v.). The following, being members of the line of the Ptolomies, who frequently intermarried with the Seleucidae of Syria, are mentioned in the Apocrypha and Josephus, or alluded to in the Scriptures. 1. A daughter of Antiochus III (the Great), who was married to Ptolemy V (Epiphanes), B.C. 193 (see <271113>Daniel 11:13, 16), Coele-Syria being given as her dower (Josephus, Ant.12, 4, 1; Appian, Syr. 5; Livy, 37:3), though Antiochus afterwards repudiated this arrangement (Polyb. 28:17). SEE ANTIOCHUS, 2. 3 2. A daughter by the preceding match, who became “the wife of Ptolemy” (Esther 11:1) VI (Philometor), her own brother, on whose death (B.C. 146) she was violently persecuted by his successor (her own brother likewise, and for a time husband) Physcon, or Ptolemy VII, or Euergetes II (Justin. 38:8, 9; 39:1, 2; Livy, Ep. 59; Died. Sic. 2:602, ed. Wess.) She is mentioned by Josephus as having joined her first husband in the letter addressed to Onias (q.v.) in favor of reconstructing the Jewish temple at Leontopolis (Ant. 13, 3, 2), and as befriended in her distress by Onias (Apion, 2, 5). SEE PTOLEMY PHILOMETOR. 3. A daughter of the preceding by her first husband; married first (B.C. 150) to Alexander (q.v.) Balas, the Syrian usurper (1 Maccabees 10:58; Josephus, Ant. 13, 4, 1 and 5), and on his death (B.C. 146) to Demetrius (q.v.) Nicator (1 Maccabees 11:12; Josephus, Ant. 13, 4, 7). During the captivity of the latter in Parthia, B.C. 141 (1 Maccabees 14:1 sq.), she married his brother Antiochus (Josephus, Ant. 13, 7,1) VII (Sidetes), out of jealousy on account of Demetrius’s connection with the Parthian princess Rhodogune, and also murdered Demetrius on his return (Appian, Syr. 68; Livy, Ep. 60), although Josephus (Ant. 13, 9, 3) and Justin (139, 1) represent her as only refusing to receive him. She also murdered Seleucus, her son by Nicator, who on his father’s death assumed the government without her consent (Appian, Syr. 69). Her other son by Nicator, Antiochus VIII (Grypus), succeeded to the throne (B.C. 125) through her influence; but afterwards, finding him not disposed to yield her all the power she desired, she attempted to poison him, but was anticipated by him, and compelled to drink the poison herself (Justin, 39:2), B.C. 120. SEE ANTIOCHUS, 6 and 7. 4. A sister of the preceding, and the rival of her own mother (No. 2) in the affections of Ptolemy Physcon, by whose will she was left in supreme power, in connection with whichever of her own sons she might choose. She was compelled by her people to set up the eldest, Ptolemy VIII (Lathyrus); but she soon prevailed upon them to expel him, and make room for her younger and favorite son Alexander (Pausan. 8:7), and she even sent an army against Lathyrus to Cyprus, an effort in which the Jews became involved (Josephus, Ant. 13, 12, 2 sq.; 13, 1) through the intervention of Alexander Jannaeus (q.v.). Her son Alexander retired through fear of her cruelty, but was recalled by his mother, who attempted to assassinate him, but was herself put to death (B.C. 89) before she could effect her object (Justin, 39:4). SEE PTOLEMY LATHYRUS. 4 5. The second daughter of the name by the preceding marriage, and married to her own brother Lathyrus after her sister’s divorce, from whom she is usually distinguished by the surname of Selene (Selh>nh, the moon). After his exile she married Antiochus XI (Epiphanes), and on his death Antiochus X (Eusebes). She was besieged by Tigranes in Syria or Mesopotamia, and either taken and killed by him (Strabo, 21, p. 749), or, according to Josephus (Ait. 13, 16 4; comp. War, 1, 5, 3), relieved by Lucullus’s invasion of Armenia. SEE ANTIOCHUS, 9 and 10. 6. The last queen of Egypt, was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, born B.C. 69, and celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments, as also for her voluptuousness and ambition. She had various amorous and political intrigues, first with Julius Caesar (Dion Cass. 43:27; Sueton. Cass. 35), whom she even accompanied to Rome; and finally with Marc Antony (q.v.), who became so completely enamored of her as to commit suicide when falsely informed of her death, which she presently actually accomplished, it is said by causing herself to be bitten by an asp, on the capture of Alexandria by Octavianus, afterwards called Augustus, B.C. 30 (see Liddell’s Hist. of Rome, chap. 70). Josephus often refers to her profligate conduct (see Ant. 14, 13, 1) as well as her artful cruelty (Ant. 15, 3, 5 and 8; War, 1, 19, 1), and narrates her unsuccessful attempt to draw even Herod into an amour (Ant. 15, 4). 7. One of Herod’s wives, a native of Jerusalem, and mother of his sons Herod and Philip (Josephus, Ant. 17, 1, 3; War, 1, 28, 4). 8. The wife of Gessius Florus, procurator of Judea; she was a favorite with Nero’s wife (Josephus, Ant. 20, 11, 1). Cle’ophas or rather CLOPAS (Klwpa~v), the husband of Marv (q.v.), the “sister” of Christ’s mother (<431925>John 19:25); probably a Graecized form of tie name elsewhere (<401003>Matthew 10:3; <410318>Mark 3:18; <420616>Luke 6:16; <440113>Acts 1:13; comp. <411540>Mark 15:40) called ALPHIEUS SEE ALPHIEUS (q.v.), perhaps in imitation of the name Cleopas (q.v.). See the Theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1840, 3. 648. Clerc, Le (Clericus), Jean, a learned critic and theologian, was born at Geneva March 19, 1657. He studied theology at his native town, and in 1679 passed a brilliant 5 examination for admission into the ministry of Geneva, but had before this fallen out with strict Calvinism, chiefly under the influence of the Saumur theses (Syntagma thesium theol. Salmurii. 1655), and the writings of his grand-uncle Curcellaeus and of Episcopius. As early as 1679 he published a pseudonymous work on the difference between strict Calvinists and Remonstrants, in favor of the latter (Liberii de sancto amore epistolce theologicae, Saumur, 1679). In 1682 he openly joined the Remonstrants, and in 1684 the Rotterdam Synod gave to him the professorship of philosophy and ancient languages at the Arminian college of Amsterdam. Here he at once began to exhibit his marvelous literary activity. After publishing some exegetical treatises of his uncle David le Clerc, and his father Stephen le Clerc, and a dogmatical treatise on predestination, and the nature and limits of human knowledge (Entretiens sur diverses matieres de thiologie, Amsterdam, 1685), he attracted general attention by his literary controversy with the learned oratorian Richard Simon (Origeni Adamantino Critobulus Hieropolitanus, 1684, pseudonym.; Sentimins sur l’ hist. critique du V. T. composee par le P. R. Simon,. Amsterd. 1685, and Defence des Sentimens, etc. Amsterd. 1685). In the same year he established with F. Cornand de la Croze a literary journal, under the title Bibliotheque universelle et historique, which, besides reviews and extracts from new books, contains many essays by Le Clerc (25 vols. 1686-1693). He also took an active part in the publication of the four editions of Moreri’s Dictionnaire (4 vols.
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