CHEMICAL WEAPONS WRIT LARGE SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Charles P. Blair Draft only. Last updated 08/2013.

Contents

...... 2 WORKSHEET: TEMPLATE OF CW AGENTS...... 2 http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CW- Agents_Typology_Specifics_Black_Template.pdf ...... 2 GO TO ON-LINE TEXTS ...... 2 CASE STUDIES ...... 3 EXPLORATION OF AGENT HANDLING ...... 3 FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS COLLECTION OF CRS REPORTS ...... 3 EARLY CLASSIFICATIONS [TYPOLOGIES] ...... 4 SPECIFIC AGENT OVERVIEWS ...... 4 CHOKING AGENTS ...... 4 . (CI) 1915 ...... 4 . (CG) 1915 ...... 4 . 1916 ...... 4 . (PS) 1916 ...... 4 BLISTER AGENTS ...... 4 . MUSTARD: ...... 4 . Sulfur Mustard ...... 4 . (synthesized late 1930s) ...... 4 . (L) ...... 4 . 1915 ...... 4 BLOOD AGENTS...... 5 . ...... 5 NERVE AGENTS ...... 5  (GA) ...... 5  (GB) ...... 5  (GD) ...... 5 AGENTS (RCAs) ...... 6 BINARY CHEMICAL MUNITIONS THAT DELIVER SARIN ...... 6 CW Stockpile Disposal ...... 6 . United States ...... 6 . IRAQ ...... 6 PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS: CW NONPROLIFERATION REGIME ESSENTIALS ...... 6 Geneva Protocol ...... 7 CWC ...... 7 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Monterey’s James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies CNS), Overview, Text and Membership...... 7 OPCW ...... 7 More Regime Resources ...... 7 Organizations – CW and CBRN writ large ...... 7 Nonproliferation Export Control Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large ...... 7 Regional Organizations and Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large ...... 7 Treaties – CW and CBRN writ large ...... 8

WORKSHEET: TEMPLATE OF CW AGENTS http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CW- Agents_Typology_Specifics_Black_Template.pdf

HANDY AND SEMINAL ON-LINE TEXTS  Textbook of Military Medicine on: Medical Aspects of , (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army, 2008). http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/borden/Portlet.aspx?id=d3d11f5a-f2ef- 4b4e-b75b-6ba4b64e4fb2

 Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compound [ (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, Department of the Air Force, January 2005). https://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-11-9.pdf

. NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996). http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3toc.htm

. The Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL) Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction Technologies (ADA 330102), U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, February 1998. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/

 Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: OTA, 1993). http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ota/9344.pdf

CASE STUDIES  Jonathan B. Tucker, editor, Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press, 2000).

 Marc Sageman, Terrance Leighton, Lloyd Hough, Hidemi Yuki, Rui Kotani and Zachary M. Hosfor, “Aum Shinrikyo Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons,” Centers for a New American Security, July 2011, pp. 29-34 and 46-50. Available at: http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AumShinrikyo _SecondEdition_English.pdf

 Amy Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy, “Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and The US Response,” Stimson Report 35. October 09, 2000. See especially Chapter Three, “The Lesson of Tokyo [Aum’s Attack]. Available At: http://www.stimson.org/books- reports/ataxia-the-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-the-us- response/

EXPLORATION OF AGENT HANDLING

 Uncle Fester, Silent Death (Port Townsend, Washington: Loompanics Unlimited, 1997). (Available from instructor.)

FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS COLLECTION OF CRS REPORTS http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/index.html

EARLY CLASSIFICATIONS [TYPOLOGIES]

SPECIFIC AGENT OVERVIEWS

CHOKING AGENTS . Chlorine (CI) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750 024.html

. Phosgene (CG) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750 023.html

. Diphosgene 1916 [NERVE AGENTS} Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), page 20. https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/ CHAP2_Pg_09-76.pdf

. Chloropicrin (PS) 1916 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750 034.html

BLISTER AGENTS . MUSTARD: . Sulfur Mustard1 (HD – Distilled Sulfur Mustard) 1915 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCar d_29750008.html . Nitrogen Mustard (synthesized late 1930s) . Lewisite (L) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_2975 0006.html . Phosgene Oxime 19152

1 Impure sulfur mustard (H). See Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of the Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), page 260. Available at: https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/CH8_Pgs259-310.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_2975 0009.html

See also: [VESICANTS / BLISTER AGENTS] Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), chapter 8. https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfar e/CH8_Pgs259-310.pdf

BLOOD AGENTS

. Hydrogen Cyanide [BLOOD AGENTS] NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996). http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3ch5.htm

NERVE AGENTS

 Tabun (GA) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_297 50004.html  Sarin (GB) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_297 50001.html  Soman (GD) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_297 50003.html See also:  [NERVE AGENTS] Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army), chapter 5.

2 Not known to have ever been used on the battlefield.

https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/Ch5_ pg155-220.pdf

 [NERVE AGENTS] NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations, Part III: Chemical (Washington, D.C.: Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, February 1, 1996). http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/3ch2.htm

RIOT CONTROL AGENTS (RCAs)

Textbook of Military Medicine on: (2008) Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, (Borden Institute, Office of The Surgeon General, AMEDD Center & School, US Army.All available at https://ke.army.mil/bordeninstitute/published_volumes/chemwarfare/Ch13_Pg441_484.p df  CS  CN  DN

BINARY CHEMICAL MUNITIONS THAT DELIVER SARIN http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-four-likely-Binary-CW-agents.pdf

CW STOCKPILE DISPOSAL

. United States The U.S. Chemical Materials Activity (CMA): agency responsible for disposing of the U.S.’ CW stockpile extant from former offensive program. http://www.cma.army.mil/bluegrass.aspx; http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/demil/closing_facilities.htm#status

. IRAQ Jonathan B. Tucker, “Iraq Faces Major Challenges in Destroying Its Legacy Chemical Weapons,” March 4, 2010. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/stories/100304_iraq_cw_legacy.htm

PROTOCOLS, CONVENTIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS: CW NONPROLIFERATION REGIME ESSENTIALS Graphic Overview http://blogs.fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Maljor-Treaties-CW.pdf

Geneva Protocol Monterey’s James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies CNS), Text and Overview of the Geneva Protocol. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/genev.pdf

See also, Nuclear Threat Initiative 1925, Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gasses, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol). Summary and Text Available at: http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/protocol-prohibition-use-war- asphyxiating-poisonous-or-other-gasses-and-bacteriological-methods- warfare-geneva-protocol/.

CWC Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)3 Monterey’s James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies CNS), Overview, Text and Membership. OPCW Overview of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Organization for the Prohibition of (OPCW). Available at: http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/about-the- convention/

More Regime Resources

Organizations – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf PP. 7-139.

Nonproliferation Export Control Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf PP. 142 - 289

Regional Organizations and Regimes – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf

3 Full title: Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC). PP. 166-288

Treaties – CW and CBRN writ large http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/CNS_IONP_Inventory_2009_Edition.pdf PP. 290-241