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The Cursus Publicus from the 3Rd to the Late 4Th Century

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The Cursus Publicus from the 3Rd to the Late 4Th Century Imperial Transportation and Communication from the Third to the Late Fourth Century: The Golden Age of the cursus publicus by Lukas Lemcke A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Lukas Lemcke 2013 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The existence of an infrastructure that allowed reliable communication between the emperors and all parts of the Roman civil and military administration was integral for the dissemination of ideologies, the promulgation of laws, and the implementation of Roman power in an organized and coherent fashion throughout the empire. This infrastructure was represented by the imperial information and transportation system (IITS, most commonly known by its 4th century name cursus publicus): a network of roadside stations set up in regular intervals along most major roads that could be used by officials of the central administration properly authorized with a permit. An integral aspect of Roman rule, the IITS has received relatively little attention in scholarship, particularly with regards to the question how structural and constitutional developments of the Roman Empire translated into changes to the communication system during the transition from the 3rd until the late 4th century. The aim of this thesis is twofold: after determining the ways in which the applications of the IITS changed over the course of the first three centuries CE on the basis of epigraphic evidence, the first part explores and explains factors that led to the creation of the cursus publicus with its two sub-divisions (cursus uelox, cursus clauulari(u)s) under Diocletian and Constantine through a comprehensive study of military, administrative, legal, and structural developments of the Roman Empire. The second part undertakes a comprehensive review of the structure, history, and development of the cursus publicus in the 4th century (e.g., infrastructure, financing, administration, usage rights, authorization, and control), primarily on the basis of a close reading of book 8.5 of the Theodosian Code. The evolution of the cursus publicus shows not only the interdependency between its development vis-à-vis that of the central administration, but also that the central government perceived it increasingly consciously as a valuable and important tool in ruling the empire. This thesis argues that on account of ongoing regulatory activity and reforms as a result of this shift in perception, the cursus publicus was firmly integrated into the imperial administration and streamlined to such a degree that it could be used with unprecedented effectiveness by the end of the 4th century. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Altay Coşkun, who kindled my interest in the cursus publicus several years ago and always provided guidance and support during my work on my BA and MA theses. His patience, dedication, immense knowledge, and insightful comments were an incredible asset every step along the way. I also want to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Riemer Faber and Dr. David Porreca, who were always available to answer my questions and read and critically commented on a related conference paper and an advanced draft of this work for their support. Special thanks are also due to the attendants at this year’s Shifting Frontiers Conference in Ottawa. Regrettably, I cannot acknowledge them all by name, but I am particularly indebted to Matthew Lootens for listening to and commenting on the piece of my thesis which I presented at the conference and Dr. John F. Matthews for his many encouraging words. It is a pleasure to me to thank all members of the classics faculty at the University of Waterloo, in particular Dr. Sheila Ager and Dr. Andrew Faulkner, for their dedication, support, and encouragement throughout my five years at Waterloo, as well as my friends and fellow master students, Melina Sturym, Andrew Chaban, and Ryan Walsh for thought-provoking discussions as well as some much-needed and refreshing breaks from work. Finally, I want to add a very special thank you to Susanne Szkola, whose unwavering belief and seemingly inexhaustible patience have kept me afloat during the creation process of this thesis and who gave me access to the tremedous resources at the University Heidelberg that were instrumental in finishing this work in the summer of 2013; and of course to my parents, for their unconditional support throughout my studies, without whom none of this would have been possible. Lukas Lemcke, Waterloo September 2013 iv Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... vii I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 I.1. History of Scholarship .......................................................................................................... 5 I.2. Reinterpreting the Evidence .................................................................................................. 8 I.3. Introduction to the Imperial Information and Transportation System ................................ 11 II. From Imperial Information and Transportation System to cursus publicus: Transformation and Development from the Third to the Early Fourth Century ........................................................... 14 II.1. The Third Century: Towards the Transformation ............................................................. 15 II.1.1. Mobility of the Imperial Court(s) ............................................................................... 17 II.1.2. Changes in the Legal Framework ............................................................................... 19 II.1.3. Increasing Need for Resources ................................................................................... 22 II.2. Changes under Diocletian .................................................................................................. 26 II.3. Completion of the Transformation under Constantine ...................................................... 30 III. The cursus publicus in the Fourth Century ............................................................................. 35 III.1. Infrastructural Basis ......................................................................................................... 37 III.2. The Vehicle Fleet of the cursus publicus ......................................................................... 42 III.3. Administration .................................................................................................................. 49 III.4. Financing .......................................................................................................................... 56 III.5. Users, Types of Usage, and Usage Rights ....................................................................... 61 III.5.1. General Rules and Regulations.................................................................................. 62 III.5.2. Travelling ................................................................................................................... 62 III.5.3. Transportation ............................................................................................................ 68 III.5.4. Special Cases? Use of the cursus publicus by Bishops and the Military .................. 70 III.6. Issuers of Permits in the Fourth Century .......................................................................... 75 III.6.1. Issuing Rights from the First to the Third Century ................................................... 75 III.6.2. Issuing Rights in the Fourth Century ......................................................................... 76 III.6.3. Issuing Rights and the Notitia Dignitatum ................................................................ 89 III.7. Control .............................................................................................................................. 93 IV. Summary and Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 101 Appendix: Euectiones and tractoriae – the Permits for the cursus publicus .............................. 108 v Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 116 General Notes .......................................................................................................................... 116 Editions of Ancient Authors Cited .......................................................................................... 117 Works Cited............................................................................................................................. 118 vi List of Abbreviations - AE Année Epigraphique - ATHAN., Syn. ATHANASIUS, De Decretis Nicaenae Synodi - BMC British Museum Catalogue (ed. POOLE 1873). - BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review - DNP Der Neue Pauly - CA Constitutio Antoniniana - CC Cursus clauulari(u)s - CERF Collection de l’École française
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