DOCSLIB.ORG

ISSUE XXXIV, Spring, 2006 the Pied Piper Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ISSUE XXXIV, Spring, 2006 the Pied Piper Of World War II Chronicles A Quarterly Publication of the World War II Veterans Committee ISSUE XXXIV, Spring, 2006 The Pied Piper of SAIPAN World War II Chronicles A Quarterly Publication of the World War II Veterans Committee WWW.WWIIVETS.COM ISSUE XXXIV, Spring, 2006 Articles -In This Issue- A Lone-Wolf Marine by The Pied Piper of 5 Guy Gabaldon The story of how one man, dubbed the “Pied Saipan Piper of Saipan,” single-handedly captured By July 7, 1944, Japanese hopes to turn back the 1,500 Japanese American invasion of Saipan had been crushed, A Dramatic Rescue in the South China Sea by and defeat was inevitable. Lt. General Yoshitsugu 14 Rear Admiral Robert W. McNitt Saito, commander of the Japanese forces, ordered An act of heroism aboard one of the most his remaining men to attack the American posi- legendary submarines of World War II tions in one final massive Banzai charge. As the Japanese gathered their forces for this suicide mis- What I’ve Learned by sion, little did they know that hidden among them 28 Hunter Scott was a young American Marine, watching their every move… Reflections on the World War II generation from a member of the latest generation In this issue of World War II Chronicles, Guy Gabaldon, the “Pied Piper of Saipan,” recounts his remarkable story… Features More Chronicles In Their Own Words 17 Highlighting Soldiering For Freedom: A GI’s Account of World War II by Herman J. 31 World War II Book Club Obermayer A Dangerous and Hazardous Mission 32 Committee Activities 23 An excerpt from the radio documentary series Listen to World War II Chronicles on-the-go Veterans Chronicles, featuring an interview with Yank correspondent Dave Richardson Still Available from the World War II Veterans Committee World War II Veterans Committee 2006 Commemorative Calendar Makes a great collector’s item! Still available from the World War II Veterans Committee is our 2006 commemorative calendar. This glossy oversized calendar features colorized reproductions of some of the most famous and legendary moments of World War II, including the flag-raising at Iwo Jima, General Eisenhower addressing the troops prior to D-Day, and General MacArthur returning to the Philippines. The calendar is now available for a reduced price of $5 (plus $2 each copy for shipping). To order, please send a check payable to the World War II Veterans Committee to the following address: Reduced Price! World War II Veterans Committee / 1030 15th St., NW Suite 856 / Washington, DC 20005 World War II Chronicles - Spring, 2006 - 2 From the Editor A Time for Courage By Tim G.W. Holbert Recently, in my spare time, I have been reading the book, Manliness The story of the USS Barb is one that every American should know. by Harvard professor Harvey Mansfield. A combination of his- Led by Medal of Honor recipient Eugene B. Fluckey and his ex- tory, philosophy, and sociology, Mansfield’s book is a “modest de- ecutive officer Robert W. McNitt, the Barb sank more enemy ton- fense” of the quality of “manliness,” a trait that can be present in nage than any other U.S. ship during the war. “Lucky” Fluckey’s both men and women (Britain’s Margaret Thatcher is a prime ex- daring and leadership were invaluable to the Allied war effort in the ample of a woman exhibiting these traits), and in its best forms Pacific. Here, Robert W. McNitt tells another story of courage, features confidence in risky situations, self-assertion, and an in- only this time it is to save Allied prisoners of the Japanese, ma- tense loyalty to cause and comrades. rooned in the water when the freighter carrying them was sunk. Meanwhile, in the jungles of Burma, Dave Richardson, a corre- It struck me while reading the book that no other time in our nation’s spondent for Yank magazine, insisted that he stand alongside the history embodied the qualities of “manliness” than that of World men of Merrill’s Marauders in order to personally tell their story, War II. War is the riskiest of situations, and to prove victorious, when he could have easily taken an assignment in much less brutal confidence in the face of possible destruction is constantly called conditions. upon. In the darkest of days, “manliness” is a quality much in demand, though sometimes hard to find. Fortunately, the Allied While each of these men embodied the characteristics of “manli- nations of World War II had leaders who rose to the challenge. ness” at its best, Hermann J. Obermayer saw them at its worst. Winston Churchill, who embodied manly confidence, said to his Obermayer, in his book Soldiering for Freedom, recounts being in the fighting men upon taking control of the government, “Arm your- courtroom at Nuremberg when the first evidence was presented of selves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the con- the Nazis liquidating six million Jews. While “manliness” at its best flict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the features courage and self-sacrifice, at its worst it consists of a lust outrage of our nation and our altar.” Clearly, this was a man who for power, and to dominate all in its path. It can be overly obsessed would never bow to Nazi tyranny. with honor, and cannot tolerate shame. The Nazis rise to power is partly attributable to the collective sense of shame felt by the Ger- The half-American Churchill would be joined by millions of his man people following World War I. Channeling their aggression led countrymen, and his cousins across the Atlantic. These brave he- Germany to lash out, with disastrous consequences. Meanwhile, roes knew their duty, and when faced with two of the most evil Japanese fanatics, bent on preserving their honor, died needless forces in history, Nazism and Japanese Imperialism, they did not deaths in suicide attacks rather than suffer the shame of defeat. flinch. Many were willing to sacrifice themselves so that others Today, in some parts of the world, these same symptoms of collec- might live in freedom. Theirs is a form of “manliness” that one tive shame have led some people to lash out in similar ways. How cannot help but admire. disastrous their consequences may be have yet to be fully seen. This issue of World War II Chronicles features several stories from All of this shows exactly why it is imperative that the history of veterans who typify the best qualities of manliness, and one by a World War II, and the legacy of its veterans, be preserved for man who had a front row seat to witness some of the worst. Guy future generations. The era of the Second World War saw the very Gabaldon, a poor but tough kid from the streets of Los Angeles, best in mankind, the courage and character necessary to make the fought with the 2nd Marines in the battle for Saipan. Throughout world a better and safer place. It also demonstrated the potential the battle, he consistently strayed behind enemy lines, where he for human evil, how and why it can take hold of a people, and what could have easily been killed, in order to convince many of the must be done to stop it. The lessons of World War II are ones that doomed Japanese defenders to surrender, rather than throw their should never be forgotten. It is up to us to make sure that they are lives away in futile suicide charges. Gabaldon’s tremendous courage not. in the face of danger not only saved the lives of hundreds of WWII Japanese, but also the Marines they would have otherwise attacked. World War II Chronicles World War II Chronicles, Issue XXXIV, Spring 2006. World War II Veterans Committee A quarterly publication of the World War II Veterans Committee, 1030 15th St, NW David Eisenhower - Honorary Chairman Suite 856, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: 202-777-7272. Fax: 202-408-0624. James C. Roberts - President The World War II Veterans Committee is a project of the American Veterans Center, Michael Paradiso - Publisher a 501(c)(3) non-profit public education foundation. World War II Chronicles is mailed Tim G.W. Holbert - Editor/Program Director to donors to the World War II Veterans Committee who make a contribution of $50 or more per-year. Contributions help to fund the Committee’s various speaker con- ferences, student programs, the National Memorial Day Parade, documentary and Visit the Committee’s web site at www.wwiivets.com. oral history projects, and this publication. To make a contribution or subscribe, call 202-777-7272 or e-mail [email protected] World War II Chronicles - Spring, 2006 - 3 Only from the World War II Veterans Committee The Road to VictorY: 2006 An Exclusive Tour of the Western Front of the European Theater in World War II London - Portsmouth - Normandy - Paris - Bastogne - Munich - Nuremberg - Berlin September 17 - October 1, 2006 Over sixty years ago, the Allied armies in the West stormed across Eu- rope, into the heart of Hitler’s Third Reich. This September, you have the opportunity to follow in their footsteps. In the wake of the World War II Veterans Committee’s successful 2005 tour, we are once again proud to sponsor an exclusive tour of all of the major war sites on the Western Front. This year, we welcome special guest tour guide Donald Burgett, who with the legendary 101st Airborne Division, traveled a similar route six decades ago. A celebrated author, Burgett’s book Currahee!, which recounts his parachute jump into Normandy, is one of the great stories of World War II, and the only book on the war per- sonally endorsed by Dwight D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Special Study North Field Historic District
    Tinian National Historical ParkStudy Page 1 of 26 SPECIAL STUDY NORTH FIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Tinian Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands September 2001 United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service http://www.nps.gov/pwro/piso/Tinian/tiniandr.htm 4/9/2008 Tinian National Historical ParkStudy Page 2 of 26 http://www.nps.gov/pwro/piso/Tinian/tiniandr.htm 4/9/2008 Tinian National Historical ParkStudy Page 3 of 26 North Field as it looked during World War II. The photo shows only three runways, which dates it sometime earlier than May 1945 when construction of Runway Four was completed. North Field was designed for an entire wing of B-29 Superfortresses, the 313th Bombardment Wing, with hardstands to park 265 B-29s. Each of the parallel runways stretched more than a mile and a half in length. Around and between the runways were nearly eleven miles of taxiways. Table of Contents SUMMARY BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Location, Size and Ownership Regional Context RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE Current Status of the Study Area Cultural Resources Natural Resources Evaluation of Significance EVALUATION OF SUITABILITY AND FEASIBILITY Rarity of This Type of Resource (Suitability) Feasibility for Protection Position of CNMI and Local Government Officials http://www.nps.gov/pwro/piso/Tinian/tiniandr.htm 4/9/2008 Tinian National Historical ParkStudy Page 4 of 26 Plans and Objectives of the Lease Holder FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Findings and Conclusions Recommendations APPENDIX Selected References CINCPACFLT Letter of July 26, 2000 COMNAVMAR Letter of August 28, 2001 Brochure: Self-Guided Tour of North Field Tinian Interpret Marianas Campaign from American Memorial Park, on Tinian, and with NPS Publications MAPS Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cial Climber. Hunter, As the Professor Responsible for Wagner's Eventual Downfall, Was Believably Bland but Wasted. How Much
    cial climber. Hunter, as the professor what proves to be a sordid suburbia, responsible for Wagner's eventual are Mitchell/Woodward, Hingle/Rush, downfall, was believably bland but and Randall/North. Hunter's wife is wasted. How much better this film attacked by Mitchell; Hunter himself might have been had Hunter and Wag- is cruelly beaten when he tries to ner exchanged roles! avenge her; villain Mitchell goes to 20. GUN FOR A COWARD. (Universal- his death under an auto; his wife Jo- International, 1957.) Directed by Ab- anne Woodward goes off in a taxi; and ner Biberman. Cast: Fred MacMurray, the remaining couples demonstrate Jeffrey Hunter, Janice Rule, Chill their new maturity by going to church. Wills, Dean Stockwell, Josephine Hut- A distasteful mess. chinson, Betty Lynn. In this Western, Hunter appeared When Hunter reported to Universal- as the overprotected second of three International for Appointment with a sons. "Coward" Hunter eventually Shadow (released in 1958), he worked proved to be anything but in a rousing but one day, as an alcoholic ex- climax. Not a great film, but a good reporter on the trail of a supposedly one. slain gangster. Having become ill 21. THE TRUE STORY OF JESSE with hepatitis, he was replaced by JAMES. (20th Century-Fox, 1957.) Di- George Nader. Subsequently, Hunter rected by Nicholas Ray. Cast: Robert told reporters that only the faithful Wagner, Jeffrey Hunter, Hope Lange, Agnes Moorehead, Alan Hale, Alan nursing by his wife, Dusty Bartlett, Baxter, John Carradine. whom he had married in July, 1957, This was not even good.
    [Show full text]
  • America&Apos;S Unknown Avifauna: the Birds of the Mariana Islands
    ß ß that time have been the basis for con- America's unknown avifauna. siderable concern (Vincent, 1967) and indeed appear to be the basis for the the birds of inclusion of several Mariana birds in the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (1976) list of the Mariana Islands Endangered Species.These brief war- time observationswere important, but no significant investigationshave been conductedin the ensuingthirty yearsto "Probably no otherAmerican birds determine the extent to which the are aspoorly known as these." endemic avifauna of these islands may haverecovered. Importantly, no assess- mentshave been made of the impactof H. Douglas Pratt, Phillip L. Bruner the military's aerial planting of the exoticscrubby tree known as tangan- and Delwyn G. Berrett tangan, Leucaenaglauca, to promote revegetationafter the war. This 'treeis known as "koa haole" in Hawaii. restricted both in their time for bird ß ß announcesthe signthat greets observation and in their movements on v•sitors to Guam. Few Americans realize the islands. Their studies were made in authorsURING THEvisitedSUMMER the islandsOF1076the of that the nation's westernmost territories 1945 and 1946 when most of the Mari- Saipan,Tinian, Rota, and Guam, and m he across the International Date Line in anaswere just beginningto recoverfrom 1978 Bruner and Pratt returned to Sai- the far westernPacific. Guam, the larg- the ravagesof war (Baker, 1946).Never- pan and Guam. We havespent a total of est and southernmost of the Mariana theless, population estimates made at 38 man/dayson Saipan,four on Tinian, Islands,has been a United Statesposses- s•on since Spain surrendered her sov- & Agrihan ereigntyover the island at the end of the Sparash-AmericanWar.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Library Leadership Lessons Gleaned from WWII Submariners Stuart Gaetjens Abstract Many aspects of good leadership have not changed over time. This article uses examples from World War II submarining, particularly Capt. Eugene Fluckey’s experiences, as a launching point for discussing modern academic library leadership. There are six points of leadership discussed which alternate between submarining and libraries: selecting team members, cross-training, respecting the individual, developing esprit de corps, communicating hard truths, and thinking big thoughts. Introduction At the beginning of World War II, submarines were seen as fragile and vulnerable. Captains were trained to remain submerged all day hunting for enemy ships sitting in one place or moving at a couple miles per hour on battery power. Temperatures inside the submarine would rise to 130 degrees.1 Oxygen levels would drop so low that lit matches would immediately go out. No one could use the bathroom during the day because the burst of air used to expel waste might give away the submarine’s location. Then at night they would surface to change locations and charge their batteries. By the end of the war, bold leaders were running on the surface day and night and attacking land targets with rockets. The submarines did not change significantly during the war, but the leaders did. Capt. Eugene Fluckey summarized it by saying, “it inspired me to see that submarining had risen to its full, mature potential.”2 Leaders reevaluated the capabilities and risks and became the hunters rather than the hunted. What are the expectations of what libraries can be today? Are we creeping along under the waves, or boldly cruising on the surface? I have identified the following five areas in which effective leaders and managers can improve their team; then a sixth area which separates visionary leaders from effective managers.
    [Show full text]
  • Pau Hana Koa - the Warriors’ Newsletter - Hawaii State Chapter Military Officers Association of America Vol
    Pau Hana Koa - The Warriors’ Newsletter - Hawaii State Chapter Military Officers Association of America Vol. 25 No. 8 WEBSITE http://www.moaa-hawaii.org August 2010 ANNUAL PICNIC AT BELLOWS SUNDAY, AUGUST 8 !! U.S.S. Barb: The Sub That Sank A Train Eight sailors conducted the ONLY GROUND COMBAT OPERATION on the Japanese "homeland" of World War II. In 1973 an Italian submarine named Enri- Nimitz replied. "You surely pulled him enemy ships. In only 5 fathoms (30 feet) que Tazzoli was sold for a paltry from command after he received it?" of water his crew had unleashed the sub's $100,000 as scrap metal. The submarine, July 18, 1945 (Patience Bay, Off the forward torpedoes, then turned and fired given to the Italian Navy in 1953 was coast of Karafuto, Japan) four from the stern. As he pushed the actually an incredible veteran of World It was after 4 A.M. and Commander Barb to the full limit of its speed through War II service with a heritage that never Fluckey rubbed his eyes as he the dangerous waters in a daring with- should have passed so unnoticed into the peered over the map spread before him. drawal to the open sea, he recorded eight graveyards of the metal recyclers. The It was the twelfth war patrol of the Barb, direct hits on six enemy ships. Then, on U.S.S. Barb was a pioneer, paving the the fifth under Commander Fluckey. He the return home he added yet another way for the first submarine launched mis- should have turned command over to an- Japanese freighter to the tally for the siles and flying a battle flag unlike that of other skipper after four patrols, but had Barb's eleventh patrol, a score that ex- any other ship.
    [Show full text]
  • Tinian: Not Just an Island in the Pacific
    TINIAN: NOT JUST AN ISLAND IN THE PACIFIC It is a small island, less than 40 square miles, a flat green dot in the vastness of Pacific blue. Fly over it and you notice a slash across its north end of uninhabited bush, a long thin line that looks like an overgrown dirt runway. If you didn't know what it was, you wouldn't give it a second glance out your airplane window. On the ground, you see the runway isn't dirt but tarmac and crushed limestone, abandoned with weeds sticking out of it. Yet this is arguably the most historical airstrip on earth. This is where World War II was won. This is Runway Able On July 24, 1944, 30,000 US Marines landed on the beaches of Tinian. Eight days later, over 8,000 of the 8,800 Japanese soldiers on the island were dead (vs. 328 Marines), and four months later the Seabees had built the busiest airfield of WWII - dubbed North Field – enabling B-29 Superfortresses to launch air attacks on the Philippines, Okinawa, and mainland Japan. Late in the afternoon of August 5, 1945, a B-29 was maneuvered over a bomb loading pit, then after lengthy preparations, taxied to the east end of North Field's main runway, Runway Able, and at 2:45am in the early morning darkness of August 6, took off. The B-29 was piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets of the US Army Air Force, who had named the plane after his mother, Enola Gay. The crew named the bomb they were carrying Little Boy.
    [Show full text]
  • Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Aid
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8q52v6j No online items Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by K. Peck. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Rare Books Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2015 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: 609303 1 Printed Materials and Ephemera: Finding Ai... Overview of the Collection Title: Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera Dates (inclusive): 1902-2010 Bulk dates: 1930-1966 Collection Number: 609303 Compiler: Zoller, Curt J., 1920-2014 Extent: approximately 550 items in 17 boxes, 2 oversized folders, and 1 bound volume. Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Rare Books Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: The Curt J. Zoller Churchill Collection: Printed Materials and Ephemera contains approximately 550 items related to British statesman Winston Churchill (1874-1965). The items date from 1902 to 2010 and consist of articles from a variety of periodicals by and about Churchill, the text of speeches delivered by Churchill, ephemera, audio and visual materials, and printed World War II propaganda in a variety of languages. Language: Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Luxembourgish, and Norwegian. Note: Finding aid last updated on August 28, 2015. Access The collection is open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reel Latina/O Soldier in American War Cinema
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-26-2012 12:00 AM The Reel Latina/o Soldier in American War Cinema Felipe Q. Quintanilla The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Rafael Montano The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Hispanic Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Felipe Q. Quintanilla 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Quintanilla, Felipe Q., "The Reel Latina/o Soldier in American War Cinema" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 928. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/928 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE REEL LATINA/O SOLDIER IN AMERICAN WAR CINEMA (Thesis format: Monograph) by Felipe Quetzalcoatl Quintanilla Graduate Program in Hispanic Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Hispanic Studies The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Felipe Quetzalcoatl Quintanilla 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ______________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline - May 1940
    TIMELINE - MAY 1940 As the month begins the battle for Norway continues. Just to recap, German naval and ground forces had begun invading both Norway and Denmark on 9th April. Denmark had quickly capitulated but Norway had resisted. British forces were sent to Andalsnes on 18th April to 1st May, Namsos on 16th April to 3rd May, and Narvik from 15th April to 8th June. They were joined by Norwegian, French and Polish forces. But as May begins the evacuation of Allied troops from some of these areas is already underway and nearing completion. With the failure of the campaign for central Norway attention shifts to Narvik in the far north, strategically vital to the Germans for the shipping of iron ore from Sweden. 1 On 2nd May German troops reached Andalsnes, and on the following day Norwegian troops south of Trondheim surrendered to the Germans. The allied evacuation at Namsos was completed, but German aircraft located part of the evacuation fleet and sank the destroyers Afridi and Bison. The Bison was a French destroyer and she was the first to be sunk with the loss of 136 of her crew. The surviving crew were then picked up by the Afridi. But when that ship came under attack a further 35 of her crew were lost, along with 53 of the Afridi’s crew and 13 soldiers - the only casualties among the whole force of 12,000 troops evacuated from Åndalsnes and Namsos On 5th May the Battle of Hegra Fortress ended when the fortress capitulated. The Germans had now achieved complete victory on Norway’s southern front.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II in Alaska
    World War II in Alaska Front Cover: Canadian and American troops make an amphibious landing on the Aleutian island of Kiska, August 15, 1943. (Archives and Manuscripts Department, University of Alaska Anchorage) Rear Cover: Russian pilots participating in the Lend-Lease Program inspect an American fighter at Ladd Field near Fairbanks, circa 1944. (Alaska Historical Library, Juneau, Alaska) Publication funded by Alaska Support Office National Park Service 2000 U.S. Department of the Interior Anchorage, Alaska A Resource Guide for Teachers and Students Introduction This resource guide is designed to aid students and teachers in researching Alaska’s World War II history. Alaska’s role as battlefield, lend-lease transfer station, and North Pacific stronghold was often overlooked by historians in the post-war decades, but in recent years awareness has been growing of Alaska’s wartime past. This renewed interest generates exciting educational opportunities for students and teachers researching this chapter in the history of our state. Few people know that the only World War II battle fought on U.S. soil took place in Alaska or that Japanese forces occupied two Aleutian Islands for more than a year. Still fewer know of the Russian pilots who trained in Fairbanks, the workers who risked their lives building the Alaska Highway, or the Alaska Scouts who patrolled the Bering Sea coast. The lives of Alaskans were forever changed by the experience of war, and the history of that dramatic era is still being written. This resource guide begins with a map of important World War II sites and a summary of Alaska’s World War II experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline for World War II — Japan
    Unit 5: Crisis and Change Lesson F: The Failure of Democracy and Return of War Student Resource: Timeline for World War II — Japan Timeline for World War II — Japan Pre-1920: • 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo harbor and forced the Japanese to allow trade with U.S. merchants with threat of military action. • 1858: Western nations forced Japan to sign the Unequal Treaties. These articles established export and import tariffs and the concept of "extraterritoriality" (i.e., Japan held no jurisdiction over foreign criminals in its land. Their trials were to be conducted by foreign judges under their own nation's laws). Japan had no power to change these terms. • 1868: Japan, in an effort to modernize and prevent future Western dominance, ousted the Tokugawa Shogunate and adopted a new Meiji Emperor. The next few decades saw rapid and successful industrialization during the Meiji Restoration. • 1899: With newly gained power from recent industrialization, Japan successfully renegotiated aspects of the Unequal Treaties. • 1899–1901: The Boxer Rebellion led China to a humiliating defeat by the Eight-Nation Alliance of Western powers including the United States and Japan, ceding more territory, and dealing one of the final blows to the struggling Qing Dynasty. • 1904–1905: The Russo-Japanese War began with a surprise attack and ended by an eventual Japanese victory over Imperial Russia. The Japanese took control of Korea. • 1914: During World War I, Japan and other Allies seized German colonial possessions. • 1919: Japan, as a member of the victorious Allies during World War I, gained a mandate over various Pacific islands previously part of the German colonial empire.
    [Show full text]
  • 'They Shall Reap the Whirlwind': How Churchill Harnessed Christianity In
    ‘They shall reap the whirlwind’: how Churchill harnessed Christianity in the service of war democraticaudit.com /2016/12/20/they-shall-reap-the-whirlwind-how-churchill-harnessed-christianity-in-the- service-of-war/ By Democratic Audit UK 2016-12-20 For centuries the Church of England buttressed a sense of Christian nationhood – which was ably deployed during the second world war by Winston Churchill. In this exclusive extract from his book The Evolution of the West, Nick Spencer explains how Churchill, who lost his faith for a while, nonetheless drew on the Bible to defend ‘Christian civilisation’. Bishop Bell of Chichester, who protested at the bombing of civilian populations in Germany, lost out on the Archbishopric of Canterbury as a result. The ruins of Coventry Cathedral, bombed in the Blitz. Photo: XTrillion via a CC-BY 2.0 licence A deep sense of Christian nationhood is but a vague memory to most people living today, but it is worth noting that it was anything but vague or a memory as recently as 70 years ago. Winston Churchill ended first broadcast to the nation as Prime Minister, on 19 May 1940 with the following words: “Today is Trinity Sunday. Centuries ago words were written to be a call and a spur to the faithful servants of Truth and Justice: ‘Arm yourselves, and be ye men of valour, and be in readiness for the conflict; for it is better for us to perish in battle than to look upon the outrage of our nation and our altar. As the Will of God is in Heaven, even so let it be.” The text he quoted to rouse his people was from 1 Maccabees 3:58-60, a book confined to the English Apocrypha since the Reformation.
    [Show full text]