702831 Development of Western Architecture
Norman architecture COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
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do not remove this notice the diffusion of the Romanesque
travelling masons (First Romanesque characteristics in France and Spain)
influence through political and cultural linkages (Lombardic characteristics in Germany)
imposition by conquest (Norman architecture in Britain)
imposition by institutional control (the monasteries) Europe in AD 1173
Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 61 FhNFrench Norman architecture Caen freestone detail at Stow Memorial Church, Flinders St, Adelaide Miles Lewis Cluny II Abbey Church, consecrated 981
Bernay Abbey Church, Normandy, 1017-c1040
Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 58 Stewart, Early Christian , Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 21 Abbey Church of Nôtre Dame at Jumièges, 1037-66
west front
Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, pl V Abbey Church of Nôtre Dame at Jumièges, 1037-66
nave looking west
MUAS 15,474 Nôtre Dame, Jumièges: isometric of aisle & gallery
Auguste Choisy, Histoire de l’Architecture (2 vols, Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1899) II, p 192 Jumièges
emerging Norman characteristics sturdiness and simppylicity thick walls and pillars simplified Corinthian capitals more general Romanesque characteristics the square pier with four half-round shafts on the faces painted pillars and wall surfaces the triforium (the middle level of the nave elevation) the tribune gallery over the aisles St-Georges, St.-Martin-de- Boscherville, 1063
NON-LOMBARDIC ARTICULATION
half-shafts, not pilasters brackets under the eave, not corbel tables
windows surrounded by concentric orders rather than layers of blind arcading
K J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl 168 St-Étienne, Abbaye- aux-Hommes, Caen, 1067-81 & later west front
Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 71 St-Étienne, Abbaye- aux-Hommes
detail of nave elevation
plan of wall passage at clerestory level
Gantner, L'Art Monumental Roman, pl 151 Geoffrey Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1956), p 29 Abbey Church of Lessay, Normandy, c 1090-1136, restored view from the east
Bruce Allsopp, The Study of Architectural History (London 1970), p 30 Ste-Trinité, Abbaye-aux- Dames, Caen, begun 1062 nave interior detail showing wall passage
Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 165 Gustav Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe (London 1969) pl 70 Ste-Trinité, Abbaye-aux-Dames: plan
Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture , p 215 arch&dhes & orders forminggg arches with full formwork or with a single centering truss R F Jordan, Western Architecture (London 1978), p 102 arch construction a Romanesque arch with two orders, a label mould, and rubble infill a Roman arch, made of solid voussoirs, with an archivolt on the face
Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 153 St-Paul, Villiers [undated] entrance door in elevation with plan & section details
Talbot Hamlin , Forms and Functions of Twentieth- Century Architecture, I, The Elements of Building (New York 1952), p 314 Saintes-Marie-des-Dames, Saintes (Charente-Maritime), portal, mid-C12th Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 61. typical Romanesque arches
English, with two orders and a label, and a half-round inner order (or roll mould) French with two orders and three-qqguarter round bowtell mouldings
Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 161
Saxon architecture in Britain early Saxon had features common in the Dark Ages: porticus, triple-arched screens, triangular arches, monolithic arches,,pggp arches springing from impost mouldings
later Saxon, especially after Danish hegemony in 1013, tends to fall more into the family of Carolingian and Romanesque styles, including Norman influence even prior to the Norman Conquest Earls Barton parish church,,, tower, c 950 (top and clock later)
Lancashire Churches: http://www. lancashirechurches. co. uk/Earls%20Barton,%20Northants, %20All%20Saints%202%20big.jpg Earls Barton tower
detail
http://www. northamptonshire.co .uk/gu ides/earlsbarton/ St Mary the Virgin, Sompting, C11th
view of tower
http://www.somptingparish.org.uk /virtual.htm Sompting: arched doorway with roll moulding. MUAS S10,073 St Benet's, Cambridge: detail of tower, probably c 1020, with mid-wall shaft Miles Lewis St-Riqui er, reconst ruct e d vi ew, by Conan t Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl IIA Westminster Abbey, rebuilt 1055-65 as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry
MUAS 19,227 English Norman Norman cathedral plans
Can terbu ry ( La nfra nc), 1071-7
Exeter, 1117
Old Sarum, 1075-1092
Gloucester, 1089-1l28
St Alban's, 1077-8
Chichester 1079
CtbCanterbury (Cd'(Conrad's Choir), 1090-1110
MUAS 2,764 Canterbury Cathedral, 1071-7, 1090-1110, and later: contemporary view Woodman, Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury, crypt, c 1070-1110
Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 203. Canterbury Cathedral; crypt block capital and cushion capital
Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 68 Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 204 capitals in the crypts of Winchester Cathedral: scalloped, late C11th; Gloucester Cathedral: ram’s horn, 1089-1128; Lastingham Priory, Yorkshire: ram's horn, 1088
Pevsner, European Architecture, p 64; Scala 8477, © 1972; Cook, English Abbeys and Priories, pl 3 Characteristic Norman mouldings
Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 165 St Mary's Church, Iffley, Oxon, c 1170-80 detail of west doorway with beakhead and chevron mouldings. Miles Lewis Lincoln Cathedral, 1072 onwards
C12th detail of carved colonettes, scalloped capita ls, bea khea d & chevron mouldings
Geoffrey Grigson, English Cathedrals (London 1950), pl 134 Lincoln Cathedral
detail of the beakheads
http://www.sacred - destinations.com/england/lincoln -cathedral- pictures/IMG_9529.JPG Lincoln Cathedral: detail of the west portal http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/lincoln-cathedral-pictures/IMG_9533.JPG StStSt Alban' sAlbanss abbeyabbeyabbey churcchurch St Alban's abbey church, 1077-88
the more easterlyyp part of the nave
http://www.beenthere- donethat. org. uk/hertfo rdshire/stalbans31big. html St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piers
Miles Lewis St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piers Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061 Miles Lewis; Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57 St Alban' s Abbey Church: original plan
Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 28 SAlbSt Albans view north across the crossing arches in the east wall of the south transept
Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 151A5 Miles Lewis St Alban's tower from the south-west
Miles Lewis
Winchester Cathedral, transepts and tower of 1079-95 half-section & view
Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, pl 33. Walton, Winchester Cathedral no 1 Winc hest er Ca the dra l north transept
Miles Lewis MUAS 2,496 Gloucest tGlter, Chic hes tChihter &&& the development of the clustered pier Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1128: plan
Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 30. Gloucester Cathedral: view of the nave Scala 8472, © 1972. Gloucester Cathedral
detail of the nave wall
Scala 8475, © 1972 Chichester Cathedral: nave looking east, 1114 & later MUAS 4,262
Durham Cathedral, 1093-1138 Scala 8424, © 1972 Durham Cathedral, looking south-east across the cloister Scala 8425, © 1972 Durham Cathedral: plan
MUAS 9,731 Galilee PhPorch
cloister Chapel of the Nine Altars
Durham: plan later extensions and ancillary structures Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 231 DhDurham CthdlCathedral intersecting arcading of choir aisle, with restored paintwork Miles Lewis Durham Cathedral: nave view & detail Scala 8426, © 1972; MUAS 15,215 Durham abutting wall above the aisles
Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 401 Durham Cathedral: the Galilee Porch, C12th Scala 8428, © 1972. parihihish chhhhhurches St Peter's, Tickencote, c 1160 Miles Lewis St Peter's, Tickencote: the east end Miles Lewis St Peter's, Tickencote: the chancel arch Miles Lewis Norman parish church plans MUAS 10,083 Sts Mary & David, Kilpeck, Hereford, C12th: interior looking east http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28180 Kilpeck, from the south http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28274 Kilpeck, the apse http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28235 Kilpeck, two corbels (nos 2 and 3 of the south chancel wall ) http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28222 Kilpeck: south door head http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28197 Kilpeck: capital from the south doorway http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28184 Peterborou gh
Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 29A7 (316) Peterborough Cathedral, 1118-1193, west front completed 1220 details of the westwork from south and north Miles Lewis PtPeter boroug hCthdlh Cathedral: sou thflkth flank Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral: south transept Miles Lewis completion to 1125
original OIR westwork apse HH completed
1220 TROC EE R
PtPeter boroug hCthdlh Cathedral Alec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England (London 1967), p 271 Peterborough Cathedral
nave
Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5561 Peterborough Cathedral north nave wall
MUAS 2,977
clustered pier unresolved junction of orders and shaft colonette on the face of a pier alternating square and round piers Romanesque columns and piers left: a column drum with a clustered capital right: a clustered pier Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 154 Peterborough Cathedral; nave roof
Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral: nave roof detail Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5565 Peterborough Cathedral
north side of the choir
Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral
the choir
Woodmansterne Elfincol or 5562 Peterborough Cathedral south aisle Woo dmans terne, Elfinco lor 5569 Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral north transept Miles Lewis