702831 Development of Western Architecture

Norman architecture COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969

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do not remove this notice the diffusion of the Romanesque

travelling masons (First Romanesque characteristics in France and Spain)

influence through political and cultural linkages (Lombardic characteristics in Germany)

imposition by conquest ( in Britain)

imposition by institutional control (the ) in AD 1173

Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 61 FhNFrench Norman architecture Caen freestone detail at Stow Memorial , Flinders St, Adelaide Miles Lewis Cluny II Church, consecrated 981

Bernay Abbey Church, , 1017-c1040

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 58 Stewart, Early Christian , Byzantine and , p 21 Abbey Church of Nôtre Dame at Jumièges, 1037-66

west front

Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, pl V Abbey Church of Nôtre Dame at Jumièges, 1037-66

looking west

MUAS 15,474 Nôtre Dame, Jumièges: isometric of aisle & gallery

Auguste Choisy, Histoire de l’Architecture (2 vols, Gauthier-Villars, Paris 1899) II, p 192 Jumièges

emerging Norman characteristics sturdiness and simppylicity thick walls and pillars simplified Corinthian capitals more general Romanesque characteristics the square pier with four half-round shafts on the faces painted pillars and wall surfaces the (the middle level of the nave elevation) the tribune gallery over the aisles St-Georges, St.-Martin-de- Boscherville, 1063

NON-LOMBARDIC ARTICULATION

half-shafts, not pilasters brackets under the eave, not tables

windows surrounded by concentric orders rather than layers of blind arcading

K J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl 168 St-Étienne, Abbaye- aux-Hommes, Caen, 1067-81 & later west front

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 71 St-Étienne, Abbaye- aux-Hommes

detail of nave elevation

plan of wall passage at clerestory level

Gantner, L'Art Monumental Roman, pl 151 Geoffrey Webb, Architecture in Britain in the (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1956), p 29 Abbey Church of Lessay, Normandy, c 1090-1136, restored view from the east

Bruce Allsopp, The Study of Architectural History (London 1970), p 30 Ste-Trinité, Abbaye-aux- Dames, Caen, begun 1062 nave interior detail showing wall passage

Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 165 Gustav Künstler, in Europe (London 1969) pl 70 Ste-Trinité, Abbaye-aux-Dames: plan

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture , p 215 &dhes & orders forminggg with full formwork or with a single centering truss R F Jordan, Western Architecture (London 1978), p 102 arch construction a Romanesque arch with two orders, a label mould, and rubble infill a Roman arch, made of solid voussoirs, with an archivolt on the face

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 153 St-Paul, Villiers [undated] entrance in elevation with plan & section details

Talbot Hamlin , Forms and Functions of Twentieth- Century Architecture, I, The Elements of Building (New York 1952), p 314 Saintes-Marie-des-Dames, Saintes (Charente-Maritime), portal, mid-C12th Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 61. typical Romanesque arches

English, with two orders and a label, and a half-round inner order (or roll mould) French with two orders and three-qqguarter round bowtell mouldings

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 161

Saxon architecture in Britain early Saxon had features common in the Dark Ages: porticus, triple-arched screens, triangular arches, monolithic arches,,pggp arches springing from impost mouldings

later Saxon, especially after Danish hegemony in 1013, tends to fall more into the family of Carolingian and Romanesque styles, including Norman influence even prior to the parish church,,, tower, c 950 (top and clock later)

Lancashire Churches: http://www. lancashirechurches. co. uk/Earls%20Barton,%20Northants, %20All%20Saints%202%20big.jpg Earls Barton tower

detail

http://www. northamptonshire.co .uk/gu ides/earlsbarton/ St Mary the Virgin, Sompting, C11th

view of tower

http://www.somptingparish.org.uk /virtual.htm Sompting: arched doorway with roll moulding. MUAS S10,073 St Benet's, Cambridge: detail of tower, probably c 1020, with mid-wall shaft Miles Lewis St-Riqui er, reconst ruct e d vi ew, by Conan t Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl IIA , rebuilt 1055-65 as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry

MUAS 19,227 English Norman Norman plans

Can terbu ry ( La nfra nc), 1071-7

Exeter, 1117

Old Sarum, 1075-1092

Gloucester, 1089-1l28

St Alban's, 1077-8

Chichester 1079

CtbCanterbury (Cd'(Conrad's ), 1090-1110

MUAS 2,764 , 1071-7, 1090-1110, and later: contemporary view Woodman, Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury, , c 1070-1110

Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 203. Canterbury Cathedral; crypt block and cushion capital

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 68 Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 204 capitals in the of Cathedral: scalloped, late C11th; Cathedral: ram’s horn, 1089-1128; Lastingham Priory, Yorkshire: ram's horn, 1088

Pevsner, European Architecture, p 64; Scala 8477, © 1972; Cook, English Abbeys and Priories, pl 3 Characteristic Norman mouldings

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 165 St Mary's Church, Iffley, Oxon, c 1170-80 detail of west doorway with beakhead and chevron mouldings. Miles Lewis , 1072 onwards

C12th detail of carved colonettes, scalloped capita ls, bea khea d & chevron mouldings

Geoffrey Grigson, English (London 1950), pl 134 Lincoln Cathedral

detail of the beakheads

http://www.sacred - destinations.com/england/lincoln -cathedral- pictures/IMG_9529.JPG Lincoln Cathedral: detail of the west portal http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/lincoln-cathedral-pictures/IMG_9533.JPG StStSt Alban' sAlbanss abbeyabbeyabbey churcchurch St Alban's abbey church, 1077-88

the more easterlyyp part of the nave

http://www.beenthere- donethat. org. uk/hertfo rdshire/stalbans31big. html St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piers

Miles Lewis St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piers Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061 Miles Lewis; Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57 St Alban' s Abbey Church: original plan

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 28 SAlbSt Albans view north across the arches in the east wall of the south

Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 151A5 Miles Lewis St Alban's tower from the south-west

Miles Lewis

Winchester Cathedral, and tower of 1079-95 half-section & view

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, pl 33. Walton, no 1 Winc hest er Ca the dra l north transept

Miles Lewis MUAS 2,496 Gloucest tGlter, Chic hes tChihter &&& the development of the clustered pier , 1089-1128: plan

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 30. Gloucester Cathedral: view of the nave Scala 8472, © 1972. Gloucester Cathedral

detail of the nave wall

Scala 8475, © 1972 : nave looking east, 1114 & later MUAS 4,262

Durham Cathedral, 1093-1138 Scala 8424, © 1972 , looking south-east across the cloister Scala 8425, © 1972 Durham Cathedral: plan

MUAS 9,731 Galilee PhPorch

cloister Chapel of the Nine Altars

Durham: plan later extensions and ancillary structures Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 231 DhDurham CthdlCathedral intersecting arcading of choir aisle, with restored paintwork Miles Lewis Durham Cathedral: nave view & detail Scala 8426, © 1972; MUAS 15,215 Durham abutting wall above the aisles

Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 401 Durham Cathedral: the Galilee Porch, C12th Scala 8428, © 1972. parihihish chhhhhurches St Peter's, Tickencote, c 1160 Miles Lewis St Peter's, Tickencote: the east end Miles Lewis St Peter's, Tickencote: the chancel arch Miles Lewis Norman parish church plans MUAS 10,083 Sts Mary & David, , Hereford, C12th: interior looking east http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28180 Kilpeck, from the south http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28274 Kilpeck, the apse http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28235 Kilpeck, two (nos 2 and 3 of the south chancel wall ) http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28222 Kilpeck: south door head http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28197 Kilpeck: capital from the south doorway http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28184 Peterborou gh

Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 29A7 (316) , 1118-1193, west front completed 1220 details of the westwork from south and north Miles Lewis PtPeter boroug hCthdlh Cathedral: sou thflkth flank Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral: south transept Miles Lewis completion to 1125

original OIR westwork apse HH completed

1220 TROC EE R

PtPeter boroug hCthdlh Cathedral Alec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England (London 1967), p 271 Peterborough Cathedral

nave

Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5561 Peterborough Cathedral north nave wall

MUAS 2,977

clustered pier unresolved junction of orders and shaft colonette on the face of a pier alternating square and round piers Romanesque and piers left: a drum with a clustered capital right: a clustered pier Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 154 Peterborough Cathedral; nave roof

Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral: nave roof detail Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5565 Peterborough Cathedral

north side of the choir

Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral

the choir

Woodmansterne Elfincol or 5562 Peterborough Cathedral south aisle Woo dmans terne, Elfinco lor 5569 Miles Lewis Peterborough Cathedral north transept Miles Lewis