Information for Authors

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine considers any original research contribution that advocates change in or illuminates clinical practice and informative reviews on any topic connected with respiratory medicine and critical care. Because the journal has an international readership from a wide range of specialties, it is vital that articles should be written clearly and should not assume a level of knowledge above that of, say, a reasonably well-read, junior doctor. One way to find out if your article is understandable to those reading outside their immediate field of interest is to show the manuscript to colleagues in other specialties. If they find it difficult to follow, so will a good proportion of the readership of The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. Wherever possible, figures and good quality photographs (colour or black and white) should be used to supplement and to enhance the text. Further details on the different sections of The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, and how to submit to the journal, are provided below. If you require further clarification, the journal’s editorial staff will be pleased to help ([email protected] ).

Manuscripts must be solely the work of the author(s) stated, must not have been previously published elsewhere, and must not be under consideration by another journal. The Lancet journals are signatories of the Recommendations for the Conduct, Recommendations for the Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals, issued by the International Committee of Medical Conduct, Reporting, Editing, Journal Editors (ICMJE Recommendations), and to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) code of conduct for editors. We and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals follow COPE’s guidelines. http://www.icmje.org

How to submit your paper First submissions to The Lancet Respiratory Medicine should­ COPE Core Practices Manuscript submission https://publicationethics.org/ include: core-practices Manuscript submission to all Lancet journals is free. Manuscripts 1 Covering letter should be submitted online via the The Lancet Respiratory Medicine’s 2 Manuscript including tables and panels online submission and peer review website (known as EM) at www. 3 Figures editorialmanager.com/thelancetrm 4 Author statement form (see next section) 5 Declaration of interests and source of funding statements • Simply log on to EM and follow the on-screen instructions for all (see next section) submissions 6 In-press papers—one copy of each with acceptance letters • If you have not used EM before, you will need to register first. In 7 Protocols and CONSORT details for randomised controlled EM, the corresponding author is the person who enters the trials (see Articles) manuscript details and uploads the submission files 8 We encourage disclosure of correspondence from other • Inclusion of illustrations (eg, photographs, graphs, diagrams) is a journals and reviewers, if previously submitted, and we prerequisite for many publication types. Submission of original might contact relevant editors of such journals and editable artwork files is encouraged. Digital photography 9 Research in Context panel, for all primary research Articles files should have a resolution of at least 300 dpi and be at least 107 mm wide. Before and after images should be taken with the Covering letter same intensity, direction, and colour of light • You should upload your covering letter at the • In almost all cases, if you have a finished manuscript, you should “Enter Comments” stage of the online submission process submit it, rather than contacting The Lancet Respiratory Medicine • Use the covering letter to explain why your paper should be to enquire whether an unseen manuscript is likely to be accepted. published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine rather than elsewhere Unless you have been asked by the Editor to submit by email, you • It is helpful to indicate what could shorten your paper—the full should use the online system for all types of submission, paper can be reviewed and a shorter version published; a table or including Correspondence figure, details of a DNA sequence, or further references, for • If you have any technical problems or questions, please contact example, can be published on our website or made available our dedicated customer support: from the authors

For the Americas: +1 888 8347287 (09:00 to 17:00 Statements, permissions, and signatures central standard time) Authors and contributors For Asia and Pacific: +81 3 55615032 (09:30 to 17:30 • Designated authors should meet all four criteria for authorship Japan standard time) in the ICMJE Recommendations ICMJE Recommendations For Europe and rest of the world: +44 1865 843577 • All authors, and all contributors (including medical writers and http://www.icmje.org (08:30 to 17:00 GMT) editors), should specify their individual contributions at the end For Chinese-speaking customers: +86 10 85208780 of the text (9:00 to 17:30 China standard time) • We require that more than one author has verified the For Spanish-speaking customers: +34 932 406176 underlying data. The contributors statement should state who (09:00 to 17:00 GMT) those authors are. For French-speaking customers: +33 171 165608 • All authors should confirm that they had full access to all the data (09:00 to 17:00 GMT) in the study and accept responsibility to submit for publication Email: [email protected] • We encourage collaboration and coauthorship with colleagues in the locations where the research is conducted www.thelancet.com August 2021 Information for Authors

• The Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial to provide the journal with any such agreements in confidence. claims in institutional affiliations • At the end of the text, under a subheading “Declaration of • When choosing coauthors, we ask lead authors to be mindful of interests”, all authors must disclose any financial and personal the benefits of diversity in authorship and to consider inviting relationships with other people or organisations, even if it does not coauthors who reflect diversity in every sense, including (but not directly relate to the submitted work. Examples of financial conflicts limited to) background, career-stage, gender, geography, and race include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, • The Lancet Respiratory Medicine will not publish any paper unless paid expert testimony, patents or patent applications, and travel we have the signatures of all authors grants, all within 3 years of beginning the work submitted. If there Author statement form • We suggest you use the author statement form and upload the are no conflicts of interest, authors should state that none exist https://www.thelancet. signed copy with your submission • All authors are required to provide a Conflict of Interest Statement com/for-authors/ • Please include written consent of any cited individual(s) noted in and should complete a standard form, which is available at https:// forms?section=tlrm-author-sig acknowledgments or personal communications www.thelancet.com/for-authors/forms?section=icmje-coi. The • For author groups of more than 30 members, we encourage use form has been modified by the ICMJE following consultation with of a collaborator or study group for any additional authors. For authors and editors. Further information is available in a joint this collaborator or study group, if they wish to be indexed to the ICMJE statement published on July 1, 2010. For more information paper, please provide a separate document with a table of first see Lancet 2009; 374: 1395–96. names and surnames of all members of the group (this is to ensure • For Comments, Personal Views, and Reviews, The Lancet that PubMed and similar databases encode the names correctly). Respiratory Medicine will not publish if an author, within the past 3 years, and with a relevant company or competitor, has Forms and signatures any stocks or shares, equity, a contract of employment, or a For Reviews, Personal Views, Comments, and Correspondence, named position on a company board; or has been asked by any we require you to upload your forms at submission. For original organisation other than The Lancet Respiratory Medicine to research (Articles), we will request these forms after peer review. The write, be named on, or to submit the paper (see Lancet 2004; following signed statements are required: 363: 2–3) ICMJE COI form • Authors’ contributions https://www.thelancet. • Conflicts of interest statements(ICMJE forms) Role of the funding source com/for-authors/ • Statements of role, if any, of medical writer or editor • All sources of funding should be declared as an forms?section=icmje-coi • Acknowledgments—written consent of cited individual acknowledgment at the end of the text Joint ICMJE statement • Personal communications—written consent of cited individual • At the end of the Methods section, under a subheading “Role of https://www.thelancet.com/ • Use of copyright-protected material—signed permission the funding source”, authors must describe the role of the study for-authors/forms?section=icmje- statements from author and publisher sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis, and statement These statements can be scanned and submitted electronically with interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the your submission. Please note that The Lancet journals will accept decision to submit the paper for publication hand-signed and electronic (typewritten) signatures. • If there is no Methods section, the role of the funding source should be stated as an acknowledgment. If the funding source Declaration of interests had no such involvement, the authors should state this A conflict of interest exists when professional judgement concerning a primary interest (such as patients’ welfare or validity of research) may Role of medical writer or editor be influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain). Financial • If a medical writer or editor was involved in the creation of your relationships are easily identifiable, but conflicts can also occur because manuscript, we need a signed statement from the corresponding of personal relationships or rivalries, academic competition, or author to include their name and information about funding of intellectual beliefs. A conflict can be actual or potential, and full this person disclosure to the Editor of all relationships is a requisite. Purposeful • This information should be added to the Acknowledgments or failure to disclose conflicts is a form of misconduct and might lead to Contributors section publication of a correction or even to retraction. All submissions to The • We require signed statements from any medical writers or editors Lancet Respiratory Medicine must include disclosure of all relationships declaring that they have given permission to be named as an in which there is a potential or actual conflict of interest, even if it not author, as a contributor, or in the Acknowledgments section directly relevant to the submitted work. The Editor may use such information as a basis for editorial decisions and will publish all Patients’ consent and permission to publish disclosures that authors declare on their conflict of interests form. It is • Studies on patients or volunteers need approval from an ethics the corresponding author’s responsibility to check that all declarations committee and informed consent from participants. These made by authors on their conflicts of interest form are included at the should be documented in your paper end of the manuscript. Agreements between authors and study • If there is an unavoidable risk of breach of privacy—eg, in a clinical sponsors that interfere with authors’ access to all of a study’s data, or photograph or in case details—the patient’s written consent to Patient Consent form that interfere with their ability to analyse and interpret the data and to publication, or that of the next of kin, must be obtained using http://www.thelancet.com/ prepare and publish manuscripts independently, may represent The Lancet Respiratory Medicine patient consent form. Do not pb/assets/raw/Lancet/authors/ conflicts of interest, and should be avoided. Authors may be required use “blackout” bars or similar devices to anonymise patients in lancet-consent-form.pdf

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clinical images: if you have taken consent appropriately masking guidelines and their protocols must be described according to is not needed the SPIRIT-AI Extension guidelines • To respect your patient’s privacy, please do not send the consent • To find reporting guidelines see:http://www.equator- WHO’s International Clinical form to us. Instead, we require you to complete the patient network.org Trial Registry Platform consent section of the author statement form • When using a study group, collaborator group, or Consortia http://www.who.int/ictrp/ • US authors should ensure HIPAA compliance instead of authors’ names, please be aware that individuals’ network/trds/en/index.html names will not explicitly appear when your published Article Clinical trials Types of article and manuscript requirements is uploaded to MEDLINE/PubMed. Your Article will still be http://clinicaltrials.gov Please ensure that anything you submit to The Lancet Respiratory Medicine discoverable via a search for a specific named author, but only ICMJE recommendations http://icmje.org/ follows the guidelines provided for each article type. For instruction on the collective name given to the study will appear on that recommendations/browse/ how to format the text of your paper, including tables, figures, panels, platform. If you need more information, please contact us. publishing-and-editorial-issues/ and references, please see our Formatting guidelines. clinical-trial-registration.html All Articles should, as relevant: CONSORT 2010 guidelines Red section (Articles) • Be up to 3500 words (4500 for randomised controlled trials) with http://www.consort- statement.org/consort-2010 Articles 30 references (the word count is for the manuscript text only) Formatting guidelines for • The Lancet Respiratory Medicine prioritises reports of original • Include an abstract (semistructured summary), with five paragraphs randomised trials research that are likely to change clinical practice or thinking (Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation, and Funding), not https://www.thelancet.com/ • We invite submission of all clinical trials, whether phase 1, 2, 3, or 4. exceeding 250 words. Our electronic submission system will ask you for-authors/forms?section=rct For phase 1 trials, we consider those of a novel treatment for a to copy and paste this section at the “Submit Abstract” stage CONSORT extended guidelines novel indication, if there is a strong or unexpected beneficial or • For randomised trials, the abstract should adhere to CONSORT http://www.consort-statement. adverse response, or a novel mechanism of action extensions: abstracts (see Lancet 2008; 371: 281–83) org/extensions/extensions/ • We encourage the registration of all interventional trials, • When reporting Kaplan-Meier survival data, at each timepoint, STARD guidelines http://www.equator-network. whether early or late phase, in a primary register that participates authors must include numbers at risk, and are encouraged to org/reporting-guidelines/stard/ in WHO’s International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (see Lancet include the number of censored patients. STROBE statement 2007; 369: 1909–11) or in ClinicalTrials.gov, in accord with • For intervention studies, the abstract should include the primary http://www.strobe-statement. ICMJE recommendations. We also encourage full public outcome expressed as the difference between groups with a org/ disclosure of the minimum 21-item trial registration dataset at confidence interval on that difference (absolute differences are STREGA guidelines the time of registration and before recruitment of the first more useful than relative ones). Secondary outcomes can be http://www.equator-network. org/reporting-guidelines/ participant (see Lancet 2006; 367: 1631–35). The registry must included as long as they are clearly marked as secondary and all strobe-strega/ be independent of for-profit interest such outcomes are reported PRISMA guidelines • Reports of trials must conform to CONSORT 2010 guidelines • Use the recommended international non-proprietary name http://www.prisma-statement. and should be submitted with their protocols (rINN) for drug names. Ensure that the dose, route, and org/ • All reports of randomised trials should include sections entitled frequency of administration of any drug you mention are correct Formatting guidelines for meta-analyses Randomisation and masking and Outcomes, within the Methods • Use gene names approved by the Human Gene Organisation. https://www.thelancet. section. Please refer to The Lancet’s formatting guidelines for Novel gene sequences should be deposited in a public database com/for-authors/ randomised trials. (GenBank, EMBL, or DDBJ), and the accession number provided. forms?section=meta-analysis • Cluster-randomised trials must be reported according to Authors of microarray papers should include in their GATHER statement http://www.thelancet.com/ CONSORT extended guidelines submission the information recommended by the journals/lancet/article/ • Randomised trials that report harms must be described MIAME guidelines. Authors should also submit their PIIS0140-6736(16)30388-9/ according to extended CONSORT guidelines experimental details to one of the publicly available databases: fulltext • Studies of diagnostic accuracy must be reported according to ArrayExpress or GEO Human Gene Organisation STARD guidelines • Include any necessary additional data as part of your http://www.genenames.org/ • Observational studies (cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional EM submission MIAME guidelines designs) must be reported according to the STROBE statement, • All accepted Articles should include a link to the full study http://fged.org/projects/ miame/ and should be submitted with their protocols protocol published on the authors’ institutional website Array and GEO • We encourage the registration of all observational studies on a (see Lancet 2009; 373: 992 and Lancet 2010; 375: 348) http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ WHO-compliant registry (see Lancet 2010; 375: 348) • We encourage researchers to enrol women and ethnic groups microarray-as/ae/ • Genetic association studies must be reported according to into clinical trials of all phases, and to plan to analyse data by sex http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. STREGA guidelines and by race gov/geo • Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported • For all study types, we encourage correct use of the terms sex CONSORT-AI Extension guidelines according to PRISMA guidelines. Please refer to The Lancet’s (when reporting biological factors) and gender (when reporting https://doi.org/10.1016/ formatting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. identity, psychosocial, or cultural factors). Where possible, report S2589-7500(20)30218-1 • Reports of studies of global health estimates should be the sex and/or gender of study participants, and describe the SPRIT-AI Extension guidelines reported according to the GATHER statement (see Lancet 2016; methods used to determine sex and gender. Separate reporting https://doi.org/10.1016/ 388: e19–23) of data by demographic variables, such as age and sex, facilitates S2589-7500(20)30219-3 • Clinical trials that report interventions using artificial intelligence pooling of data for subgroups across studies and should be To find reporting guidelines, see must be described according to the CONSORT-AI Extension routine, unless inappropriate. Discuss the influence or http://www.equator-network. org www.thelancet.com August 2021 Information for Authors

association of variables, such as sex and/or gender, on your without investigator support, after approval of a proposal, with findings, where appropriate, and the limitations of the data. a signed data access agreement - or any additional restrictions). See table for examples. Clinical trials that begin enrolling participants Putting research into context on or after Jan 1, 2019, must include a data sharing plan in the trial’s • All research papers (including systematic reviews/meta-analyses) registration. If the data sharing plan changes after registration, this submitted to any journal in The Lancet family must include a panel should be reflected in the statement submitted and published, and MENDELEY data putting their research into context with previous work in the format updated in the registry record. Mendeley Data is a secure online https://data.mendeley.com outlined below (see Lancet 2014; 384: 2176–77, for the original repository for research data, permitting archiving of any file type and rationale). This panel should not contain references. Editors will use assigning a permanent and unique digital object identifier (DOI) so this information at the first assessment stage and peer reviewers that the files can be easily referenced. If authors wish to share their will be specifically asked to check the content and accuracy supporting data, and have not already made alternative arrangements, • The Discussion section should contain a full description and a Mendeley DOI can be referred to in the data sharing statement. discussion of the context. Authors are also invited to either report their own, up-to-date systematic review or cite a recent systematic Blue section (Comment, Correspondence, News, review of other trials, putting their trial into context of the review Media Watch, Spotlight) Editorial Research in context • Editorials are the voice of The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, and are Evidence before this study written in-house by the journal’s editorial-writing team and This section should briefly include a description of all the signed “The Lancet Respiratory Medicine” evidence that the authors considered before undertaking this study. Authors should briefly state: the sources (databases, Comment journal or book reference lists, etc) searched; the criteria used • This section contains commentaries that accompany papers to include or exclude studies (including the exact start and end published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine or on issues of dates of the search), which should not be limited to English wide-reaching concern in respiratory medicine and critical language publications; the search terms used; the quality (risk care. Comments linked to policy decisions are welcomed. Most of bias) of that evidence; and the pooled estimate derived from commentaries are commissioned, but unsolicited com­ meta-analysis of the evidence, if appropriate. mentaries (no more than 750 words, ten references, and one Added value of this study figure, panel, or small table) are also welcome. Commentaries Authors should describe here how their findings add value to may be peer reviewed the existing evidence. • At the Editor’s discretion, commentaries may be shortened in Implications of all the available evidence the interests of space Authors should state the implications for practice or policy • The place to respond to something we have published is in our and future research of their study combined with existing Correspondence section evidence. • See Conflicts of Interest guidelines for comments Research in context panels should not contain references; key studies mentioned here should be referenced in the main text. Correspondence • Letters should be written in response to previous content published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Data sharing • Letters for publication in the journal online must reach us within From September 21, 2020, all submitted research Articles must 4 weeks of publication of the original item and should be no contain a data sharing statement, to be included at the end of the longer than 400 words manuscript. Data sharing statements must include: • Letters of general interest, unlinked to items published in the • Whether data collected for the study, including individual journal, can be up to 400 words long participant data and a data dictionary defining each field in • Correspondence letters are not usually peer reviewed, but we the set, will be made available to others (“undecided” is not an might invite replies from the authors of the original publication, acceptable answer); or pass on letters to these authors • What data will be made available (deidentified participant • Only one table or figure is permitted, and there should be no data, participant data with identifiers, data dictionary, or other more than five references and five authors specified data set); • All accepted letters are edited, and may be shortened in the • Whether additional, related documents will be available (eg, interest of space. Proofs will be sent out to authors before study protocol, statistical analysis plan, informed consent form); publication • When these data will be available (beginning and end date, or “with publication”, as applicable); News • Where the data will be made available (including complete URLs • Most of the writers of News articles are professional journalists, or email addresses if relevant); but an important event in your country that might be of wider • By what access criteria data will be shared (including with whom, interest can be brought to the attention of our News editors via for what types of analyses, by what mechanism – eg, with or [email protected]

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Spotlight papers should include about five illustrations, tables, and figures • Readers with an interest in contributing book, film, TV, to aid the reader exhibition, or web reviews should contact the Editor via [email protected]. In general, these submissions Personal Views should be between 350 and 400 words. • These should be around 3000 words in length, with a maximum • The Lancet Respiratory Medicine also encourages the submission of of 75 references feature pieces for this section. These should be up to 1000 words and • These opinion pieces may reflect an individual perspective and can be on any topic related to respiratory medicine or critical care. must be prepared in a similar way to a Review article This section is used to shine a light on a neglected area or highlight • Unsolicited contributions are welcome, but please contact the and discuss crucial issues in respiratory medicine and healthcare Editor ([email protected]) before submission to ensure that the proposed topic is suitable for the journal Corrections • Any substantial error in any article published in The Lancet Commissions Respiratory Medicine should be corrected as soon as possible. • Topics for The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Commissions are selected Blame is not apportioned; the important thing is to set the by our editors, who work with academic partners to identify the record straight. most pressing issues in science, medicine, and global health with • The Lancet journals have a policy for types of errors that we do the aim of producing recommendations to change public policy or For The Lancet journals’ policy on and do not correct. We will always correct any error affecting a improve practice. Projects usually last 2–3 years, and author groups corrections of errors see non-proprietory drug name, dose, or unit, any numerical error in will represent a broad range of international expertise. All The https://www.thelancet. com/for-authors/ the results, or any factual error in the interpretation of results. Lancet Respiratory Medicine Commissions are academic publications forms?section=correction Authorship format changes after publication to facilitate a and are subject to the same rigorous peer review process as different visualisation in MEDLINE/PubMed will not be done. all other research papers published in our journals. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine does not provide direct financial support to Green section (Reviews, Personal Views, Commissioners for the research or writing of the reports. Funding Commissions) is sought directly by authors, with oversight from our editors. Reviews • Reviews may be commissioned or submitted unsolicited, Formatting guidelines although in the latter case it would be wise to send the Editor a Language one-page outline first [email protected]( ) to • Manuscripts should be submitted in English. Authors writing in ensure that a review on the same subject has not already been Chinese, Portuguese, or Spanish may wish to use the Webshop commissioned. If you have already written the paper, please (http://webshop.elsevier.com/languageservices) to provide an submit it for consideration via our online system English translation of their manuscript for submission. • Complete transparency about the choice of material included is important to any Review paper. Therefore, all Reviews should Title page include a brief section entitled “Search strategy and selection • A brief title, author name(s), preferred degree (one only), criteria” stating the sources (including databases, MeSH and free affiliation(s), and full address(es) of the authors must be text search terms and filters, and reference lists from journals or included. The name and address of the corresponding author books) of the material covered, and the criteria used to include or should be separately and clearly indicated with email and exclude studies. Citations to papers published in non-peer- telephone details. reviewed supplements are discouraged. Since these papers should be comprehensive, we encourage citation of publications Formatting of text Formatting guidelines for text, in non-English languages. An example is shown below: • Type a single space at the end of each sentence tables, and figures • Do not use bold face for emphasis within text Guidelines on formatting of text, tables, and figures can be found at Search strategy and selection criteria • We use a comma before the final “and” or “or” in a list of items https://www.thelancet.com/ • Type decimal points midline (ie, 23·4, not 23.4). To create a pb/assets/raw/Lancet//authors/ References for this review were identified through searches of midline decimal on a PC: hold down ALT key and type 0183 on artwork-guidelines.pdf PubMed for articles published from January, 1971, to June, 2019, the number pad, or on a Mac: ALT shift 9 by use of the terms “COPD”, “hyperinflation”, “exacerbation”, • Numbers one to ten are written out in words unless they are used and “phenotype”. Relevant articles published between 1918 and as a unit of measurement, except in figures and tables 1920 were identified through searches in the authors’ personal • Use single hard-returns to separate paragraphs. Do not use tabs files, in Google Scholar, and Springer Online Archives Collection. or indents to start a paragraph. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references • Do not use the automated features of your software, such as cited in those articles were reviewed. Articles published in hyphenation, endnotes, headers, or footers (especially for English, French, and German were included. references). Please use page numbering. • Guidelines on formatting tables are available in the artwork • Reviews should be 4500 words, with a maximum of 75 references. guidelines A 150 word unstructured summary should be included. These www.thelancet.com August 2021 Information for Authors

References files, we would prefer text to be exported “as text” rather than • Cite references in the text sequentially in the “as objects”, which is especially crucial for files such as forest Vancouver numbering style, as a superscripted number after any plots in which there is a lot of text punctuation mark. For example: • If your figures are annotated, please supply two copies of each of "…as reported by Saito and colleagues.15” these figures as separate files (one annotated copy and one non- • Two references are cited separated by a comma, with no space. annotated and editable copy). Our in-house illustrators will Three or more consecutive references are given as a range with an annotate according to journal style using the annotated figures en rule. To create an en rule on a PC: hold down CTRL key and minus as a guide. For multi-part figures, please supply the individual sign on the number pad, or on a Mac: ALT hyphen. parts as well as a combined version to be used as a guide for our • References in tables, figures, and panels should be in numerical illustrators to recreate the files order according to where the item is cited in the text • Images that have been published previously should be • Here is an example for a journal reference (note the use of tab, accompanied by a statement indicating permission to reproduce bold, italic, and the en rule or “long” hyphen): the image. If required, further assistance can be obtained from “15[tab]Saito N, Ebara S, Ohotsuka K, Kumeta the editorial team. If you have used previously published images, J, Takaoka K. Natural history of scoliosis in spastic you must obtain permission from the copyright holder of the cerebral palsy. Lancet 1998; 351: 1687–[en rule]92.” paper, which might be the authors or the publisher. If all the • Give any subpart to the title of the article. Journal names are figures are your own and have not been published before, then Index Medicus abbreviated in their standard form as in Index Medicus this requirement does not apply http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ • If there are six authors or fewer, give all six in the form: surname space initials comma Guidelines for supplementary material • If there are seven or more give the first three in the same way, All material should be submitted as one PDF (with a table of contents followed by et al and numbered pages) with the paper and will be peer reviewed. • For a book, give any editors and the publisher, the city of Material will be published at the discretion of The Lancet journals’ publication, and year of publication editors. For clinical trials, we encourage authors to include a copy of • For a chapter or section of a book, also give the authors and title the study protocol. All material should be provided in English. of the section, and the page numbers • For online material, please cite the URL, together with the date Text you accessed the website • Main heading for the web extra material should be in 12 point • Online journal articles can be cited using the DOI number Times New Roman font BOLD • Do not put references in the Summary • Text should be in 10 point Times New Roman font, single spaced Figures • Headings should be in 10 point BOLD Our in-house illustrators redraw most figures into Lancet style. The quality of the files we receive from authors has a direct effect on Tables the accuracy and time taken to prepare figures that are suitable for • Main table heading should be in 10 point Times New Roman publication. font BOLD We have different criteria for photographic and illustrative files, the • Legends should be in 10 point, single spaced following notes are a summary of our ideal requirements, but a • Tables should be in 8 point Times New Roman font, single detailed description is in the artwork guidelines spaced • For images (photographs or photographic images) that are used • Headings within tables should be in 8 point BOLD as part of illustration or image composite figures we require a file that is no less than 300 dpi when set at its final printed size. Data Ideal file formats are TIF or JPG • Numbers in text and tables should always be provided if • For trial profiles, study profiles, and CONSORT diagrams, please % is shown supply as an editable flow diagram in Word (.doc) or PowerPoint • Means should be accompanied by SDs, and medians by IQR (.ppt) file • p values should be given to two significant figures, unless • For illustrations (all non-photographic line-work and general p<0·0001 drawing) we require editable vector files that contain selectable Drug names geometry and fonts (editable text). The editability of files Drug names For more on neuroscience- depends on the package they were created in, but as a rule we • Recommended international non-proprietary name (rINN) is based nomenclature see would prefer to receive any of the following: Adobe Illustrator required http://www.thelancet. com/pdfs/journals/lanpsy/ (.ai) file; Adobe Illustrator or generic .eps files exported from a • We encourage use of neuroscience-based nomenclature for PIIS2215-0366(17)30098-6.pdf graphics program; vector-based PDF, PowerPoint, or Word file; psychotropic drugs or SVG file. If authors are unable to supply files in any these formats, our in-house illustrators can offer guidance on whether References it is more economical to export or convert the file into another • Vancouver style—eg, format, or to redraw from scratch. When files are exported to eps Smith A, Jones B, Clements S. Clinical transplantation

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of tissue-engineered airway. Lancet 2008; Respiratory Medicine or that are available as a preprint. The 372: 1201–09. important steps of thorough peer review and experienced Hourigan P. Ankle injuries. In: Chan D, ed. Sports editorial scrutiny and guidance, together with putting research medicine. London: Elsevier, 2008: 230–47. findings into a wider context and highlighting implications for • Numbered in order of mention in appendix and numbered clinical practice, will make the final published paper in The Lancet separately from references in the full paper Respiratory Medicine very different to the submitted or preprint version. Coverage that results from pre-publication Figures communication can impact media interest at the time of • All images must have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi, publication and our ability to support responsible journalism width 107 mm • For more information on Preprints with The Lancet, please see • Main figure heading should be in 10 point Times New Roman www.thelancet.com/preprints. For additional questions font BOLD regarding media, please contact [email protected] • Legends should be in 10 point, single spaced Fast-track publication Audio/video material • All Articles judged eligible for consideration by the journal’s staff • The paper to which the audio or video clip relates should be will be peer-reviewed within 72 h and, if accepted, published in mentioned in the recording 4–8 weeks • Audio clip and video files should be accompanied with brief text • All accepted Articles will be published online (Online First explaining the content of the audio, names of interviewers/ Publication) before appearing in the print journal interviewees, date of recording, and place of recording if relevant • The online article does not differ from the version subsequently • Written consent from all parties must be supplied at submission published in print and is citable by the DOI assigned at the time of online publication Audio • All other manuscripts will be peer-reviewed via our standard process • Audio material submitted as an mp3 file, no larger than 50 Mb • See Articles section for manuscript requirements • Your paper may be selected for a podcast. 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journals’ media relations team will contact you with detailed All requests for reprints should be addressed to the Reprints instructions about the embargo for your paper, and will provide a Department in the Oxford office: + 44 [0]1865 843845, email draft press release for your comments ahead of the publication date. [email protected] If your institute or funder are planning to press release your paper, please let your Assistant Editor know in the first instance, and they Data storage will provide you with details on The Lancet’s press release policy, Authors may be required to provide the raw data for research papers embargo dates, and how to receive finalised PDFs of your paper to when they are under review and up to 10 years after publication in share with journalists. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.

Author interview Copyright and reuse Your paper may be selected for a podcast. If so, the Web Editor will • Authors will be asked to sign a transfer of copyright contact you to arrange a pre-recorded interview to discuss your agreement, which recognises the common interest that both paper. For more information, see Audio. journal and author(s) have in the protection of copyright. We Audio accept that some authors (eg, government employees in http://www.thelancet.com/ audio Offprints and Reprints some countries) are unable to transfer copyright. Following publication in an issue, the corresponding author will • Gold open access articles are published under Creative receive, at no cost, a customised Share Link providing 50 days free Commons licensing, which enables authors to retain access to the final published version of an Article, Meta-analysis, copyright while allowing others to copy, distribute, and Review, or Personal View on ScienceDirect. The Share Link can be make some uses of their work, provided full credit is given to used for sharing the article via any communication channel, them as originators. Authors will be offered a choice of two including email and social media, for personal use. Corresponding licences (CC BY or CC BY-NC-ND) depending on whether or authors who have published their article gold open access do not not they wish to allow others to make commercial reuse of receive a Share Link because their final published version of the their work and/or alter their work in the course of its reuse. article is available as an open access article on ScienceDirect and at Authors will be asked to sign an exclusive publishing www.thelancet.com and can be shared through the article DOI agreement with Elsevier to publish the work or, if the article link. Commercial use of Share Links is not allowed under the is to be published under a CC BY license or for some following situations: government employees, a non-exclusive publishing • For commercial gain without a formal agreement with agreement. Elsevier. For example, reuse of the full-text of the article, with • For Creative Commons licensing see http://creativecommons. or without association with bespoke advertising, by org/licenses/. providing hosting services to other repositories or to other • All requests to reproduce or make available anything in the organisations (including where an otherwise non- journal—in whole or in part, in electronic or in any other form, commercial site or repository provides a service to other including translation—should be made through Elsevier. For Permission guidelines organisations or agencies) or charging fees for document more information, please visit https://www.elsevier.com/ https://www.elsevier.com/ about/policies/copyright/ delivery or access about/policies/copyright/permissions. permissions • As an alternative for services already provided directly by The • For general permissions queries please visit the Permissions For Permissions Helpdesk Lancet or by Elsevier. For example, article aggregation, Helpdesk Support Center. Support Center see systematic distribution of articles via emails lists or share http://service.elsevier.com/ buttons, posting, indexing, or linking for promotional or Responsible sharing app/contact/supporthub/ permissions-helpdesk/ marketing activities, by commercial companies for use by The Lancet supports responsible sharing. We recognise that their customers or the intended target audiences of such authors want to share their papers and we encourage this. Find out companies (such as, pharmaceutical companies, or health- how you can share your paper here. Responsible sharing care professionals or physician-prescribers) http://www.elsevier.com/ sharing-articles

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