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Improving Time- and Cost-Efficiency in Doping Analysis ISBN 978-87-7209-334-5 Amalie Solheim Sara Improving time- and cost-efficiency in doping analysis time- and cost-efficiency Improving Improving time- and cost-efficiency in doping analysis PhD Thesis Sara Amalie Solheim December 2019 UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE Improving time- and cost-efficiency in doping analysis PhD thesis Sara Amalie Solheim This thesis has been submitted to the PhD School of the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen ImprovingImproving time time-- and and cost cost-efficiency-efficiency in indoping doping analysis analysis PhDPhD thesis thesis 2019 2019 © © Sara Sara Amalie Amalie Solheim Solheim / ISBN: DepartmentPrinted by: of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports FacultyFront & of back Science cover design: Ditte Toft Clausen, Anti Doping Denmark University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SupervisorsFaculty of Science , AssociateUniversity Professor of Copenhagen, Nikolai Baastrup Copenhagen, Nordsborg Denmark Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Supervisors Associate Professor Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg Dr. Jakob Mørkeberg Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Dr. Yvette Dehnes Dr. Jakob Mørkeberg Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway AssessmentDr. Yvette Dehnescommittee AssociateNorwegian Professor Doping Thomas Control Elbenhardt Laboratory, Jensen (chairman) DepartmentOslo University of Nutrition, Hospital, Exercise Oslo, Norway and Sport s, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Assessment committee Dr.Associate Jenny Schulze Professor Thomas Elbenhardt Jensen (chairman) SDepartmentwedish Anti- Doping,of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SwedishUniversity Sports of Copenhagen, Confederation, Copenhagen, Stockholm, SwedenDenmark ProfDr. essorJenny Per Schulze Aaagaard Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics Swedish Anti-Doping, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden ISBN 978-87-7209-334-5 PrintedProfessor by SLPer grafik, Aaagaard Frederiksberg, Denmark (slgrafik.dk) Front & back cover design by Ditte Toft Clausen, Anti Doping Denmark Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics 2 University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 2 Improving time- and cost-efficiency in doping analysis PhD thesis 2019 © Sara Amalie Solheim / ISBN: Table of contents Printed by: LIST OF PAPERS ......................................................................................................................... 5 Front & back cover design: Ditte Toft Clausen, Anti Doping Denmark ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 6 Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 7 Faculty of Science, RESUMÉ ....................................................................................................................................... 8 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 9 Supervisors Associate Professor Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 10 Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 1.1 Performance-enhancing effects of testosterone ................................................................................................... 10 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 1.1.1 Ergogenic effects of long-term and short-term testosterone administration ..................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Acute performance-enhancing effects of testosterone ........................................................................................................... 12 Dr. Jakob Mørkeberg 1.2 Performance-enhancing effects of clenbuterol .................................................................................................... 14 Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark 1.2.1 Ergogenic effects of long-term clenbuterol administration................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Ergogenic effects of acute clenbuterol administration ........................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Dr. Yvette Dehnes Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, 1.3 Actual or potential health risk ............................................................................................................................. 16 Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 1.4 Indirect detection of doping with testosterone and its synthetic analogues ....................................................... 16 1.4.1 Steroid profile ................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Assessment committee 1.4.2 Evaluation of the steroid profile ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Associate Professor Thomas Elbenhardt Jensen (chairman) 1.4.3 Future possibilities ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 1.5 Direct detection of doping with testosterone and its synthetic analogues .......................................................... 21 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 1.6 Detection of doping with clenbuterol .................................................................................................................. 22 Dr. Jenny Schulze 1.7 Biological matrices in doping analysis ................................................................................................................ 23 Swedish Anti-Doping, 1.7.1 Microvolume dried matrices........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden 1.7.2 Detectability of testosterone esters and clenbuterol in DBS/DPS ...................................................................................... 29 1.8 Applicability to anti-doping: objectives ............................................................................................................... 30 Professor Per Aaagaard Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 33 University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 2.1 Acute performance-enhancing effects of testosterone in humans ....................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Acute ergogenic effects of testosterone administration on muscular strength .................................................................. 33 2 3 2.1.2 Acute ergogenic effects of testosterone administration on sprint performance................................................................ 34 2.1.3 Acute ergogenic effects of testosterone administration on vertical jump performance ................................................... 35 2.1.4 Serum testosterone and performance capacities...................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.5 Implications for anti-doping ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1.6 Study limitations ............................................................................................................................................................................ 37 2.2 Indirect detection of testosterone esters ............................................................................................................. 38 2.2.1 The steroid profile......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 The hematological profile ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 2.3 Direct detection of testosterone esters ................................................................................................................ 40 2.3.1 Further development of DBS analysis of testosterone esters ............................................................................................... 40 2.3.3 Detection of testosterone ester administration in DBS ........................................................................................................
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