DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloadcont Ent&Filename=PROMAI5.Doc [Pygott&Al99] C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloadcont Ent&Filename=PROMAI5.Doc [Pygott&Al99] C EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATION EUROCONTROL EUROCONTROL EXPERIMENTAL CENTRE REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT THE EATMP SAFETY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY EEC Note No. 01/04 Volume II - Annex Project SRD-3-E1 Issued: January 2004 The information contained in this document is the property of the EUROCONTROL Agency and no part should be reproduced in any form without the Agency’s permission. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Agency. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Reference: Security Classification: EEC Note No. 01/04 - Volume II Unclassified Originator: Originator (Corporate Author) Name/Location: EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre Safety Research & Development Centre de Bois des Bordes B.P.15 F - 91222 Brétigny-sur-Orge CEDEX FRANCE Telephone : +33 (0)1 69 88 75 00 Sponsor: Sponsor (Contract Authority) Name/Location: Safety Analysis and Science (SAS) EUROCONTROL Agency Rue de la Fusée, 96 B -1130 BRUXELLES Telephone : +32 2 729 9011 TITLE: REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT THE EATMP SAFETY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Volume II - Annex Author Date Pages Figures Tables Appendix References M.Everdij (NLR) 1/04 v + 153 1 1 - 347 Project Task No. Sponsor Period SRD-3-E1 2002 to 2003 Distribution Statement: (a) Controlled by: Head of AMS (b) Special Limitations: None (c) Copy to NTIS: YES / NO Descriptors (keywords): Safety assessment techniques & methods, EATMP SAM, Air Traffic Management Abstract: This is the Technical Annex to a report that presents the results of a survey aimed at collecting and evaluating techniques and methods that can be used to support the guidelines of the EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology (SAM). Over 500 techniques were collected that can possibly support SAM. Nineteen of these techniques have subsequently been selected for more detailed evaluation along a template format. These 19 techniques are believed to be able to support the SAM either immediately, or with some tailoring or adaptation to the ATM context. This technical annex explains how SAM support can be represented by different dimensions, gives details on the 500 techniques collected, explains in detail how 19 techniques were selected from these 500 during a Safety Techniques workshop, and explains how the template format was developed. Review of techniques to support the EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology EUROCONTROL TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objective of the Safety Methods Survey project 1 1.2 Organisation of this document 1 2. ANS SAFETY ASSESSMENT DIMENSIONS 2 2.1 Introduction 2 2.2 ATM elements 3 2.3 Gate-to-gate flight phases 3 2.4 ANS design lifecycle 4 3. CANDIDATE SAFETY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 6 4. DEVELOPMENT OF A TEMPLATE FORMAT 93 4.1 Collection of candidate evaluation criteria 93 4.2 Analysis of candidate evaluation criteria 98 4.3 Selected evaluation criteria for template 106 4.4 Template format developed 108 5. SAFETY TECHNIQUES WORKSHOP 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Selection process of techniques from Group 1 111 5.3 Selection process of techniques from Group 2 112 5.4 Selection process of techniques from Group 3 115 5.5 Selection process of techniques from Group 4 117 5.6 Selection process of techniques from Group 5 119 5.7 Selection process of techniques from Group 6 123 5.8 Selection process of techniques from Group 7 127 5.9 Selection process of techniques from Group 8 131 5.10 Selection process of techniques from Group 9 133 6. REFERENCES 136 v Review of techniques to support the EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology EUROCONTROL 1. Introduction The Safety Methods Survey report is the outcome of a project conducted as part of the SAFBUILD project [SAFBUILD web], which concerns Building Safety into Design, and is a safety assurance research approach to help ATM increase design robustness. This section explains the objectives the Safety Methods Survey project, then it explains the organisation of this report. 1.1 Objective of the Safety Methods Survey project The EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology (SAM) currently under development at EUROCONTROL aims to define the means for providing assurance that a Ground Air Navigation System is safe for operational use. The EATMP SAM has two aspects: x the methodology, and x how to execute the methodology. For the second aspect, the EATMP SAM gives guidelines (through Guidance material) but also freedom on how to complete the safety assessment: several techniques and methods may be used to support it. The purpose of the current Safety Methods Survey project is to identify possible techniques and methods for this support (including those developed in other domains and industries such as nuclear, chemical, telecommunication, railways, software design, but excluding commercially available tools), and to evaluate which ones are most suitable for the EATMP SAM. The Safety Methods Survey report is the outcome of a project is conducted as part of the SAFBUILD project [SAFBUILD web], which concerns Building Safety into Design, and is a safety assurance research approach to help ATM increase design robustness. This section explains the objectives the Safety Methods Survey project, then it explains the objective and organisation of this report. 1.2 Organisation of this document This document is the Technical Annex to the the Safety Methods Survey report. It contains details on the work produced by this project, which were not provided in the report itself. This document is organised as follows. Section 2 provides a description of the issues that should be covered by the safety assessment techniques collected in this project, into different dimensions. Section 3 provides all techniques collected during the course of this project, in a table with columns providing details for the techniques. Section 4 provides details on how the template format was developed. Section 5 provides details on the Safety Techniques Workshop that was organised to select from the list of candidate techniques collected during WP2, about 20 techniques that were to be evaluated along the template format. Section 6 provides references used. 1 Review of techniques to support the EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology EUROCONTROL 2. ANS safety assessment dimensions 2.1 Introduction EATMP SAM’s ultimate aim is to define the means for providing assurance that an Air Navigation System (ANS) is safe for operational use [EHQ-SAM]. An ANS is very complex due to the many issues and combinations of issues that have their influence on safety. Due to the diversity of these issues and the number of combinations possible it will be difficult to find or develop one technique that can support the safety assessment of all of them. Hence, this is not what we need to aim for; we need to be looking for a set of techniques that together cover all issues. To get some grip on the diversity of issues involved, they can be looked at from several viewpoints. Each viewpoint groups the issues in another way: Grouping according to ATM elements: humans, equipment, procedures, organisation, including their combinations, interactions, teamwork, decision making, etc. Grouping according to the gate-to-gate process elements, i.e. not only en-route, but also airports, runway incursions, risk monitoring, maintenance, etc. Grouping according to ANS design life cycle elements, i.e. definition phase, design phase, implementation phase, operations and maintenance phase, decommissioning. These viewpoints can be represented by dimensions that span the complete ANS, see Figure 1. Techniques and methods that support ANS safety assessment should cover all issues within the ANS boundaries. The view on the ANS as being spanned by dimensions serves the following advantages: Since elements in one group in one dimension may have similar qualities, techniques may exist that can cover (most of) the elements in one group. It can be verified easier that no group is forgotten in the safety assessment. The following three subsections try to provide some more detail on the different dimensions. En-route Approach t Tower Humans Equipment Procedures Organisation Environmen Definition Design Implementation Operations and maintenance Figure 1: The Air Navigation System is spanned by groups of issues in several dimensions. (Note that this diagram is simplified to illustrate the idea more effectively.) 2 Review of techniques to support the EATMP Safety Assessment Methodology EUROCONTROL 2.2 ATM elements The Air Navigation System is defined as the aggregate of organisations, humans, infrastructure, equipment, procedures, rules and information used to provide the Airspace Users Air Navigation Services in order to ensure the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation [EHQ-SAM]. A methodology that is to provide the safety assessment of such Air Navigation Systems should therefore capture all these ATM elements. Roughly, these elements can be divided into five groups: Humans E.g., operational personnel, maintenance personnel, engineering personnel, skills, training, team work Equipment E.g., ground equipment, aircraft equipment, satellites, man machine interface, external services, external facilities, software, hardware Procedures E.g., operational procedures, instructions, maintenance procedures, risk monitoring Organisation E.g., safety culture, airspace sectorisation, route structures, separation standards, air traffic flight management, air traffic services, decision making, space management Environment E.g., weather influences These groups are closely linked, hence interactions between
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vol. 81 Thursday, No. 174 September 8, 2016 Pages 61973–62352
    Vol. 81 Thursday, No. 174 September 8, 2016 Pages 61973–62352 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Sep 11 2014 22:15 Sep 07, 2016 Jkt 238001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\08SEWS.LOC 08SEWS sradovich on DSK3GMQ082PROD with FRONT MATTER WS II Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 174 / Thursday, September 8, 2016 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions: Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Email [email protected] Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the Phone 202–741–6000 issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Factors
    SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT COURSE June 2017 COMMON CAUSE FAILURES, PARTICULAR RISKS AND ZONAL SAFETY ANALYSIS R.G.W. Cherry & Associates Limited 2017. All rights reserved - 1 - SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT COURSE June 2017 1 Common Cause Failures Common Cause Failures are often the limiting factor on the integrity of complex systems, and yet they are often overlooked in the safety assessment process. In this module consideration is given to the various forms of Common Cause Failures that have the potential for compromising the reliability of aircraft systems and the possible methods for identifying them during the design process. 1.1 THEORY V PRACTICE It is normally expected that if the probability of failure of one channel in a given period is X and there are N channels, any of which may achieve the intended function, then the probability of all channels failing is: XN …………………. Equation 1 The impact of Common Cause Failures on an aircraft electrical power generation system was assessed from a study carried out by Hawker Siddeley Aviation in the 1970s. The study was carried out on an in-service aircraft that had three otherwise independent electrical power generation channels. For this aircraft, the average failure rate for each of the channels was found to be approximately: 9.5 x 10-4 per flight Now if the aircraft had only two electrical power generation channels then the probability of both failing due to independent causes might be expected to be :- (9.5 x 10-4)2 per flight = 9 x 10-7 per flight (approx.) And for the three-channel system: (9.5 x 10-4)3 per flight = 8.6 x 10-10 per flight (approx.) However, when the in-service record for the subject aircraft was investigated it was found that multi-channel failures occurred at a much greater frequency than predicted by this simple theoretical approach.
    [Show full text]
  • A Zonal Safety Analysis Methodology for Preliminary Aircraft Systems and Structural Design
    A Zonal Safety Analysis Methodology for Preliminary Aircraft Systems and Structural Design Chen, Z. and Fielding, J. P. School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University ABSTRACT Zonal Safety Analysis (ZSA) is a major part of the civil aircraft safety assessment process described in Aerospace Recommended Practice 4761 (ARP4761). It considers safety effects that systems/items installed in the same zone (i.e. a defined area within the aircraft body) may have on each other. Although the ZSA may be conducted at any design stage, it would be most cost-effective to do it during preliminary design, due to the greater opportunity for influence on system and structural designs and architecture. The existing ZSA methodology of ARP4761 was analysed but it was found to be more suitable for detail design rather than preliminary design. The authors therefore developed a methodology that would be more suitable for preliminary design and named it the Preliminary Zonal Safety Analysis (PZSA). This new methodology was verified by means of the use of a case-study, based on the NASA N3-X project. Several lessons were learnt from the case study, leading to refinement of the proposed method. These lessons included focusing on the positional layout of major components for the zonal safety inspection, and using the Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)/Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to identify system external failure modes. The resulting PZSA needs further refinement, but should prove to be a useful design tool for the preliminary design process. _____________________________________ INTRODUCTION This paper outlines the development of a methodology, hereafter referred to as the Preliminary Zonal Safety Historically, system safety analysis was primarily based Analysis (PZSA).
    [Show full text]
  • E U R Op E a N a V Ia T Ion S a F E T Y a G E Nc Y an N U Al
    ANNUAL SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS REVIEW 2016 SAFETYANNUAL RECOMMENDATIONS EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AVIATION EUROPEAN AGENCY EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY SAFETY ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Designed in Luxembourg Strategy & Safety Management Directorate Safety Intelligence & Performance Department Annual Safety Recommendations Review 2016 Disclaimer: Neither the European Aviation Safety Agency, nor any person acting on behalf of the European Aviation Safety Agency is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The Annual Safety Recommendations Review is produced by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). This edition provides an overview of the safety recommendations that have been addressed to EASA in 2016. It also presents the replies produced during the year. This annual review aims at providing a feedback on the follow-up given to safety recommendations in the con- text of openness, transparency and accountability that characterises the European Public Administration. Apart from its safety related information character, this review is also expected to provide relevant information related to raised safety concerns, both for EASA itself, as well as its stakeholders, including the European public. © European Aviation Safety Agency, 2016. All rights reserved. Proprietary document. Printed copies are not controlled. Confirm revision status through the EASA-Internet site: www.easa.europa.eu. 2016 Annual Safety Recommendations Review PAGE 3 Foreword by the Executive Director I am pleased to introduce the 10th edition of the Annual Safety Recommendations Review, which provides infor- mation on the activity of the Agency in 2016 in the field of safety investigation and follow-up. In addition, the review highlights a range of safety issues and the Agency’s safety improvement efforts that are of interest to the European Aviation Community and the public.
    [Show full text]
  • TEMPLATE CRYSTAL DELIVERABLE Use Case Descriptions
    PROPRIETARY RIGHTS STATEMENT THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION, WHICH IS PROPRIETARY TO THE CRYSTAL CONSORTIUM. NEITHER THIS DOCUMENT NOR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE USED, DUPLICATED OR COMMUNICATED BY ANY MEANS TO ANY THIRD PARTY, IN WHOLE OR IN PARTS, EXCEPT WITH THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE CESAR CONSORTIUM THIS RESTRICTION LEGEND SHALL NOT BE ALTERED OR OBLITERATED ON OR FROM THIS DOCUMENT. THE RESEARCH LEADING TO THESE RESULTS HAS RECEIVED FUNDING FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION’S SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAM (FP7/2007-2013) FOR CRYSTAL – CRITICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING ACCELERATION JOINT UNDERTAKING UNDER GRANT AGREEMENT N° 332830 AND FROM SPECIFIC NATIONAL PROGRAMS AND / OR FUNDING AUTHORITIES. CRitical SYSTem Engineering AcceLeration Use – Case Definition Simulation for PRA D210.010 D210.010 Simulation for PRA DOCUMENT INFORMATION Project CRYSTAL Grant Agreement No. ARTEMIS-2012-1-332830 Deliverable Title Simulation for PRA Deliverable No. D210.010 Dissemination Level CO Nature R Document Version V01.02 Date 2014-01-29 Contact Odile Laurent Organization A-F Phone + 33 5 61 18 12 76 E-Mail [email protected] Version Nature Date Page V01.02 R 2014-01-29 2 of 42 D210.010 Simulation for PRA AUTHORS TABLE Name Company E-Mail Odile Laurent A-F [email protected] Hélène Moutier A-F [email protected] REVIEW TABLE Version Date Reviewer V01.00 2013-12-20 Hélène Moutier V01.01 2014-01-13 Jean-Luc Johnson V01.01 2014-01-20 Ralf Bogusch CHANGE HISTORY Pages Version Date Reason for Change Affected V01.00 2013-12-16 Initial version V01.01 2013-12-20 Internal review 13,14,15,18,31,38 V01.02 2014-01-22 External reviews Version Nature Date Page V01.02 R 2014-01-29 3 of 42 D210.010 Simulation for PRA CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Fire Protection
    Applied Science Ingenieurbüro Dieter Scholz Seevering 53 D - 21629 Neu Wulmstorf Aircraft Fire Protection Dieter Scholz April 2006 Report prepared for Minimax GmbH & Co KG Industriestraße 10/12 D - 23840 Bad Oldesloe Aircraft Fire Protection 2 Table of Contents page Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 4 1 Setting the Scene ........................................................................................................ 5 2 Introduction to Aircraft Systems ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Aircraft Systems General ............................................................................................ 7 2.2 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Breakdown ................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Certification .............................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Safety and Reliability ............................................................................................... 13 2.6 Mass .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.7 Power ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.8 Costs and
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Safety Recommendations Review 2011 FINAL
    European Aviation Safety Agency Safety Analysis and Research Department Executive Directorate 2011 Annual Safety Recommendations review Executive Directorate- Safety Analysis and Research Page 1/114 © European Aviation Safety Agency, 20 10 . All rights reserved. Proprietary document. Printed copies are not controlled. Confirm revision status through the EASA-Internet/Intranet. 2011 Annual Safety Recommendations review Document ref. Status Date Contact name and address for enquiries: European Aviation Safety Agency Safety Analysis and Research Postfach 10 12 53 50452 Köln - Germany Information on EASA is available at: www.easa.europa.eu Disclaimer : Neither the European Aviation Safety Agency, nor any person acting on behalf of the European Aviation Safety Agency is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Authorisation : Name Signature Date Prepared Dominique Verdoni 05/03/2012 Reviewed 1 Bernard Bourdon 27/03/2012 Reviewed 2 Authorised John Vincent 27/03/2012 Executive Directorate- Safety Analysis and Research Page 2/114 © European Aviation Safety Agency, 20 10 . All rights reserved. Proprietary document. Printed copies are not controlled. Confirm revision status through the EASA-Internet/Intranet. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2 Overview of Safety Recommendations in 2011 ................................................................ 6 2.1 Safety recommendations received in 2011 ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Explanatory Note to TCDS EASA.A.110 – Airbus 380 - Issue 03
    Explanatory Note to TCDS EASA.A.110 – Airbus 380 - Issue 03 This annex to the EASA TCDS IM.A.110 was created to publish selected special conditions / deviations / equivalent safety findings that are part of the applicable certification basis: Table of Contents: Certification Review Items: B-01 SC & IM: Stalling and scheduled operating speeds ....................................................................3 B-02 SC: Motion and Effect of Cockpit Control .................................................................................9 B-04 SC &IM: Static Directional, Lateral and Longitudinal Stability and Low energy awareness ..10 B-05 SC: Flight envelope protection ..................................................................................................13 B-06 SC: Normal load factor limiting system ....................................................................................15 B-10 SC: Human factor evaluation of novel features in the flight deck ............................................16 B-15 SC: Soft Go Around mode ........................................................................................................17 C-01 SC & IM: Crashworthiness of Large Aircraft Structures ..........................................................19 C-02 SC: Discrete Gust ......................................................................................................................21 C-03 SC & IM : Loading conditions for multi-leg landing gear ........................................................22 C-04 SC: Undercarriage
    [Show full text]
  • TEMPLATE CRYSTAL DELIVERABLE Use Case Descriptions
    PROPRIETARY RIGHTS STATEMENT THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION, WHICH IS PROPRIETARY TO THE CRYSTAL CONSORTIUM. NEITHER THIS DOCUMENT NOR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE USED, DUPLICATED OR COMMUNICATED BY ANY MEANS TO ANY THIRD PARTY, IN WHOLE OR IN PARTS, EXCEPT WITH THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE CESAR CONSORTIUM THIS RESTRICTION LEGEND SHALL NOT BE ALTERED OR OBLITERATED ON OR FROM THIS DOCUMENT. THE RESEARCH LEADING TO THESE RESULTS HAS RECEIVED FUNDING FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION’S SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAM (FP7/2007-2013) FOR CRYSTAL – CRITICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING ACCELERATION JOINT UNDERTAKING UNDER GRANT AGREEMENT N° 332830 AND FROM SPECIFIC NATIONAL PROGRAMS AND / OR FUNDING AUTHORITIES. CRitical SYSTem Enginieering AcceLeration Use Case Definition Airbus-Germany Environmental Control Systems D201.011 Environmental Control D201.011 Systems DOCUMENT INFORMATION Project CRYSTAL Grant Agreement No. ARTEMIS-2012-1-332830 Deliverable Title Environmental Control Systems Deliverable No. D201.011 Dissemination Level CO Nature R Document Version V1.0 Date 2014-01-29 Contact Dietmar Sander Organization A-G Phone +49 40 743 64199 E-Mail [email protected] Version Nature Date Page V01.00 R 2014-01-29 2 of 35 Environmental Control D201.011 Systems AUTHORS TABLE Name Company E-Mail Dietmar Sander Airbus Operations GmbH [email protected] Arne Rosenbohm Airbus Operations GmbH [email protected] Mathias Maruhn Airbus Operations GmbH [email protected] REVIEW TABLE Version Date Reviewer 0.2 24.1.2014 Andreas Mitschke – Airbus Group Innovations 0.2 24.1.2014 Thomas Kuhn – Fraunhofer IESE CHANGE HISTORY Pages Version Date Reason for Change Affected 0.1 20.9.2013 Initial Description all 0.2 20.12.2013 Draft Version all 1.0 29.1.2014 First Version after review all Version Nature Date Page V01.00 R 2014-01-29 3 of 35 Environmental Control D201.011 Systems CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Common Cause Failures, Particular Risks and Zonal Safety Analysis
    SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT COURSE 9th May 2012 COMMON CAUSE FAILURES, PARTICULAR RISKS AND ZONAL SAFETY ANALYSIS R.G.W. Cherry & Associates Limited 2012. All rights reserved - 1 - SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT COURSE 9th May 2012 1 Common Cause Failures Common Cause Failures are often the limiting factor on the integrity of complex systems, and yet they are often overlooked in the safety assessment process. In this module consideration is given to the various forms of Common Cause Failures that have the potential for compromising the reliability of aircraft systems and the possible methods for identifying them during the design process. 1.1 THEORY V PRACTICE It is normally expected that if the probability of failure of one channel in a given period is X and there are N channels, any of which may achieve the intended function, then the probability of all channels failing is: XN …………………. Equation 1 The impact of Common Cause Failures on an aircraft electrical power generation system was assessed from a study carried out by Hawker Siddeley Aviation in the 1970s. The study was carried out on an in-service aircraft that had three otherwise independent electrical power generation channels. For this aircraft, the average failure rate for each of the channels was found to be approximately: 9.5 x 10 -4 per flight Now if the aircraft had only two electrical power generation channels then the probability of both failing due to independent causes might be expected to be :- (9.5 x 10 -4)2 per flight = 9 x 10 -7 per flight (approx.) And for the three-channel system: (9.5 x 10 -4)3 per flight = 8.6 x 10 -10 per flight (approx.) However, when the in-service record for the subject aircraft was investigated it was found that multi-channel failures occurred at a much greater frequency than predicted by this simple theoretical approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Cranfield University
    Cranfield University G. James Sweers Methodology for the design assurance of aircraft lightning protection systems continued airworthiness. School of Engineering Aerospace Engineering Group PhD Thesis Academic Year 2009-2010 Supervisor: Professor J.P. Fielding September 2010 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. © Cranfield University, 2008. All rights reserved. No Part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis describes a new approach to lightning protection components design by incorporating the use of multiple data sources, aircraft environmental threats models and component characteristics to determine if the component design meets the continued airworthiness requirements. This innovative aircraft lightning protection component design methodology examines critical component characteristics and evaluates these characteristics for long term survivability given known environmental design data. Use of in-service data, test data, material sciences and detailed component construction produces predictive results and provides inputs for the design community. A simple case of non-active lightning protection components was used to validate this methodology, concluding that certain design degradation mitigations are necessary to improve the continued airworthiness performance. Following this validation, the methodology was exercised by several case studies using actual design data from a large transport aircraft. The case studies provide for understanding how the methodology can be applied and showed that value was produced in creating design optimizations for the protection components. The case studies also proved that the methodology could be applied to different lightning protection designs spanning from structural design protection components to systems infrastructure transport elements and wiring.
    [Show full text]
  • POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE
    POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE Digital Twin: towards the integration between System Design and RAMS assessment through the Model–Based Systems Engineering Original Digital Twin: towards the integration between System Design and RAMS assessment through the Model–Based Systems Engineering / Brusa, Eugenio. - In: IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL. - ISSN 1932-8184. - ELETTRONICO. - (2020), pp. 1-12. Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2842332 since: 2020-08-05T10:56:01Z Publisher: IEEE Published DOI:10.1109/JSYST.2020.3010379 Terms of use: openAccess This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright IEEE postprint/Author's Accepted Manuscript ©2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collecting works, for resale or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. (Article begins on next page) 28 September 2021 1 Digital Twin: towards the integration between System Design and RAMS assessment through the Model–Based Systems Engineering Eugenio Brusa least more expensive, when failures are considered, and some Abstract —The design of a safety-critical system requires an refinements of RAMS requirements are needed [5]. effective prediction of its reliability, availability, maintainability In system design, a holistic approach is currently applied, and safety (RAMS). Anticipating the RAMS analysis at the since it is developed through the requirement, functional and concept design helps the designer in the trade-off of the system physical analyses.
    [Show full text]