Feed for Rearing Omnivorous Fish

(19) TZZ¥_¥ _T

(11) EP 3 491 932 A1

(12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION published in accordance with Art. 153(4) EPC

(43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 05.06.2019 Bulletin 2019/23 A23K 10/20 (2016.01) A23K 10/30 (2016.01) A23K 50/80 (2016.01) (21) Application number: 17752492.3 (86) International application number: (22) Date of filing: 24.07.2017 PCT/IB2017/054470

(87) International publication number: WO 2018/020395 (01.02.2018 Gazette 2018/05)

(84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • MAXIMINO ROJÃO SOBREIRO CATARINO, GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Mafalda PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR 2690-309 Sta. Iria da Azóia (PT) Designated Extension States: • CORREIA GONÇALVES FERNANDES, Sílvia BA ME 2411-901 Leiria (PT) Designated Validation States: • DE FREITAS FERREIRA, Susana Margarida MA MD 2411-901 Leiria (PT)

(30) Priority: 26.07.2016 PT 2016109547 (74) Representative: Pereira da Cruz, Joao J. Pereira da Cruz, S.A. (71) Applicant: Instituto Politécnico De Leiria Rua Victor Cordon, 10-A 2411-901 Leiria (PT) 1249-103 Lisboa (PT)

(54) FEED FOR REARING OMNIVOROUS FISH

(57) This invention falls within the scope of foods for tein comes exclusively from blowfly larvae. The feed’s aquaculture and aquarium fishes. It relates to a feed for ingredients are blowfly larvae (Asticot) (76,8%), micro- omnivorous fishes, in particular fishes with nutritional de- algae (17,7%), carrot (4,4%) and a vitamin supplement ficiencies (such as the fishes used in ichthyotherapy), (1,1%). which allows them to healthily grow and develop, with a The invention further relates to a method for the prep- diet comprised of nutritious, innovative and low-cost in- aration of the said feed, which includes the steps of freez- gredients. ing, lyophilisation, mixing the ingredients, moulding, dry- A feed comprising ingredients from animal and plant ing and cutting. origin is the object of this invention, in which animal pro- EP 3 491 932 A1

Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) 1 EP 3 491 932 A1 2

Description Calliphora vomitoria), nor does it mention a composition which is specifically adequate to satisfy the nutritional FIELD OF THE INVENTION needs of omnivorous species. [0009] The patent document published under the [0001] This invention falls within the scope of foods for 5 number US5618574 relates to a feed intended for aqua- aquaculture and aquarium fishes. It relates to a feed for culture fishes, comprising soldier fly (species: Hermetia omnivorous ornamental fishes, comprising fly larvae. illucens) and house fly (species: Musca domestica) lar- [0002] This invention discloses a low-cost and innova- vae and pupae, as a supplement to commercial pellets tive feed, which is similar to the natural diet of omnivorous containing fishmeal. The aforementioned patent applica- ornamental fishes, such as the ones used in ichthyother- 10 tion does not relate to food compositions having fly larvae apy. With this feed it is possible to overcome nutritional as their only source of animal protein, and which are suit- deficiencies, since it provides a healthy growing and de- able to specifically address the nutritional requirements velopment, through a balanced combination of nutritious, of omnivorous fishes used in ictiotherapy. innovative and low-cost ingredients. [0010] The patent document under the publication 15 number US2015173400, on its turn, discloses feeds us- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION ing house fly larvae or pupae, which are aimed at fully or partially replacing the fishmeal. The Example 10, in par- [0003] The market of ornamental fishes has been ex- ticular, relates to a feed in which the fishmeal is fully re- panding for the last years, generating up to 30illion b placed with the larvae, in an amount of 50% of the total dollars a year worldwide. This hobby is a matter of high 20 dryweight, also including wheat, soya, vitamins and CMC interest from the population in general. in its composition. The effect of these feeds is demon- [0004] However, one major issue associated to fish- strated in terms of growth rate, weight gain, immunity keeping in aquariums is the difficulty in supplying food activation, and ingestion rate by sparidae. The method which is suitable to animal welfare and which provides for the preparation of the said feed includes high temper- them with a healthy life. In case of farming, it is even 25 ature heating, which may negatively affect the quality of more important that the animals are fed with foods allow- the vitamins contained in the feed. This invention (Om- ing them to grow fast, without detriment to their physical nifeed), in addition to not using high temperatures in its condition. Finding a fish feed with those characteristics manufacturing process, includes a vitamin supplement is not an easy task. as one of its components, thus overcoming this kind of [0005] Currently, most of the feeds administrated are 30 nutritional deficiency. The said patent application does fishmeal-based, which implies high costs. This is one of not disclose food compositions which are suitable for the the main obstacles in terms of aquaculture and fishkeep- specific nutritional requirements of omnivorous fishes ing in aquariums. The development of a fish feed with used in ichthyotherapy, nor does it mention the use of high quality and nutritionally balanced ingredients, which blowfly larvae, being prepared by means of freezing and are simultaneously low-cost, is one of the major chal- 35 lyophilisation. lenges in this context. Therefore, the formulation of a fish feed which embraces all these factors will provide a much SOLVED TECHNICAL PROBLEMS higher final yield, while preserving the animal welfare. [0006] On their turn, the existing alternatives to the use [0011] In this invention, the purpose was to create a of fishmeal (using, for instance, soybeans and yeasts), 40 feed for aquaculture and/or fishkeeping in aquariums, in pose a problem in terms of nutritional properties. As a particular, omnivorous fishes with nutritional deficien- consequence, significantly lower results are obtained as cies, as is the case of the fishes used in ichthyotherapy. regards the fishes’ intake and growth rate. So, there is a The feedof this inventionis aimedat solving the problems need for the development of food ingredients which may inherent to the commercial feeds according to the state have an identical or an improved effect, comparatively 45 of the art, which are commonly fishmeal-based feeds, in to the conventional fishmeal products. terms of the economic and environmental impact asso- [0007] On the other hand, insect larvae and pupae ciated to the exploitation of fish stocks for the manufac- have already been used as food for fishes, representing ture of fishmeal products. This invention offers a solution, an alternative source of protein. Therefore, the closest which is replacing the fishmeal with blowfly larvae. This prior art of this invention discloses feeds intended for50 is a sustainable, inexpensive and nutritionally-rich alter- aquaculture, which include fly larvae in their composition native. From the composition of this invention results a as a source of protein. high nutritional balance, with 50% proteins; 18% lipids; [0008] The patent document under the publication 18% carbohydrates; 9% minerals; 3% fibres and 2% vi- number JP 3564457 discloses the use of housefly larvae tamins. (species: Musca domestica), in combination with prod- 55 [0012] Furthermore, the feed according to this inven- ucts from the degradation of vegetable waste, as food tion allows, namely, providing a supplementation to the for farmed fishes. However, the said document does not standard diet while answering to the nutritional needs of make reference to the use of blowfly larvae (species: omnivorous fish used in ichthyotherapy. In their habitat,

2 3 EP 3 491 932 A1 4 these fishes are characterized in that they feed them- es), thus helping to reduce the levels of CO2 in the at- selves from vertebrate’s skin dead cells (which is the rea- mosphere, which are responsible for the so-called global son why they are used in ichthyotherapy), as well as from warming effects (Richmond, 2003). algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton and debris. Their use [0017] On the other hand, the method for the prepara- in ichthyotherapeutic treatments thus leads to a nutrition- 5 tion of the feed, which is based upon drying the compo- al deficiency, comparatively to the natural habitat. The nents by means of lyophilisation, allows the nutritional feed of this invention allows the said deficiency to be and organoleptic properties of its components to be kept. overcome through the combination of natural, nutritious On its turn, lyophilisation of all the components before and low-cost ingredients, which are similar to the natural processing allows for a product with high stability and diet of those fishes. 10 quality to be obtained, which is adequate to the market [0013] Therefore, the feed which is the object of this of fishkeeping in aquariums. inventionhas some advantages overother feeds, namely [0018] It has already been proved that mixed diets, as regards the use of a mix of products from plant and such as the one of this invention, have a better perform- animal origin. ance because they promote higher animal growth rates. [0014] According to Lozano et al. (2007), diets com- 15 The said diets also present a more balanced nutritional prising both animal and plant origin products have a bet- composition than that of the diets which are exclusively ter performance than that of the feeds containing only from animal origin. On its turn, the feed according to this animal-origin protein. In the last decade, the animal origin invention has the advantage of being comprised of a high ingredients in feeds (such as fish oil or fishmeal) have amount of animal protein, which is essential for the de- been increasingly replaced with plant origin products20 velopment and growth of cultivated fishes. And, contrarily (such as vegetable oils, soy flour or algae). Algae are to other feeds, the source of animal protein does not com- products with a lower cost of production, which are easily pete with products intended for human nutrition. Animal obtained and have a nutritionally balanced composition feeds are in general produced from fishmeal and other (Lozano et al., 2007; Martinez-Llorenset al., 2009; animal products, usually under conditions which are un- Tomás et al., 2009). The use of algae would make aqua- 25 suitable for consumption, or also from viscera, blood, and culture more sustainable, since the dependence on an- slaughterhouse waste. The feed of this invention has an imal origin products would be reduced (Martinez-Llorens insect as the main source of protein Asticot- (blowfly et al., 2009). On the other hand, aquaculture would also larvae - Calliphora vomitoria), which is easily and recur- be more profitable. The feeds are one of the most ex- rently cultivated, in addition to containing proteins, vita- pensive factors in this sector (accounting for 45% of the 30 mins and amino acids of high nutritional quality. This com- costs in aquaculture), and so it is very important to reduce bination of factors results in a reduction of the feed’s pro- these costs (Tomás et al., 2009). Therefore, replacing duction costs, without compromising its nutritional qual- animal origin ingredients with plant origin ingredients in ity. feeds will be a profitable alternative, notwithstanding the [0019] In what concerns the fly species already used need to pay attention to the nutrients comprised in the 35 in the state of the art as a food supplement, there are diet (Tomás et al., 2009). different species, namely the house fly ( Musca domesti- [0015] Microalgae may be used in aquaculture as a ca), thefruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) and the soldier primary source of food for larvae, molluscs, shrimps, fish- fly (Hermetia illucens). The fly used in Omnifeed is the es, among others. Their high nutritional content explains blowfly, whose scientific name isCalliphora vomitoria, the need to include microalgae in a diet, since the latter 40 and apparently its use has not yet been reported in the can be used as a supplementary source of proteins, car- scope of fish feeds, thus representing an innovative ap- bohydrates, fatty acids (which are high in omega-3), pig- plication. ments and vitamins (Ohse et al., 2009). Microalgae are [0020] The use of blowfly in the feed of this invention rich in vitamins and trace elements, in addition to having has several advantages in terms of production, compar- a high content in proteins. 45 atively to the other fly species, such as the following: i) [0016] Microalgae also have an appropriate size, thus egg hatching is faster in a blowfly (occurring in a period providing for an easy ingestion and good digestibility. from 0 to 18 hrs after egg deposition) than in the case of Furthermore, microalgae show a high rate of growth and the remaining species aforementioned (from 8 to 72 cell division, being easily cultivated and maintained. hours [3 days); ii) blowfly larvae develop faster than those Therefore, microalgaeare a simultaneouslyinexpensive, 50 of the other flies, which take from 7 to 12 days to reach easy to produce and nutritious component. Microalgae the adult stage, whereas, for instance, in the case of the are continuously grown, in a short period of time, requir- fruit fly, it will take 7 to 30 days. As regards reproduction, ing only small areas for their cultivation, which is highly as long as the temperature is the ideal one, it is possible advantageous. The fact that no herbicides or pesticides to easily reproduce the blowfly in laboratory, since this are required makes it more sustainable and also envi- 55 animal has a short life cycle. ronment-friendly (Bertoldi et al., 2008). Microalgae use [0021] In addition to the advantages brought to the carbon dioxide (C02) in order to grow, multiply and pro- economy and also to animal welfare and growth, the feed duce organic compounds (including nutritional substanc- according to this invention can also promote an improved

3 5 EP 3 491 932 A1 6 environmental sustainability. Insects are a potential al- ferences which are statistically relevant (one-way ternative resource, namely as a source of protein, com- ANOVA; p <0.05). paratively to the animals from the conventional livestock production. Firstly,because insects have ahigh feed con- Figure 3 - Average variation of the indexes DGI (i) version ratio - which means that, in order to produce the 5 andK (ii)of Garrarufa (Heckel, 1843) subject to three same amount of proteins as other animals, insects re- different treatments: feed for freshwater ornamental quire a lower amount of food. Secondly, because they fishes (a), feed for Discus fishes (b) and the feed of emit less greenhouse gases and originate less nitroge- this invention (c). The results were expressed in nous products than livestock production, thus avoiding mean 6 standard error (SEM). The asterisk (*) indi- contamination and reduction of air and water quality. 10 cates differences which are statistically relevant [0022] None of the documents of the state of the art (one-way ANOVA; p <0.05). discloses this set of advantages and properties, in the sense of optimizing the farming of omnivorous fishes, in DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION particular of fishes used in ichthyotherapy. A feed offering a nutritionally balanced composition, which enables the 15 [0027] As previously mentioned, it is the object of this fishes to grow healthily in a shorter period of time, with invention a feed intended for omnivorous fishes with nu- cheaper and more sustainable nutrition. tritional deficiencies, comprising animal and plant-origin ingredients, in which the animal protein comes exclusive- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ly from blowfly larvae. 20 [0028] In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the [0023] It is therefore the object of this invention, a feed feed of the invention comprises in percentage by dry that is suitable for omnivorous fishes with nutritional de- weight: ficiencies, the said feed being comprised of animal- and plant-origin ingredients, in which the animal protein - 76.8% blowfly larvae comes exclusively from blowfly larvae. 25 - 7.7% microalgae [0024] The feed according to this invention comprises, - 4.4% carrot in percentage by dry weight, 76,8% blowfly larvae ( Asti- - 1.1% vitamin supplement. cot), 17,7% microalgae, 4,4% carrot and 1,1% vitamin supplement. From this composition results a high nutri- [0029] From this aforementioned composition results tional balance, with 50% protein; 18% lipids; 18% carbo- 30 a high nutritional balance, with 50% protein; 18% lipids; hydrates; 9% minerals; 3% fibres and 2% vitamins. 18% carbohydrates; 9% minerals; 3% fibres and 2% vi- [0025] Furthermore, it is also the object of this invention tamins. The feed according to this invention allows, in a method for the preparation of the said feed, which in- particular, the diet of omnivorous fishes with nutritional cludes the steps of i) initial preparation of the components deficiencies to be supplemented, namely the fishes used by freezing followed by drying through lyophilisation; ii) 35 in ichthyotherapy, as is the case of those of the species weighting and mixing the feed components; iii) grinding Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843). The feed of this invention re- the components until obtaining a powder and homoge- places the source of animal protein with a cheaper and nization of the said powder; iv) adding distilled water; v) environmentally more sustainable source, which pro- moulding the paste into pellets; vi) drying the pellets; vii) vides for a high feed conversion ratio and lower costs of cutting the pellets; viii) storage. 40 production, comparatively to fishmeal or equivalent products from animal origin. Moreover, because it is a mixed DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS diet, with ingredients from animal and plant origin, it also has a nutritional composition which is more balanced [0026] than that of diets comprising ingredients from animal or- 45 igin only. Figure 1 - Average total length of Garra rufa fishes [0030] In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the (Heckel, 1843) during a test in which the fishes were feed is characterized in that it comprises 50% protein; subject to three different diets: a feed for freshwater 18% lipids; 18% carbohydrates; 9% minerals; 3% fibres ornamental fishes (a), a feed for Discus fishes (b) and 2% vitamins. and the feed of this invention (c). The results were 50 [0031] In an even more preferred embodiment of the expressed in mean 6 standard error (SEM). invention, the feed is suitable for fishes used in ichthyotherapy, more preferably for Garra rufa fishes (Heckel, Figure 2 - Average variation of total length of Garra 1843). rufa (Heckel, 1843) subject to three different treat- [0032] A method for the preparation of the feed intend- ments: feed for freshwater ornamental fishes (a), 55 ed for omnivorous fishes is also an object of this inven- feed for Discus fishes (b) and the feed of the invention, which includes the following steps: tion (c). The results were expressed in mean6 standard error (SEM). The asterisk (*) indicates dif- i) initial preparation of the components by freezing

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followed by drying through lyophilisation; disclosed in this document, since several modifications ii) weighting and mixing of the feed components: can be made provided that they are kept within the scope blowfly larvae, microalgae, carrot, and vitamin sup- of this invention. plement; [0037] Therefore, the process may have alternative iii) grinding the components until obtaining a powder 5 embodiments which are aimed, for instance, at adapting and homogenising the said powder; it to an industrial scale and to different species of omniv- iv) adding an amount of distilled water which allows orous ornamental fishes, namely in what concerns: 1) a consistent and homogenous paste to be obtained; using an alternative freezing method; 2) including the use v) moulding the paste into pellets; of an extruder, which will perform the moulding and cut- vi) drying the pellets; 10 ting of the feed; 3) increasing the volume of the sample vii) cutting the pellets; being produced at each time; 4) producing different sizes viii) storage. of the feed’s granules, adjusting them to the species and size of the subjects they are intended for. Changes in [0033] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the these four parameters allow the process to be optimized method for obtaining the feed involves freezing at a tem- 15 and represent an added value in the development of this perature of - 20°C, and lyoph ilisation at a temperature of product, causing the manufacturing process to be more -50°C for 2 days. According to another preferred embod- efficient. iment of the invention, the method for obtaining the feed [0038] The above listed preferred methods are obvi- involves adding, for each 100 g of feed, 76,75 g blowfly ously susceptible of being combined, in a number of pos- larvae, 17,72 g microalgae, 4,43 g carrot, 1,10 g vitamin 20 sible ways, the repetition of all those combinations being supplement and 120 mL distilled water. herein avoided.

EXAMPLES Example 2 - The feed’s effect on the growing of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843). Example 1 - Preparation of the feed 25 [0039] The feed of the invention was tested in a fish [0034] Firstly, all the ingredients of the feed are pre- growing assay with Garra rufa fishes (Heckel, 1843), pared. In this step, the ingredients are washed with water which was carried out for 61 days. In this assay, the ef- and carefully selected in order to ensure that only the fects of two commercial diets - one feed for freshwater high quality ingredients will be used. The ingredients are 30 ornamental fishes (a) and one feed for Discus fishes (b) placed into a freezer cabinet at a temperature of -20°C, - were compared to those of the feed according to this and then lyophilised for 2 days at a temperature of -50°C. invention (c). Although growing has occurred with all the The lyophilisation process dries the ingredients, causing diets, the fishes receiving the feed of the invention have the water contained in the frozen matter to pass directly shown a significantly higher increase of their total length, into the vapour phase, without going through the liquid 35 which was statistically proven (Figure 1; one-way ANO- state. VA, p = 0,000). [0035] Secondly, the required amount of each ingredi- [0040] As regards the variation of the total length, it is ent for the feed is weighted, respecting the relative pro- again remarkable the higher growing obtained in fishes portions of each one in order to keep the nutritional com- fed with the diet of this invention (c), when compared to position correct. So, for 100 g of feed, 76,75 g of blowfly 40 the feed for freshwater ornamental fishes (a) and to the larvae, 17,72 g of microalgae, 4,43 g of carrot and 1,10 feed for Discus fishes (b) (0,74 cm with the feed of this g of vitamin supplement are needed. After weighting the invention versus 0,58 cm with the feed for freshwater exact amount of each ingredient, in an analytical balance, ornamental fishes and 0,31 cm with the feed for Discus all of them are crushed and homogenized into powder in fishes; figure 2) - Statistically significant differences were a mincer. 120 mL of distilled water are then added, mixing 45 found between all the treatments (post-hoc Tukey HSD it all carefully, in order to obtain a more consistent and test: p = 0,000). homogeneous paste. Then, with the aid of 1 mm diameter syringes, the feed paste obtained is moulded with 1 mm Example 3 - The feed’s effect on zootechnical parame- diameter and put in a tray for subsequent oven drying at ters a temperature of 60°C for 24 hrs. After drying the feed, 50 the latter is processed in a calibrated cutting system, with [0041] The DGI parameter - Daily Growth Index - a millimetric threaded rod of 1 mm, in order to ensure shows that the diet with the highest daily growth of the that the size of the granules obtained is 1 mm. After this fishes was that of the invention (c). The lowest growth step, the feed is finished and will be duly stored in airtight was that provided by the feed for Discus fishes (b) (figure containers, in a dry and dark place under controlled tem- 55 3-i). Statistically significant differences were observed perature (20°C). only between the diets of the feed for Discus fishes and [0036] As will be evident to a person skilled in the art, the one of this invention (one-way ANOVA, p = 0,024; this invention shall not be limited to the embodiments post-hoc Tukey HSD test: p = 0,019).

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[0042] The condition index (K) is used to determine if - 76,8% blowfly larvae (Calliphora vomitoria) the subjects are growing both in weight and in length, or - 7,7% microalgae ifthey are only gaining weight. This index presented lower - 4,4% carrot results with the feed of the invention (c) and similar results - 1,1% vitamin supplement. with the feed for freshwater ornamental fishes (a) and 5 the feed for Discus fishes (b). The feed according to this 3. A feed according to any of the previous claims, char- invention was the only one to present statistically signif- acterized in that it contains 50% protein; 18% lipids; icant differences when compared to the remaining diets 18% carbohydrates; 9% minerals; 3% fibres and 2% (figure 3-ii, one-way ANOVA, p = 0,000; post-hoc Tukey vitamins. HSD test: p = 0,000). However, it has been found that 10 the fishes receiving the feed of the invention were the 4. A feed according to any of the previous claims, char- ones showing the condition index which was the closest acterized in that it is suitable for fishes used in ich- to 1, i.e. there was a balanced growth in terms of weight thyotherapy. and length. On the contrary, the fishes fed with the other two feeds had an increase in their weight but kept ap- 15 5. A feed according to any of the previous claims, char- proximately the same length, which means that they have acterized in that it is suitable for fishes of Garra rufa only gained weight. species (Heckel, 1843).

Bibliography 6. A method for the preparation of the feed for omniv- 20 orous fishes with nutritional deficiencies, according [0043] to any of the claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: Lozano, N. B. S., Vidal, A. T., Martinez-Llorens, S., Mérida, S. N., Blanco, J. E., Lopez, A. M., Torres, i) initial preparation of the components by freez- M. P., Cerda, M. J. 2007. Growth and economic profit 25 ing followed by drying through lyophilisation; of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed sun- ii) weighting and mixing the feed components: flower meal. Aquaculture 272, 528 - 534. blowfly larvae, microalgae, carrot, and vitamin supplement; Martinez-Llorens, S., Vidal, A. T., Garcia, I. J., iii) grinding the components until obtaining a Torres, M. P., Cerda, M. J. 2009. Optimum dietary 30 powder and homogenization of the said powder; soybean meal level for maximizing growth and nu- iv) adding an amount of distilled water which al- trient utilization of on-growing gilthead sea bream lows a consistent and homogenous paste to be (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition 15, 320-328. obtained; v) moulding the paste into pellets; Ohse, S., Dener, R. B., Ozório, R. A., Braga, M. V. 35 vi) drying the pellets; da C., Cunha, A, P., Lamarca, C. P., Santos, M. E. vii) cutting the pellets; ~ 2009. Produçao de biomassa e teores de carbono, viii) storage. hidrogênio, nitrogênio e prote´ina em microalgas. Ciência Rural 39, 1760-1767. 7. A method for the preparation of the feed according 40 to claim 6, characterized in that on step i) the freez- Tomás,A., Martinez-Llorens, S., Jover,M. 2009. The ing occurs at a temperature of -20°C, and lyophilisa- effect of dietary soybean meal on growth, nutrient tion at a temperature of -50°C, for 2 days. utilization efficiency, anddigestibility of juvenile common dentex, Dentex dentex (actinopterygii: perci- 8. A method for the preparation of the feed according formes: sparidae). Acta ichthyologica et piscatoria 45 to any of the previous claims, characterized in that , 39, 19 - 25. for each 100 g of feed, are added: 76,75 g of blowfly larvae, 17,72 g of microalgae, 4,43 of carrot, 1,10 g of vitamin supplement and 120 mL of distilled water. Claims 50 1. A feed for omnivorous fishes with nutritional deficiencies, characterized in that it comprises ingredients from animal and plant origin, in which the animal protein comes exclusively from blowfly larvae ( Callipho- ra vomitoria). 55

2. A feed according to the previous claim, characterized in that it comprises in percentage by dry weight:

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REFERENCES CITED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of references cited by the applicant is for the reader’s convenience only. It does not form part of the European patent document. Even though great care has been taken in compiling the references, errors or omissions cannot be excluded and the EPO disclaims all liability in this regard.

Patent documents cited in the description

• JP 3564457 B [0008] • US 2015173400 A [0010] • US 5618574 A [0009]

Non-patent literature cited in the description

• LOZANO, N. B. S. ; VIDAL, A. T. ; MARTINEZ-LLO- • OHSE,S. ; DENER, R. B. ; OZÓRIO,R. A. ; BRAGA, RENS, S. ; MÉRIDA, S. N. ;BLANCO, J. E. ; M. V. DA C. ;CUNHA, A, P.; LAMARCA, C. P. ; ~ LOPEZ, A. M. ;TORRES, M. P. ;CERDA, M. J. SANTOS, M. E. Produçao de biomassa e teores de Growth and economic profit of gilthead sea bream carbono, hidrogênio, nitrogênio e prote ´ina em micro- (Sparus aurata, L.) fed sunflower meal. Aquaculture, algas. Ciência Rural, 2009, vol. 39, 1760-1767 [0043] 2007, vol. 272, 528-534 [0043] • TOMÁS, A. ; MARTINEZ-LLORENS, S. ; JOVER, • MARTINEZ-LLORENS, S. ; VIDAL, A. T. ; GARCIA, M. The effect of dietary soybean meal on growth, nu- I. J. ; TORRES, M. P. ; CERDA, M. J. Optimum die- trient utilization efficiency, and digestibility of juvenile tary soybean meal level for maximizing growth and common dentex, Dentex dentex (actinopterygii: per- nutrient utilization of on-growing gilthead sea bream ciformes: sparidae). Acta ichthyologica et piscatoria, (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2009, vol. 15, 2009, vol. 39, 19-25 [0043] 320-328 [0043]